Endocrine System

Cushing syndrome occurs when the body is exposed to high levels of ____ for a long time. Aldosterone Cortisol Calcitriol

Cortisol

Parathormone increases the calcium absorption rate in the:

Gastrointestinal tract and kidneys

With ____, the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to overcome the placental hormone induced resistance. Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes

Endocrine glands secrete their products, hormones, directly through a duct. True False

False

The hypothalamus produces 10 hormones. True False

False

The liver stores glycogen as glucose.

False

What is characterized by excessive growth and height significantly above average? Addison's disease Gigantism Hypoparathyroidism

Gigantism

Which hormone stimulates the liver to produce glucose and decrease glycogen which is a storage form of glucose? Insulin Glucagon Somatostatin None of the above

Glucagon

Which statement is incorrect concerning blood sugar and pressure control? Glucocorticoids lower blood sugar levels by increasing gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from amino acids. Glucocorticoids play a role in the immune system's inflammatory response and help the body respond to stress.

Glucocorticoids lower blood sugar levels by increasing gluconeogenesis.

____ is the source of energy for muscles and tissues. Insulin Fructose Glycogen Glucose

Glucose

Oxytocin is often given to:

Induce or augment labor

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by an ____ of calcium and therefore, to compensate, the parathyroid glands release ____. Excess, parathormone Insufficiency, parathormone Excess, calcitonin Insufficiency, calcitonin

Insufficiency, parathormone

Which statement is incorrect concerning hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome?

It is most frequently seen in older type 1 diabetes patients.

Which trait is not included by the NIH guidelines for determining metabolic syndrome? A large waist circumference that measures at least 35 inches for women and 40 inches for men Elevated triglyceride level, low HDL Angina pectoris

Angina pectoris

The anterior pituitary is also called the adenohypophysis and is connected to the hypothalamus by a capillary network called the hypophyseal portal system. True False

True

The ____ is surrounded by a small bony cavity called the sella turcica and has an anterior lobe and a posterior lobe. Hypothalamus Thyroid Pituitary gland Adrenal gland

Pituitary gland

Women with ____ are characterized by excessive hair growth, obesity, and irregular menstrual periods. Type 2 diabetes Diabetic ketoacidosis Polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome

ADH and oxytocin are both synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the: Posterior pituitary Adrenal gland Liver Pineal gland

Posterior pituitary

What is the treatment for hypoparathyroidism? Iron supplements Splenectomy Supplements to normalize calcium and phosphorus levels There is no treatment

Supplements to normalize calcium and phosphorus levels

Treatment of type 1 diabetes aims at maintaining normal blood sugar levels through all but which method? Regular monitoring of blood glucose Insulin therapy Suppressing glucagon Diet Exercise

Suppressing glucagon

The pituitary gland is NOT composed of: The anterior pituitary The posterior pituitary The pars intermedia The optic chiasm

The optic chiasm

Cushing syndrome symptoms include all but:

Type 1 diabetes

What is cretinism?

Untreated congenital hypothyroidism

Which is not a sign or symptom of hyperthyroidism?

Weight gain

Risk factors for gestational diabetes doesn't include: Women older than age 20 Family or personal history of prediabetes Gestational diabetes during a previous pregnancy

Women older than age 20

Dehydroepiandrosterone is the main androgen produced by the: Medulla Cortex Zona reticularis

Zona reticularis

____ are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that happens when there's not enough available insulin in diabetes type 1. Alpha cells Polydipsia Ketones None of the above

ketones

An ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor of non-adrenal origin produces ACTH in excess. These tumors are usually found in all but the: Lungs Pancreas Thyroid Thymus gland Kidney

kidney

The ____ produces weak androgens and estrogens responsible for some secondary sex characteristics in both men and women. Medulla Cortex Zona reticularis Glucocorticoid

zona reticularis

Which statement is incorrect concerning myxedema and its symptoms? It is advanced hypothyroidism. It is rare and but not life-threatening. Symptoms include low blood pressure, decreased breathing. It can lead to decreased body temperature, unresponsiveness and even coma. None of the above

It is rare and but not life-threatening.

Which statement is incorrect concerning Hashimoto's thyroiditis? It is also called chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an inflammatory disorder. Patients have antibodies to thyroid peroxidase which is referred to as TPO which is an enzyme essential for thyroid hormone production. If untreated, can lead to a number of health issues including goiter, enlarged heart, possible heart failure. It may be associated with an increased risk of heart disease because high levels of HDL cholesterol.

It may be associated with an increased risk of heart disease because high levels of HDL cholesterol.

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome is a serious condition where the ____ try to lower the elevated blood sugar by passing it into the ____. Liver, stool Kidney, stool Liver, urine Kidney, urine

Kidney, urine

Graves' disease is also referred to as: Hypoparathyroidism Primary aldosteronism Thyrotoxicosis

Thyrotoxicosis

Which statement is incorrect concerning Graves' ophthalmopathy? Primary treatment is to inhibit overproduction of thyroid hormones. About 40 percent of people with Graves' disease show some signs of Graves's ophthalmopathy. Graves' ophthalmopathy is caused by inflammation and the immune response affecting eye muscles.

About 40 percent of people with Graves' disease show some signs of Graves's ophthalmopathy.

____ is a hormonal disorder that develops when the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood. Acromegaly Gigantism Pachydermoperiostosis Pituitary dwarfism

Acromegaly

Which statement is incorrect concerning Acromegaly?

Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that develops when the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during childhood.

Long-term complications of diabetes include all but: Cardiovascular problems Neuropathy Adenopathy Nephropathy

Adenopathy

Myxedema is: Advanced hypoparathyroidism Congenital hypothyroidism Advanced hypothyroidism

Advanced hypothyroidism

____ promotes sodium reabsorption by stimulating the collecting ducts of the kidneys to absorb more sodium and excrete hydrogen ion and potassium ion from the urine. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Somatostatin Aldosterone

Aldosterone

Signs and symptoms of Addison's disease include: Extreme fatigue and diarrhea Weight loss and decreased appetite Darkening of the skin Low blood pressure All of the above

All of the above

The treatment of gestational diabetes includes: Regular glucose testing Diet modification Insulin for some patients All of the above

All of the above

Which treatment for hyperthyroidism can cause hypothyroidism? Radioactive iodine Anti-thyroid medications Thyroid surgery Radiation used to treat cancers of the head and neck All of the above

All of the above

Which cell produces glucagon? Beta cells Alpha cells Delta cells None of the above

Alpha cells

In females prolactinoma can cause: Amenorrhea and galactorrhea Facial hair Tender breasts Vaginal discharge and itching

Amenorrhea and galactorrhea

Prediabetes FBS is ____ mg/dl. Type 2 diabetes FBS is ____ mg/dl and greater. 99-110, 111 100-125, 126 110-130, 131 112-120, 121

100-125, 126

Who is more likely to have hyperthyroidism? A woman older than 60 A man older than 40 A child born premature An adult with diabetes

A woman older than 60

Which test measures the average blood glucose for the past 2 to 3 months? A1C FPG OGTT None of the above

A1C

Which statement is incorrect regarding the adrenocorticotropic hormone? Adrenocorticotropic hormone is also known as ACTH. ACTH acts on the cells of the adrenal cortex, stimulating them to produce glucocorticoids such as cortisol. ACTH acts on the cells of the adrenal cortex, stimulating them to produce mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone. ACTH acts on the cells of the adrenal cortex, stimulating them to produce ADH.

ACTH acts on the cells of the adrenal cortex, stimulating them to produce ADH.

Diabetes insipidus is the failure of the posterior lobe to produce ____. Insulin ADH ACTH

ADH

____ acts to reduce the volume of urine formed and make it more concentrated. PRL TSH GH ACTH ADH

ADH

____ facilitates the reabsorption of water into the blood. LH ADH Dopamine Oxytocin

ADH

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that includes all but: Hypertension Hyperglycemia Arthritis Excess body fat around the waist

Arthritis

Type 2 diabetes can develop at ____, commonly in people ____. Childhood, less than 5 Adolescence, older than 20 Adulthood, less than 50 Any age, older than 45

Any age, older than 45

Which statement is incorrect concerning gestational diabetes? Untreated or uncontrolled blood sugar levels can cause the development of macrosomia which is excess growth of the baby. Macrosomia occurs because higher levels of glucose cross the placenta, which causes the fetal pancreas to produce more insulin which causes the fetus to become macrosomic. Larger babies are more likely to require a C-section birth. Sometimes babies of mothers with gestational diabetes develop low blood sugar shortly after birth because their own insulin production is too high. Babies of mothers who have gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing obesity and type 1 diabetes later in life.

Babies of mothers who have gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing obesity and type 1 diabetes later in life.

Which statement is incorrect concerning C cells and calcitonin? C cells are parafollicular cells. C cells are located between the thyroid gland follicles. C Cells produces calcitonin. Calcitonin raises blood calcium levels.

Calcitonin raises blood calcium levels.

Hypothyroidism signs and symptom may include all but: Fatigue Increased sensitivity to cold Diarrhea

Diarrhea

Cushing syndrome may result from the body's own overproduction of cortisol. Which one of the four factors listed below is the least common? Overproduction by one or both adrenal glands Overproduction of ACTH which normally regulates cortisol production Pituitary adenoma which occurs more often in women Ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor occurs

Ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor occurs

In males prolactinoma can cause:

Erectile dysfunction and decreased body and facial hair

In sexually-mature females, ____ (assisted by LH) acts on the follicle to stimulate it to release estrogens. ADH FSH CRH GnRH

FSH

In sexually-mature males, ____ acts on spermatogonia stimulating (with the aid of testosterone) the production of sperm. ADH FSH CRH GnRH

FSH

Which statement is incorrect concerning glucose? Glucose is a sugar and is a source of energy for the cells that make up muscles, brain and other tissues. Glucose comes from two major sources: food and liver. Glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream, where it enters cells with the help of glucagon. The liver stores glucose as glycogen.

Glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream, where it enters cells with the help of glucagon.

FSH is controlled by:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Acute adrenal failure, a.k.a. Addisonian crisis, signs and symptoms may include all but:

High blood pressure

Cushing syndrome can develop from exogenous corticosteroid medication administered in high doses over an extended period of time. This medication treats all except: Rheumatoid arthritis Lupus Hyperprolactinemia Asthma

Hyperprolactinemia

Endocrine gland disorders fall into one of two categories: ____, which is increased secretion of the hormone, or ____, which is decreased secretion of the hormones. Hyposecretion, hypersecretion Hypersecretion, hyposecretion Surged secretion, depreciated secretion

Hypersecretion, hyposecretion

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal contains axons of the neurosecretory neuron whose cell bodies originate in the:

Hypothalamus

Which statement is incorrect concerning LH?

LH is synthesized in different pituitary cells from FSH synthesis.

The major glands of the endocrine system include all but: The hypothalamus Pituitary gland Liver Pancreas Thyroid gland

Liver

Calcitonin ____ blood calcium levels and is produced by the ____ gland. Raises, parathyroid Lowers, parathyroid Raises, thyroid Lowers, thyroid

Lowers, thyroid

Hyperparathyroidism symptoms include all of the following but: Fragile bones that easily fracture Kidney stones Forgetfulness Nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting

Metabolic syndrome complications include all but: Diabetes Cardiovascular disease High cholesterol High blood pressure Nephropathy

Nephropathy

Which is not a hormone produced by the thyroid gland? Triiodothyronine Thyroxine Calcitonin All of the above None of the above

None of the above

Which statement about thyroid-stimulating hormone is incorrect? TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are thyroid hormones. With T3 and T4, the numbers designate the number of iodine atoms per molecule. A deficiency of TSH causes hyporthyroidism. None of the above

None of the above

Which test is a two-hour test that checks the blood glucose levels before and 2 hours after drinking a glucose drink? A1C FPG OGTT None of the above

OGTT

Which statement is incorrect concerning type 2 Diabetes and prediabetes? It occurs when cells become resistant to the action of insulin. Type 2 diabetes can develop at any age but more common in people older than 45. Before people develop type 2 diabetes, they almost always have "prediabetes." Prediabetes is blood glucose levels that are lower than normal.

Prediabetes is blood glucose levels that are lower than normal.

During pregnancy ____ helps in the preparation of the breasts for future milk production. After birth, it promotes the synthesis of milk. Dopamine Somatostatin Oxytocin Prolactin

Prolactin

Which hormone inhibits digestive enzyme secretion? Insulin Glucagon Somatostatin

Somatostatin

Which statement concerning the anterior pituitary is incorrect? The anterior pituitary is also called the adenohypophysis. The anterior pituitary contains the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. The anterior pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a capillary network called the hypophyseal portal system.

The anterior pituitary contains the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.

Which statement is incorrect concerning ADH? Diabetes insipidus is the failure of the posterior lobe to produce ADH. The primary function of ADH is to regulate extracellular fluid volume by regulating renal handling of water. ADH acts at the kidney renal tubules and causes them to reabsorb water. Without ADH the urine is not concentrated, water is not conserved and the patient has continual thirst and urination. A secondary function of ADH is to bind to receptors on vascular smooth muscle to cause vasoconstriction which increases arterial pressure. The cause of central diabetes insipidus in adults is usually damage to the pancreas or hypothalamus.

The cause of central diabetes insipidus in adults is usually damage to the pancreas or hypothalamus.

Which statement is incorrect concerning the adrenal glands?

The cortex is divided into four zones.

Metabolic syndrome is closely linked to and associated with : Obesity Inactivity Insulin resistance All of the above

all of the above

Which is not a symptom of type 1 diabetes? Polydipsia Anorexia Polyphagia Polyuria None of the above

anorexia

Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism include all but: Fragile bones that easily fracture Excessive urination Kidney stones Constipation

constipation

Vitamin ___ is produced when the skin is exposed to sunlight.

d

Which cell produces somatostatin? Beta cells Alpha cells Delta cells

delta cells

Hormone production by endocrine glands is maintained at a homeostatic level mostly by a positive feedback mechanism.

false

TSH is stimulated by somatostatin from the hypothalamus. True False

false

The A1C test measures the average blood glucose for only the past 2 to 3 weeks. True False

false

The alpha cells produce glucagon which is released when the blood glucose level rises after 100 mg/dl. True False

false

The cause of type 1 diabetes is environmental factors that include diets high in fats and sugar. True False

false

The posterior lobe of the pituitary releases two hormones which are both synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. They are oxytocin and ACTH

false

Which hormone stimulates cells to absorb glucose? Insulin Glucagon Somatostatin None of the above

insulin

Diabetes is a disease in which the body's ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin. True False

true

Diabetes is diagnosed at two hour blood glucose of greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl. True False

true

In sexually-mature males, FSH acts on spermatogonia stimulating (with the aid of testosterone) the production of sperm. True False

true

LH in males acts on the interstitial cells (also known as Leydig cells) of the testes stimulating them to synthesize and secrete the male sex hormone. True False

true

The beta cells secretes insulin into the bloodstream to stimulate cells to absorb glucose, promote the synthesis of glycogen, and antagonizes glucagon. True False

true

The infundibulum is a stalk between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. True False

true

The posterior pituitary also called the neurohypophysis is connected to the hypothalamus by the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. True False

true

The primary goal of diagnosing and treatment of diabetes is to maintain blood glucose at normal levels and to prevent complications. True False

true