Energy Metabolism Chapter 9

What are other names for the citric acid cycle?

krebs cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle

Where can gluconeogenesis occur?

liver and kidney cells

What are some of the key functions of the liver?

1. Alcohol metabolism 2. Production of Ketone bodies 3. Nutrient storage

Energy (ATP) Can be firmed from?

1. Amino acids 2. Glucose 3. Fatty acids

What pathways are followed in the metabolism of alcohol?

1. Catalase pathway 2. ADH pathway 3. MEOS

What are two options for acetyl-CoA once it has been produced?

1. Combined with oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle 2. Form ketones

What helps regulate energy metabolism?

1. Enzymes 2. Minerals 3. Hormones

What is the order of aerobic cellular respiration for glucose?

1. Glycolysis 2. Transition reaction 3. Citric acid cycle 4. Electron transport chain

To use amino acids as if you were, they must_______.

1. Have their amino group removed 2. Be delaminates

Catabolic pathways produce which compounds that result from the production of ATP?

1. Heat 2. Carbon dioxide 3. Water

What is catabolism?

breaking down compounds to small units

How does carbohydrate aid fatty acid oxidation?

by providing additional oxaloacetate

What is the main form of energy (not nutrient) used directly by the body?

ATP

In the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway, alcohol is first converted to_____.

Acetaldehyde

How do you cells without mitochondria (such as red blood cells) produce ATP?

Anaerobic metabolism

What is fatty acid oxidation?

Breakdown of fatty acids to produce ATP

What is carnitine?

Carnitine carries fatty acids into the mitochondria

During the period of weight loss or during a wasting disease such as cancer, the body is in a_______state.

Catabolic

What part of the cell does the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway predominately function?

Cytoplasm

Lean body mass that the declines below 50% (catabolism) due you to fasting will result in______

Death

What happens in high ATP concentrations?

Decrease in energy yielding reactions

Keytone bodies are produced during the incomplete breakdown of________

Fat

The result of feasting is the accumulation of body________

Fat

Which yields the most ATP?

Fatty acid

Anyone who consumes more of the energy yielding nutrients than the body can use will_____

Gain weight

What Genetic disease which result in a reduction of the metabolism of galactose to glucose is called?

Galactosemia

What is the main purpose of newborn screenings?

Identifying infants with genetic and metabolic disorders

What happens in ASP concentrations?

Increase in energy yielding reactions

Without sufficient_____ cells cannot readily utilize glucose, resulting in rapid lipolysis and the excess production of Keytone bodies

Insulin

What is the name of the compounds formed in one of many steps in a metabolic pathway?

Intermediates

After several weeks of fasting, half of the nervous system's energy needs are met by?

Ketone bodies

The incomplete breakdown of fat results in_______

Ketone bodies

What causes the formation of acetone, which eventually leaves the body through the lungs, causing breath with a fruity smell?

Ketosis

After digestion and absorption, most nutrients pass through the?

Liver

What organ is responsible for the preparation of the amino groups for excretion in the urine through the urea cycle?

Liver

What is aerobic?

Making ATP in the presence of oxygen

What is anaerobic?

Making ATP without oxygen

A newborn screening is the process of testing newborn babies for treatable genetic errors of_______

Metabolism

The electron transport chain is located in the______

Mitochondria

Why is oxygen is Essential to energy production?

Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions

People with PKU need to avoid foods containing high amounts of_______

Phenlalanine

What is an example of catabolic process?

Production of ATP from fatty acids

What happens in low levels of insulin?

Promote gluconeogenesis, protein breakdown, and Lipolysis

What happens in increase insulin levels?

Promote synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein

A substance is _____ when it gains one or more electrons. For example, iron does this when It gains an electron

Reduced

What is cellular respiration?

Removing Electrons from food molecules to produce energy

What is anabolism?

Smaller, simpler compounds used to build larger, more complicated compounds

What is true about ATP?

The bonds between the phosphate groups contain energy

What is lipolysis?

The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol

The pathway and the cellular respiration of glucose that uses electrons and hydrogen ions to ultimately form water and ATP is called______

The electron transport chain

What is true about oxidation reduction reaction?

These reactions go together— One cannot occur without the other

The process of converting pryuvate acetyl-CoA occurs in a process called _______

Transition reaction

When is anaerobic metabolism used to produce ATP?

When oxygen is lacking and in cells without mitochondria.

What is the order that lead to ketosis?

1. Insufficient insulin production 2. Large amounts of fatty acids are released by the adipose cells 3. Fatty acid flood liver and are converted to Acetyl-CoA 4. Citric acid cycle slows due to large production of ATP 5. Ketone bodies are formEd

During anaerobic glycolysis, which compounds can regenerate or accumulate?

1. Lactate 2. NAD

The most common forms of glycogen storage disease lead to______

1. Liver enlargement 2. Poor physical growth

During _____ alcohol intake the body uses the MEOS pathway.

1. Moderate 2. Excessive

Which vitamins assist dehydrogenase enzymes and therefore play a role in transferring the hydrogen from energy yielding compounds to oxygen in the metabolic pathways of the cell?

1. Niacin 2. Riboflavin

What is true about how carbohydrate aids in fat metabolism?

1. Pyruvate is produced by carbohydrate metabolism, which keeps the supply of oxaloacetate 2. Carbohydrate makes the entire pathway for fatty acid oxidation work better

To prolong survival during fasting, the body goes through which of the following adaptations?

1. Slowing of metabolic rate 2. Reduction in energy requirement 3. Nervous system uses less glucose

What can happen when calories supplies are insufficient or exceed needs?

1. The rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy changes 2. The type of macronutrient used to generate energy changes

What are two functions of glycolysis?

1. To produce energy 2. To provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds

What is the number of ATP for glycolysis?

2 ATP

What is the number of ATP for electron transport chain?

28 ATP

What is the number of ATP for a complete oxidation of glucose?

32 ATP

Protein metabolism begins after proteins are degraded into ______ _______

amino acids