ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
which hormone accelerates fat catabolism (breakdown)
GH
chorion
Outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta.
what is cortex and medulla in thymus composed of
lymphocytes (white blood cells)
Growth Hormone (GH)
regulates the growth of the body
which hormone is lipid soluble
steroid hormones
what is mineralocorticoids and its example
the hormone secreted by the outer zone of adrenal cortex. eg; aldosterone
the hypothalamus regulates what
anterior pituitary gland
which hormone work according to the second messenger mechanism
non-steroid hormone
which hormones has two glands in one structure
pituitary gland and adrenal glands
Luteinization
the formation of a golden body (corpus luteum) in the ruptured follicle
Oxytocin (OT)
Increases the contractions of the uterus during birth and promotes the release of breast milk
pancreatic islets are also called
Islets of Langerhans
Estrogen
A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. - the feminizing hormone
Glucocorticoids (cortisol) function
help maintain normal blood glucose cencentration
Ghrelin
hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain
Leptin
hormone secreted by fat storing cells throughout the body
atrial natriuretic hormone
hormone secreted by the heart cells that regulates fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
corticoids
hormones secreted by the three cell layers of the adrenal cortex
tropic hormones
hormones that stimulate other glands to release their hormones
too much GH produces____ which means____
hyperglycemia, higher than normal blood glucose concentration
too much insulin the blood produce______ which means______
hypoglycemia ; lower than normal blood glucose concentration
which hormones influence the endocrine function by combined function of endocrine and nervous
hypothalamus
what controls the mechanism of anterior pituitary gland
hypothalamus and other mechanism
where does posterior pituitary gland hormones produced
in cell bodies located in hypothalamus, but they are released from the ends of axons located in the posterior pituitary gland
function of glucagon
increase blood glucose by glycogenolysis
function of calcitonin
maintain homeostasis of blood calcium
what is the hormone secreted by the inner zone of the adrenal called?
male hormones (androgens), similar to testosterone
what is testosterone also called
masculinizing hormone
Where is the thymus located?
mediastinum; in infants may extend up into the neck as far as the lower edge of the thyroid gland
hormone produced by the pineal gland
melatonin
a hormone attaches to its specific receptor site, a number of chemical reactions occur, this reactions activates _______within the cell called___________
molecules; second messengers
location of the pineal gland
near the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
neuro means
nerve
epinephrine and neonephrine
neurotransmitters
two major classes of hormone
non steroid and steroid hormone
which hormone cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane of target cells.
non steroid hormone
which hormone is water soluble?
non steroid hormone
which hormone primarily uses amino acids
non steroid hormone
which hormone requires receptor on the target cell membrane to allow hormone to enter the target cell
non steroid hormone
which hormone serve as first messenger
non steroid hormone
lipid-insoluble hormone
non-steroid hormone
what body functions does T3 AND T4 influence?
normal supply of energy, normal mental and physical growth and development.
where is adrenal cortex located and what is it made up of
outer part of an adrenal gland and made up of glandular epithelium
where does calcitonin (CT) lie?
outside the thyroid follicles.
what does each ovary contain?
ovarian follicles and corpus luteum
hormone supporting mother-infant bond
oxytocin
what hormone stimulates "milk let down"
oxytocin
which hormone causes the glandular cells of the breast to release milk into ducts from which a baby can easily obtain it by sucking
oxytocin
what functions as a temporary endocrine gland
placenta
steroid hormone pass through______ and enter________to from a ______ that acts on__________
plasma membrane, nucleus, hormone receptor complex, DNA
where is parathyroid (PTH) located?
posterior surface of the thyroid gland
what does PTH stimulates osteolasts to?
stimulates mineral dissolving osteoclast cells in bone tissue to increase their breakdown of bones hard matrix, a process that frees the calcium stored in matrix. the released calcium moves out of bone into the blood, which increases blood calcium concentration.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) location and secretion
stimulates primary ovarian follicles in an ovary; stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen
What does LH do in males?
stimulates production of testosterone and development of testes
location of adrenal gland
superior to the kidneys
why does adrenal responds rapidly to the stress?
`because the nerve impulses conducted by sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla.
negative feedback
a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus reverse the direction of a change in a physiologic system
pituitary stalk
a thin piece of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
whre does the blood capillaries carry the hormones RHs and IHs to?
anterior pituitary gland
Two pituitary glands
anterior pituitary gland: adenohypophysis posterior pituitary gland: neurohypophysis what
what does posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) secrete?
antidiuretic and oxytocin
which hormone causes water balancing function
antidiuretic hormone
prostaglandins (PGs) or tissue hormone
are important and extremely powerful lipid substances found in a wide variety of tissues.
what is antagonist to the aldosterone
atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
which hormone cause ovulation
LH
what type of hormones are T3 and T4?
NON STEROID HORMONE
which hormone stimulates the cellular metabolism?
T3 AND T4 of thyroid hormone
In which hormone is the exception applied about the non steroid hormone?
T3 and T4
out of two thyroid hormone which is more abundant
T4
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
pituitary gland
The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
Gluconeogenesis
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids or glycerol.
Explain the lock and key model
The lock and key model states that the substrate fits exactly into the active site. eg, when the steroid hormone pass through the cytoplasm and enter the nucleus where they bind with a receptor to form a hormone receptor complex
what does thymus defense on
against infections and cancer
diuretic
agent that increases urine output
ghrelin secretion leads to
boosts appetite, slows metabolism, and reduces fat burning, be involved in the development of obesity
glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
location of pituitary gland
buried deep in the cranial cavity
how does PGs regulate cells
by influencing the production of cyclic AMP
endocrine glands
glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream; ductless
Glucocorticoids
middle zone of cortex; eg; cortisol
testosterone function
stimulates development of male sex characteristics; stimulates male sex drive and regulates sperm production
hormones secreted by the pancreatic islets
alpha cells: glucagon beta cells: insulin
paracrine agents
"secrete beside"- an apt description for a regulatory agent released right next to its target cell
Positive Fedback Mechanism
(uncommon) a mechanism that amplifies a physiologic change rather than reversing them
corpus luteum secretes
progesterone and estrogen
what does the regulation of hormone levels in the blood depends primarily on
the homeostatic mechanism called negative feedback
what causes the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids ?
the hypothalamus acts on the anterior pituitary gland to release of ACTH, which stimultes....
weight of thymus
20g
glucagon
A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.
ovarian follicles
Areas within the ovary in which individual eggs develop
Leukotrienes
Chemical substances that contribute to anaphylaxis; released by the immune system in allergic reactions.
which hormone affects fat and carbohydrate metabolism
GH
which hormone slows glucose catabolism
GH
what increases blood glucose and what decreases?
GH increases insulin decreases
what promotes normal growth?
GH speeds the movement of digested proteins (amino acids) from the blood and into the cells, which accelerates the cells anabolism (or building up) of amino acids to form tissue proteins. this anabolic action promotes normal growth.
three classes of prostaglandins
PGA, PGE and PGF
What happens in the thymus (thymosin)
T cells mature (immunity develop)
Which is more potent and principal thyroid hormone
T3
What does cAMP do?
activates protein kinase A serves as the second messenger, delivering information inside the cell that regulates the cells activity.
second messenger
acts as a signal molecule in the cytoplasm
luteinizing hormone (LH) / ovulating hormone
acts in conjunction with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to stimulate follicle and ovum maturation and release of estrogen and ovulation (testosterone, estrogen, & progesterone).
target organ of ACTH
adrenal cortex (middle zone)
two glands of adrenal gland
adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) location and secretion
adrenal cortex; stimulates the adrenal cortex to increase in size and to larger amounts of its hormones, especially, larger cortisol (cortisone).
what hormone responds faster than glucocorticoid for stress?
adrenal medulla
what is epinephrine also known as
adrenaline
which hormone produce anti inflammatory anti allergy effect?
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
which hormone responds to the stress?
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
why is anterior pituitary gland called master gland
because it exerts tropic control over the structures and function of the thyroid gland, the adrenal cortex, the ovarian follicles, and the corpus luteum.
why is steroid hormone called lipid soluble
because steroid hormones can pass intact directly through the plasma membrane of the target cell.
Where is the thyroid gland located?
below the larynx
Normal level of blood glucose
between 70 mg/dL & 110 mg/dL *milligrams per decilitre
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.
binding to the extracellular receptors,
regulation caused by hypothalamus
body temperature, appetite and thirst
what produces the anti inflammatory effect?
glucocorticoids act with the hormones from the adrenal medulla to produce anti inflammatory effect.
which hormone acts as an opposing effect of parathyroid hormone?
calcitonin
which hormone prevents hypercalcemia
calcitonin
three layers of adrenal cortex
capsule, cortex and medulla
what happens due to the prolonged anti-inflammatory effect?
cause constrictions of the blood vessel-possibly rising our blood pressure
what does placenta produce during pregnancy
chorionic gonadotropins
what does colloid do in thyroid gland ?
colloid material is store in the follicles of the gland ; when the thyroid hormones are needed , they are released from the colloid and secreted into the blood
What does colloid contain?
contains many fine suspended particles that store thyroid hormones.
which molecule is one of the example of the second messenger
cyclic AMP
insulin function
decreases blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into body cells and increase the glucose metabolism
hyposecretion
deficient hormone production by an endocrine gland
sella turcica
depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
Hyposecretion of ADH results into?
diabetes insipidus, a condition in which large volumes of urine are formed .
where does RHs and IHs released ?
directly into blood capillaries system
target cells
each hormone molecule bind to a cell that has specific receptors for that hormone triggering a reaction in the cell- such cell is called target cell
what does the blood pressure drugs target?
endocrine mechanisms-aldosterone of adrenal cortex of adrenal gland
fight or flight hormone
epinephrine (adrenaline)
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
hypersecretion
excessive hormone production by an endocrine gland
how many parathyroid glands are there and what are they like?
four PTH , small lumps of glandular epithelium
Adeno means
gland
function of glucocorticoids
increase gluconeogenesis promote the breakdown of tissue proteins to amino acids, especially in muscle cells. maintains normal blood pressure
function of calcitonin
increase rate of calcium deposition
Aldosterone function
increase the amount of sodium and decrease the amount of potassium .
PGs effect on body
influence respiration, BP, gastro intestinal secretions, inflammation, and the reproductive system
melatonin function in the ovary
inhibits the tropic hormones that affect the ovaries, and it is thought to be regulating the onset of puberty and the menstrual cycle in women
where is adrenal cortex located and what is it made up of?
inner part of the adrenal gland and made up of secretory nervous tissue
sex hormones
innermost zone of the cortex. eg; testosterone
what decrease the blood glucose level?
insulin
which cell secrete male sex hormones
interstitial cells
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
intracellular second messenger that mediates hormone action
what does the aldosterone do to the kidney tubules?
its causes the kidney tubules to to speed up their reabsorption of sodium back into the blood so that less of it will be lost in the urine
which organ does aldosterone chiefly affect ?
kidney
what secretes what to detect pregnancy
kidneys excrete large amounts of chronic gonadotropins in the urine
steroid hormone also known as
lipid soluble hormone
which organ does the cortisol chiefly affect?
liver
If a hormone fits the receptor site, then there will be an effect.- this is based on which model
lock and key model
Prolactin (PRL)
stimulates milk production by mammary glands of breasts (lactogenic hormone)
where does aspirin exert for its effect
prostaglandin
what are the modified version of fatty acids
prostaglandins
what plays an important role in body function but does not meet the definition of a typical hormone
prostaglandins
examples of paracrine agents
prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxane
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
regulator of fluid balance in the human body, accelerates the reabsorption of water from urine in kidney tubules back into the blood.
what hormones does hypothalamus produce
releasing hormones (RHs) and inhibiting hormones (IHs)
non steroid hormone
requires a receptor on the target cell membrane to allow the hormone to enter the target cell non lipid soluble, uses second messenger system , made primarily from amino acids
what retains and what stimulates the sodium ions and water
retains: kidney stimulates: aldosterone
thyroid follicles
sacs that compose most of thyroid
location of pancreatic islets
scattered like islands in a sea among the exocrine cells in the pancreas, which secrete the pancreatic digestive juice.
exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
what does the feedback trigger do
secretion of a "releasing hormone"
what does the effect of aldosterone do to the kidney?
speed up the kidneys reabsorption of water
lipid soluble hormones
steroid and thyroid hormones
terget cells located at the target cells hormone called
steroid hormones
what does androgens do in females?
stimulate the female sex drive
estrogen function
stimulates development of female sex characteristics; helps regulate menstrual cycle
what happens in the body when resisting the threat?
the increase blood glucose can help improve the skeletal muscle function
lock and key model
the interaction between a hormone and its specific receptor site on the target cells plasma membrane is often compared with the fitting of a unique key into a lock.
what does thyroid follicles have
thick fluid called colloid
which hormones has cortex and medulla
thymus and adrenal gland
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) location and secretion
thyroid, thyroid hormone
what does thyroid gland secretes
two thyroid hormones : triiodothyronine (T3) , thyroxine (T4) AND, calcitonin
thromboxane
vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation
what does aldosterone do with ADH
work along with the ADH to keep the water content of the body in homeostatic balance