Endocrine Physiology Lab Report

A 42-year-old male patient checks into the office. He presents with slow tissue regeneration after receiving a cut, and his bones are slow to mend. He is concerned and thinks that his relocation to North Carolina might be a contributing factor. You perform a blood test and receive the following results. TSH - 3.0 mIU/L Prolactin - 4 ng/mL ACTH - 38 pg HGH - 0.02 ng/mL LH - 1.9 IU/L FSH - 5.2 mIU/mL ADH - 3 pg/mL Parathyroid Hormone - 17 pg/mL Calcitonin - 7 pg/mL COrtisol - 20 ug/dL

After reviewing his blood test, the values are normal and it is falling within ranges. The growth hormone only shows a low level in his adult age 42. But anyway it is also falling normal range. Usually, this level will find in children. There is no other abnormalities are identified from bone growth hormones levels such as calcitonin, parathyroid, TSH hormones.

A patient notices an increase in fluid loss and a general feeling of unease. After performing a blood test, you note that the patient has low fluid volume and low levels of electrolytes. Which hormone might be responsible for these symptoms?

Aldosterone might be responsible for the symptoms because it is a key steroid hormone in maintaining the salt and water. It also maintains the concentration of minerals like sodium and potassium.

A 12-year-old boy notices several changes occurring in his body. Hair is starting to grow in places it did not grow before, his voice is changing, and he has recently undergone several growth spurts. What is the most likely explanation for these symptoms and which hormone is involved?

All these symptoms indicate the stage of puberty in that 12 yr boy and all these are due to the hormone Testosterone. Puberty in the male occurs between the ages of 10 and 14. Luteinizing hormone released from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to increase the Testosterone production. This Testosterone leads to sexual maturity in males. Symptoms of puberty lead to the growth of hair on the face, axillae, chest, abdomen, and pubis. And deepening of the voice.

Which hormone stimulates water re-absorption in kidneys?

Antidiuretic hormone

A 14-year-old female patient enters the office and complains about frequent urination. She is also thirsty and has some sleep issues. These symptoms make her feel nervous and on edge. Blood glucose level in this patient is normal. Which hormone might be involved and why?

As patient complaints of increase urination definitely there is effect the secretion of the ADH hormone. When someone decreases ADH secretion. There is an increase in urine output, thirstiness. There may be a patient suffering from diabetes insipidus.

A 46-year-old female patient checks into the office. She has broken bones several times over the last couple of months, yet she maintains a lifestyle that does not include strenuous activities that could lead to these types of injuries. You perform some blood tests and receive the following results. TSH - 3.0 mlU/L Prolactin - 15 ng/mL ACTH - 42 pg/mL HGH - 0.01 ng/mL LH - 5.6 IU/L FSH - 7.3 mlU/mL ADH - 4 pg/mL Parathyroid Hormone - 97 pg/mL Calcitonin - <1 pg/mL Cortisol - 21 ug/dL

As seen above parathyroid which is a hormone that stimulates bone resorption exceeding its normal values. PTH binds to osteoblast the cells responsible for creating bone and inhibits their secretion of osteoprotegerin all leads to the decrease in bone density making them weaker and more prone to breaking. Also, low levels of calcitonin may be a reason for the susceptibility of bone breakage. A glucocorticoid like cortisol indirectly acts on bone by blocking calcium absorption which decreases bone cell growth. It increases bone respiration by stimulating osteoclastogenesis. Though it's a slight increase it has a profound effect on bone mineral density.

Which hormone or hormones serve to increase blood glucose levels?

Both insulin and glucagon

A 48-year-old female patient enters the office and complains about being unable to sleep at night while starting to fall asleep right at daybreak. Which hormone might be responsible for these symptoms?

Cortisol hormone responsible for this..cortisol is a glucocorticoid and its a major one..cortisol influences the mood and behaviour of individuals. Cortisol decreases REM sleep but increases the slow-wave sleep. The increased level of cortisol in plasma can cause insomnia.

Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the adrenal cortex?

Estrogens

Which hormone stimulates egg maturation in females, and testosterone production in males?

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

A male patient enters your office. He is in his mid-30s and in decent physical shape. He complains about being tired and seems to be gaining some weight, while not eating more than normal. He also describes being cold all the time. You decide to perform a blood test and receive the following results TSH - 0.04 mlU/L Prolactin - 18 ng/mL ACTH - 57 pg/mL ADH - 0.9 pg/mL Calcitonin - 4 pg/mL Cortisol - 21 ug/dL

His low levels of TSH means that he might be suffering from hypothyroidism. This might be causing him to feel tired and cold. Even though his prolactin levels were normal I believe that they were borderline high and maybe this in combination with low levels of TSH is causing him to not only feel tired but could also be causing the weight gain. His ADH level was low and ACTH levels were high and this also causes weight gain as well as low production of testosterone. With that being said I think that the symptoms that the patient is experiencing are the result of a hormonal imbalance.

A 38-year-old male patient enters the office complaining about muscle twitches and feeling on edge. His pupils are dilated, and he notes an increase in body temperature. What hormone could be outside normal values and why?

Hypothyroidism, low level of parathyroid hormone is responsible for a low level of calcium in the blood and in this condition patients complain with the symptoms of a muscle twitch, cramp and muscle spasms .thyroid hormone is responsible for thermal homeostasis and it's low-level cause fever. In stress condition sympathetic hormone epinephrine level is high which dilated pupil.

After eating cotton candy at a fair, which hormone will increase and why?

Insulin hormone will increase after eating cotton candy because after eating cotton candy the blood glucose level rises very high so there is a need to maintain the blood glucose level at normal set point insulin is needed.

What are the consequences of insufficient iodine in the diet? Explain your answer in terms of endocrine physiology.

Iodine is an essential mineral commonly found in seafood. Your thyroid gland uses it to make thyroid hormones that help control growth, repair damaged cells and support a healthy metabolism. An iodine deficiency can cause uncomfortable and even severe symptoms. They include swelling of the neck, pregnancy-related issues, weight gain, and learning difficulties. Its symptoms are very similar to those of hypothyroidism or low thyroid hormones. Since iodine is used to make thyroid hormones and iodine deficiency means your body can't make enough of them leading to hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism causes symptoms that include: Fatigue, increased sensitivity to cold, constipation, dry skin, weight gain, puffy face, muscle weakness, elevated blood cholesterol levels, pain or stiffness in the muscles and joints, slowed heart rate, thinning hair, depression, poor memory, and a heavier-than-normal period in menstruating women.

Which hormone is important in maintaining the body's circadian rhythm?

Melatonin

Which hormone is released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Oxytocin

Which hormone increases calcium levels in the blood?

Parathyroid hormone

Which hormone is produced by the placenta and functions to maintain the lining of the uterus during pregnancy?

Progesterone

Which hormone prepares the breasts for lactation during pregnancy?

Prolactin

Which hormone is produced by the small intestine?

Secretin

A 24-year-old female patient enters the office. She has low blood glucose levels. A urine test also indicates very low levels of minerals in her urine. She has an infrequent and light menstrual period. You perform a blood test and receive the following results. TSH - 3.6 mlU/L Prolactin - 12 ng/mL ACTH - 98 pg/mL HGH - 4.0 ng/mL LH - 6.6 IU/L FSH - 3.5 mIU/mL ADH - 4 pg/mL Parathyroid Hormone - 47 pg/mL Calcitonin - 8 pg/mL Coritisol - 19 ug/dL

She has a low level of glucose and there is a low level of minerals in her urine with light menstruation. In the test, it is found that the prolactin level is 12ng/mL and the normal range falls between 2 to 29ng/Ml. She has a very high level of ACTH as the normal range must be around 50 pg/mL but in her case, it is 98pg/mL. High ACTH is due to the overactive pituitary gland and this mostly indicates Cushing disease. During this it might lead to tumor formation or excess growth of the pituitary gland and also leads to high production of cortisol, stress hormone. Based on the ACTH, she is mostly suffering from Cushing Syndrome and some of the symptoms for the same is the irregular menstrual period which the girl is suffering from.

Which hormone stimulates the maturation of T-lymphocytes, which are essential cells of the immune system?

Thymosin