Eng 201 Test 1, SLUH Odyssey 25 questions, KSU English 2110 Kerfoot Exam 1 Study Guide- terminology, Epic of Gilgamesh, World Lit Exam 1, English 2110, World Literature I Midterm practice (English 2111), World Lit Exam 1 (Epic of Gilgamesh + The Odys...

What is the riddle of the sphinx?

"As an infant, he crawls on all fours; as an adult, he walks on two legs and; in old age, he uses a 'walking' stick".

What question is Gilgamesh asked repeatedly after passing through Mashu?

"why are your cheeks so starved, and your face so drawn?"

2nd Person Narrator

"you" story speaks to reader

Chorus of Old Women

-take the Akropolis & defend it against the Chorus of Old Men -beat men mentally & physically -parallel the fighting & action of story

The relationship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu could be best described as -

. like brothers who are very close

Flood

...

Hebrew Poetics: Usage of Semicolons

1) repeat in different words: synonymous parallelism 2) reverse or contradict the meaning: antithetical parallelism 3) modify the meaning: synthetical parallelism

Fables

Aesop. Brief, didactic moralizing tales used for pleasure and/or education. Personifies animals or the elements

How was the Plays' "Epilogue" that concludes Tempest been read in terms of Shakespeare's career?

As his farewell to theater.

What's some background on Shakespeare's love life?

At age 18 he married 26 year old Anne Hathaway; they had several children, but today there are no direct descendants.

Hermes (Odyssey Book 5)

Athena requests Zeus to send Hermes to the nymph keeping Odysseus captured (Calypso) to tell her to free Odysseus. Comes down and Calypso offers him large amounts of food and drink (nectar) but is very upset to let Odysseus go and gives a speech on how goddesses' men are always taken away or killed but gods can just sleep and love whoever they want and get away with it.

"How so remiss, and yet thy mother's daughter? leaving thy clothes uncared for, Nausikaa, when soon thou most have store of marriage linen, and put thy minstrelsy in wedding dress"

Athena to Nausikaa (appearing in a dream) **Leading her to the river

" My word, how mortals take the God's to task! All their Afflictions come from us, we hear. And what of their own failings? Greed and Folly."

Athena to Zeus

"let the wayfinder, Hermes, cross the sea if the island Ogygia, let him tell our fixed intent to the nymph with pretty braids and let the steadfast man depart for home"

Athena to Zeus. -With this, Athena calls zeus to action.

Who are the three main characters in And of Clay Are We Created?

Azucena (based on a real person), reporter Rolf Carle, and the narrator, Eva Luna.

Juno (Aeneid Book 1)

Juno is angry with Aeneas because Carthage is her favorite city and a prophecy holds that the race descended from the Trojans will someday destroy Carthage. She is also mad because Paris, judged Juno's rival Venus fairest in a divine beauty contest.

What god was celebrated every spring at festivals and to whom the performances in Athens were performed in honor of?

Dionysus

Children of Men

Directed by Alfonso Cuaron, 2006; R for violence. Humanity can no longer have children. Movie explores social and moral consequences.

What does Krishna say is considered skill in action?, Also emphasis not to be moved by ______ of action.

Discipline, fruits

Intelligence & Espionage

Discusses 5 types of intelligence sources & how to manage them

Attacking w/ Fire

Discussion of weapons & use of the environment as a weapon; 5 targets of environmental attacks, appropriate responses to each

What literary devices is most prevalent throughout the play of Oedipus?

Dramatic irony

leader of the Kauravas & eldest son, called "evil son" of Dhritarashtra in chapter one

Duryodhana

Who does God find favor with throughout the Bible? A. Noah B. Abraham C. Jacob D. Joseph E. All of the Above

E. All of the Above

Is Arjuna's argument stronger or Krishna's?

Facts/Evidence; Realistic/Immediate

What happened in 1524?

Fall of the Quiche in modern Guatemala.

What does Douglass do in 1837?

Falls in love with Anna Murray, a free black woman; in 1838, she sells one of her feather beds for money to help him escape (the details of which he omits from his book to protect other escaping slaves).

True or False: Arjuna was the human form of the Hindu God Vishnu.

False

True or False: At the end of Oedipus, all is set right and Oedipus remains as king

False

True or False: In one chapter, Genji and some other men have a conversation about the ideal woman and decide that the ideal woman is one who is independent and who challenges them intellectually.

False

True or False: In the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna encourages Arjuna to act with attachment.

False

True or False: Jokasta is very much in favor of Oedipus searching for the truth about his past.

False

True or False: Joseph survived a fight with a lion and then spent his entire life with his family.

False

True or False: Kiritsbo is Genji's birth mother ,and like Oedipus he becomes romantically involved with her.

False

True or False: Oedipus knowingly kills his father and marries his mother

False

True or False: Sophocles, the author of the play is from Rome, Italy.

False

True or False: The Bhagavad-Gita states that war is simply a righteous act.

False

True or False: The Hebrew Bible was written after The Qur'an.

False

True or False: The character Genji is shown to be quite handsome; however, when his lack of talent is discovered when he performs a dance at the Imperial Celebration of Autumn Foliage.

False

True or False: The play Oedipus the King is classified as a Comedy.

False

What are signs of losing the Mandate of Heaven?

Famine, drought, natural disasters, war, etc.

What is hubris?

Fatal flaw

Anu

Father of the gods, who had an important temple in Uruk

As humans, what do we think a family is supposed to do for us?

Feel accepted; have conversations; feel loved; stick together; be there for you and help you grow into your expected role; your support.

Urshanabi

Ferryman of utnapishtim, who sails daily across the waters of death that divide the garden of the sun from he paradise where utnapishtim lives

Orpheus

Great mortal singer in Metamorphose. Marries Eurydice.

The Bible

Greek "ta biblia", "the books" KJV has had huge impact on English literature translation decisions made to achieve "grandeur" poetic and memorable for illiterate audience crafted for maximum impact when read aloud first published in 1611

What are a few important things about Achebe's background?

He was born the son of a churchman, and educated in local schools. He went to the University of London and later got a job at the BBC.

Where do autobiographies usually begin?

In the author's childhood- an innovation and part of a movement toward individualism.

Where is Ithaca

Island in Ionian Sea, west of Greek mainland

The hero quest was first codified by

Joseph Campbell

What two elements does Popol Vuh contain?

Judeo-Christian and Mayan culture

Which of the Gods is the staunchest enemy of Aenas and the Trojans?

Juno

Tiresias Book Three (Metamorphoses)

Juno and Jove joke about women getting more pleasure out of love. They go to wise Tiresias who agrees with Jupiter. Juno gets so mad that she strikes Tiresias blind. Jove feels bad for him and gives him the power to see the future, people start coming to him to see their future.

Aeneas Journey (Book 1)

Juno calls on Aeolus to bring a great storm down on Aeneas as he sails to Sicily. He does and Aeneas watches as the storm approaches. It knocks them off course, but then Neptune realizes Aeneas has overstep his boundaries and calms the storm. Seven ships remain and they head for the nearest land in site which happens to be the coast of Libya. When they reach the shore, Aeneas reminds his shipmates that they have faced worse.

Supplanted

A comfort girl who was once one of the favorites now is demoted and has to wear a robe color of the lesser women

irony

A contrast between what is said and what is meant

According to The Gita, what terrible outcome results from corrupted women during times of war?

The intermingling of classes

Diegesis

The internal "world" of the film, events and environment as experienced by the characters. Not included: credits, music score, etc.

Scheria

The island of the Phaeacians, Odysseus next destination (in book 5) appointed by the gods. Sees it after 18 days on the sea.

Who is Eva Luna?

The main character of the novel Eva Luna, and she is a gifted storyteller. She uses stories to escape from her daily suffering.

Confucius (551-479 BCE)

Never wrote down his own sayings; they were complied after his death by his disciples and added to/altered by scholars over generations.

What happened in 1960 in Nigeria?

Nigeria gains independence. A few years later, Nigeria descends into civil war that lasts for two years.

Achieved by extinction of illusory identity

Nirvana- goes with Buddhism

According to its Greek etymology, what does the term "Utopia" mean?

No (or not a) place.

Does Krishna believe that we have free will?

No, he thinks Arjuna has no choice. Krishna dictates the outcome.

Strength/ Strategic Attack

Not determined by size but by unity; 5 factors to succeed in war: Attack, Strategy, Alliances, Army, & Cities

What did Hamlet order the actors to do?

Not to ham it up and to act realistically.

When Odysseus finally reaches land, he considers his options. What are his options, and what does he choose?

Odysseus could stay by the river and succumb to cold and fatigue, or take his chances in the wilderness, (may be eaten by predators).

Who controls the storm (or tempest) that brings the characters in Act 1 scene 1 to the island?

Prospero

What does Douglass do in 1845?

Publishes his narrative, they story of his life and an account of slavery, which becomes an international best-seller. Some insisted it couldn't be true because he was too articulate and well-educated.

Who is Virgil (Virgil Intro)

Publius Vergilius Maro was regarded as the poet of Rome and the Roman empire and also a philosopher, prophet, sage and even magician. Wrote the Aeneid.

"Wherefore do you wander? The eternal life you are seeking, you shall not find. When the god's created mankind, they established death for mankind & withheld eternal life for themselves"

Siduri to Gilgamesh

Simplification is what?

Simplify your life

What work that we'll be reading during the second semester is considered an American odyssey? Who wrote it and when was it first published?

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; Mark Twain published it in 1885

What is the great epic of Rome? Who wrote it and when did he

The Aeneid; Virgil wrote it between 29 and 19 BCE (Call it 25 BCE)

Who is Homer? (Homer Intro)

The Greek word homeros means "hostage"(could be prisoner/slave). Author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Don't know who or what he was. Basically the beginning of mythology. Has blind singer in book so some ideas that he was blind.

What is the BG a part of?

The Hindu epic Mahabharata; it is not officially a sacred text, but a story that is religious in nature.

Why did it take so long to create The Book of Genesis?

The Jewish people had been captured and exiled in Babylon. They feared assimilation (to mix with/become part of another culture) and the loss of their heritage.

What was going on in the Old Testament world when the Trojan War was taking place

The Judges were ruling the twelve tribes of Israel

What is the great epic of the Georgian people? Who wrote it and when did he

The Knight in the Panther's Skin, written by Shota Rustavelli around 1200 A.D.

Who was Florence ruled by when Machiavelli was there?

The Medici family; when they lost power, Machiavelli worked for the newly formed republic and was responsible for civil defense, but the Medici returned, and Machiavelli lost his place, and he was sent into exile seven miles outside of town.

Marsilion, Blanchandrin and Turpin are

The Muslim king, the Muslim king's advisor, and a Christian archbishop

What are the first five books of the Hebrew Bible referred to?

The Pentateuch

What is The Prince about?

The Prince is about what it says it's about: how princes should gain and keep power.

What did Douglass attend in 1848?

The Seneca Falls convention on women's rights: the only black person there.

Cassandra

Trojan priestess carried to Argos as slave and mistress. Can see the future, but no one understand her when she says it

36. Up until the fourth century B.C. women were not allowed to perform in Greek plays in Athens. True/False

True

True or False: Because Genji's other is low of birth, the emperor denies his own desire to make Genji a prince.

True

True or False: By the time Confucius is born, the Zhou dynasty is already 500 years old; it did not fall until 256 BCE.

True

True or False: During the time of Genji, the Chinese language was thought to be masculine and authoritative, while the Vernacular, less formal language was considered feminine.

True

True or False: For much of Oedipus, the audience has more information than Oedipus does, and this creates irony.

True

True or False: Genji's wife Aoi falls ill and dies.

True

True or False: In an attempt to avoid his prophecy, Oedipus ironically assists in making his fate come true.

True

True or False: In one section of the Gita, Krishna teaches Arjuna the value of yoga.

True

True or False: In one section of the Qur'an you were assigned, appropriate dietary practices were explained.

True

True or False: Muslims believe Jesus is a great prophet.

True

True or False: Oedipus the King was written in the 5th Century B.C.E. (the 400s)

True

True or False: The Prince is not an immoral book, but an amoral one: not concerned with morality one way or the other.

True

True or False: The Qur'an does not deny the existence of Jesus but it does deny that Jesus is the son of God.

True

True or False: The Qur'an was Allah's revelation to the prophet Muhammad

True

True or False: The Tale of Genji is often considered the world's first great novel.

True

True or False: Tiresias is a blind prophet

True

True or False: When Jokasta learns that Oedipus is her son she hangs herself

True

True of False: References many Gods

True- so does the Odyssey

True or False: In one section of Gita, Krishna teaches Arjuna about the value of yoga.

True-Chapter 6

True or False: Autobiographies were still new in the 19th century.

True.

True or False: By Shakespeare's time, there is a movement toward secular stories. Specifically, non-catholic.

True.

True or False: Douglass continues to serve in various political capacities until his death, remaining socially/politically active.

True.

True or False: Hamlet is Shakespeare's mediation on the value of drama in human life.

True.

True or False: Hamlet is one of the first characters in Western literature who seemed like a real person with an inner life.

True.

True or False: Literature is a social construct. There is no such thing as "universal literature."

True.

True or False: Morality plays remained popular. They were allegories. Characters were concepts with names like "Mankind" or "Youth," representing a general idea. They interacted with other characters/concepts like "Mercy" or "Misdeeds."

True.

True or False: Professor Kuykendal saw Brazilian clowns at the Globe in London who were the actors in a Hamlet play she went to with her family.

True.

True or False: The slave narratives were an effective abolitionist tool.

True.

True or False: The theaters often met with resistance from London authorities.

True.

True or False: Only one Spanish translation of the Popul Vuh existed.

True; a friar named Francisco Ximenez who did not use correct grammar, punctuation, or organization wrote it.

True or False: Stories inevitably change to suit their culture.

True; our version of Enuma Elish focuses on Marduk. Early versions do not, at the time, Babylon was being consecrated to Marduk.

Turnus

Turnus was the King of the Rutuli, and the chief antagonist of the hero Aeneas.

Antinous and Eurymachus

Two particularly defiant suitors of Penelope who question Telemachus' guest which he says was an old friend, but assumes was a goddess (doesn't include that to them)

What does intermingling women cause? (said by Krishna in Chapter one)

Undermining of the caste system, marriage of people from different castes, causes laws of family to be abolished

Styx

Underworld River and the goddess who guaranteed the god's oath.

Tantalus

Underworld prisoner. Everything he wants is just out of reach.

Sisyphus

Underworld prisoner. Rolls boulder up hill and just when it reaches top it falls.

Dharma

Universal law

The lowest level in the caste system is known as?

Untouchables

What city is Gilgamesh the ruler in the beginning of the story?

Uruk

Forces

Use of creativity & timing, build an army's momentum

"Do we build a house forever? Do disputes prevail in the land forever? Do the rivers..."

Utanapishtim to Gilgamesh

"Dragon flies drift downstream in a river, their faces stare straight at the sun, then there is nothing"

Utanapishtim to Gilgamesh

"You strive ceaselessly, what do you gain? You are hastening the distant end of your days. Like reeds of a cain plant"

Utanapishtim to Gilgamesh

Hinduism's primary scripture, book of 4 hymns

Vedas

What are the two main types of Hindu scripture?

Vedas snd Upanishads

Where did Isabel Allende and her family flee to?

Venezuela. There, she pursued writing and journalism, free of traditional expectations.

Dido and Aeneas Love (Aeneid Book 1)

Venus worries that Juno will make the Phoenicians to be against her son. She sends down another one of her sons, Cupid, the god of love, who takes the form of Aeneas's son, Ascanius and inflames the queen's heart with passion for Aeneas.

Achilleas Unheroic

Very arrogant, Asked his mother Thetis to get Zeus to kill his men because his pride was hurt

Differences between Virgil and Homer? (Virgil Intro)

Virgil displays an understanding and knowledge of its place in history (i.e. under the rule of Augustus) while Homer is seemingly alien to this.

Ninurta

Warrior and god of war, Wells, and irrigation

Why has Cinderella changed so much from its origins? Why is it "cleaner"?

We construct these new narratives to preserve children's innocence, to teach them lessons painlessly.

Antagonist

The person/force that attempts to stop the story/protagonist.

What is central to a lot of Shakespeare's stories?

The play-within-a-play

In the beginning, what did Shakespeare's plays incorporate?

The plays often ended with a dance. They also featured songs and music. Music was now forbidden in church so the playhouse was were you could hear it.

What genre became hugely popular in the 18th and 19th centuries?

The slave narrative about stories by escaped slaves about their own experiences.

Resolution

The sorting out or unraveling of a plot at the end of a play, novel, or story.

Thetis

a sea nymph or known as the goddess of water, one of the fifty Nereids, daughters of the ancient sea god Nereus.

rising action

a set of conflicts and crises which lead up to the climax

allegory

a symbolic narrative in which the surface details imply a secondary meaning. ex:the lion.witch.and the wardrobe

myth

a traditional story and typically involving supernatural beings or events.

After the death of Enkidu, what does Gilgamesh become?

a wandering hunter

Tiny Hope Ending

an ending that allows the possibility of hope in the realistic world, acknowledging the complications therein

"the invocation of the muse"

first sentence of The Odyssey, the storyteller prays to the muse to the story of Odysseus ( a prayer)

Exposition/Introduction

first stage in a plot that provides necessary background info

Psychological Realism

focus on the interior characterization, motives, thoughts, feelings and how they impact external actions

3rd Person Limited

follows one character, only has interior access to 1 or fewer characters

Which are examples of culture?

food, holidays, religious rituals, fiction, non-fiction, poetry, television, music, comic books

What is the reason Gilgamesh wants to destroy Humbaba?

for an adventure, for fame, and because he is mad at the gods

Why was Utnapishtim granted eternal life?

for surviving the great flood

Mercury

in Roman religion, god of merchandise and merchants, commonly identified with the Greek Hermes, fleet-footed messenger of the gods.

falling actions

in the plot of a story or play its the action following the climax of the work leading to the resolution

tamas=

inertia and darkness

Child

infant son of Myrhine and Cinesias

The Muse (Homer Intro)

inspires the poet(s), who is seen as the channel through which memory and the divine pass to deliver these ancient stories, known to all the audience, drinking in the excellence of their retelling. 'In spirit' (inspire) a goddess (if you were about to do something i.e. art , you would pray to them to help it come through them)

In medias res

into the middle of a narrative; without preamble.

Theogony

is a poem by Hesiod (8th - 7th century BC) describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods, composed circa 700 B.C. It is written in the Epic dialect of Homeric Greek.

"When does a man need faithful friends but in adversity? You should be there, not prattling here to me. Is this devoted love? Shame on you all, fair-weather friends who run when great men fall." This quote is important because it

it reiterates the fact that the Sheik has been abandoned by his friends

What do the terms karma yoga, knana (jnana) yoga, and bhaki yoga mean?

karma yoga is discipline of action. Nana (jnana) yoga is knowledge of self. Khaki yoga is love/devotion to god.

Priam

king of Troy during the Trojan War and youngest son of Laomedon.

Gilgamesh

king of Uruk, strongest of men, a brave warrior, two thirds god and one third mortal

What is memorization?

memorization is a product of repetition, not concentration

Central Metaphor

metaphor used more than once, creating theme and meaning

Ice Berg Theory

minimalist realism, only some of the details are given; reader must infer

What term refers to emancipation, liberation, or release from reincarnation?

moksha

Crisis

moment of decision beyond which nothing will be the same

Climax

moment of highest action

Characteristics of a hero

not immortal, higher than normal mortals, but less than the gods

Calypso

nymph who keeps Odysseus captive in her cave; who has fallen in love with him.

special weapon

something only they can wield, something special to them

Ascanius

son of Aeneas; Cupid's disguise

Bacchus

son of Jove and cadmus; twice born because after his mother was killed by a trick of the jealous juno, jove sewed him in his thigh. God of wine and intoxication.

rajas=

passion and heat

What form of speech does Odysseus use when speaking to Nausikaa + her family?

pathos - appealing to the emotions

Arjuna

protagonist, hero - king of Pandavas

sattva=

purity and light

Enkidu was -

raised by animals in the forest

Frame

What appears within a camera shot. Directors frame shots very strategically to emphasize what's important.

Aeneas journey on Libya (Aeneid Book 1)

While he is in the woods, Venus appears to him in disguise as a old lady. Tells him about Dido and how she became queen. Advises him to go into the city and speak with her.

Who did Douglass encounter resistance from?

White abolitionists who want him to be less political. He starts his own newspaper, the North Star, so he can control his own content and message.

Aeneid Book 4 ("The Love Story")

Why is this the turning point? Because Aeneas had to make the choice between love and his own kingdom and fate. Makes the point that an ideal Roman citizen would do what Aeneas did and follow the gods/ the duty that he needs to fulfill.

Antagonist

the force that opposed the main character. It can be self, other, nature, or a combination

What lies beyond the guarded dark tunnel of Mount Mashum?

the garden of the gods

Who is Calliope?

the goddess of epic poetry, the eldest of the muses

Athena

the goddess of wisdom, courage, inspiration, civilization, law and justice, strategic war, mathematics, strength, strategy, the arts, crafts, and skill in ancient Greek religion and mythology. Minerva is the Roman goddess identified with Athena.

What is important of the simile "the gods act like flies"?

the gods need the humans, crowd around the sacrifice after the flood

Characteristics of the city of Troy

the greatest walled city, the ultimate defensive fortification

apotheosis

the high point of the story, what happens after the hero's test; whatever the reward is for overcoming the hero's test

theme

the idea of a literary work abstracted from its details of language, character, and action

narrator

the voice and implied speaker of a fictional work

What does the term "doa" mean?

the way

Role of Hermes

traveling messenger of the gods, sent by Athena/Zeus

How was it written?

- Smriti hindu scripture - Valmiki (constructed it) preached is to his decibels - handed down gen to gen through recital and memorizing of verses. - written form: palm leaf manuscript from Nepal

Tale of Sinuhe Themes

Forgiveness, Loyalty, and Honor

Enuma Elish, quotes, "The master should repeat and make the pupil understand." What does it mean by this?

Future generations should change nothing-originality was bad.

What are the two main Hindu Scriptures? A. Rejection and Ritual B. Vedas and Upanisads C. Ramayana and Mahabharata D. Dharma and Karma

B. Vedas and Upanisads

When did the earliest example of Greek alphabetical writing appear?

Between 750 and 700 BC

granduncle of both branches of the family (Kauravas and Pandavas)

Bhishma

Uruk

Biblical erech, modern wakra, in southern Babylonia between Dara and ur; shown by excavation to have been an important city from very early times, with great temples to the gods Anu and Ishtar

Madea Author

Euripides

Movement & Development of Troops

Evaluating intentions of the enemy

Rising Action

Events build and momentum gathers.

Climax

Events build up to the park; everything that follows is the direct result of this: Polonius's murder.

Falling Action

Events unfold from the climax and build toward the resolution.

Resolution/Denouement

Every event reaches its natural consequence.

Pygmalion

Dido's brother who killed her husband for money. Was a tyrant who made Dido leave and found Carthage.

Eurydice

Dies by snake.

Dharma

Divine law/divinely ordained identity; not just a "job."

Siduri

Divine winemaker and brewer, who lives on the shore of the sea in the garden of the sun

Static Character

Doesn't change much during the story.

Chapter IV (4) in Book 2 of The Analects

Doing the right thing is hard, it takes practice; No excuse to giving up

Derelict

A woman's brothers want her to marry someone whom she doesn't love and she keeps refusing

Name the Characters in Bhagavad Gita. A. Arjuna and Krishna B. Hunahpu and Xbalanque C. Jocasta and Laois D. Genji and Murasaki

A. Arjuna and Krishna

The Bhagavad Gita is great scripture of which people? A. Hindus B. Muslims C. Jews D. Atheists

A. Hindus

Who represents the worst of the Iron Age in his attempt to feed Jupiter once living flesh? A. Lycaon B. Demodocus C. Agamemnon D. The giant

A. Lycaon

Challenges during Aiolia of Aiolos

It is hard to finish the journey, to finish things is to succeed

What happens when Gawain gets the green belt/girdle from the Lady?

It protects him from the axe

How was Italy while Machiavelli was there?

It was broken up into "city states" like Florence, Venice, Naples, Rome, etc; heavily Roman Catholic.

What was the reaction to The Prince?

It was outraged; but widely read and widely condemned.

The Epic of Gilgamesh is historically significant because?

It was the first great heroic narrative

Ares/Mars

God of war and son of Zeus and Hera. Likes vultures and dogs. Lust for killing; Greeks didn't like Ares; hardly in any stories. Romans praised Mars who was just god of war.

Ea

God of waters and of wisdom and one of the creators of mankind, toward whim he is usually well disposed

Dionysus/Bacchus

God of wine & vegetation. Can also go by Liber.

What are two defining characteristics of the god the people of Athens celebrate?

God of winemaking and partying excesses

Demeter/Ceres

Goddess of grain.

Ishtar

Goddess of love, fertility, and war, called the queen of heaven

the mother of Arjuna and the Pandavas:

Kunti

What does the goddess (Ino) offer Odysseus, what is his initial reaction to her offer, and what does his reaction teach us about him?

Ino offers him a veil to protect him from the sea, he questions the offering, wondering if it is trickery. He chose to stay with the raft, and decline the offer. This shows us how wise he is, and that he is always thinking of his best option, even in turmoil.

Intertextuality

Intertextuality is the shaping of a text's meaning by another text. It is the interconnection between similar or related works of literature that reflect and influence an audience's interpretation of the text

The belief in a pantheon of gods is

Is when you believe in all gods of people and religions collectively

Dystopian ending

Literal opposite of a fairy tale, everything ends poorly

The Two Son

One son form the woman in The New Tower tries to get one of the other son's killed but in the end two of the four brothers are killed

The Metamorphoses Author

Ovid

How does Jocasta die?

She hangs herself

Why was Laura Bohannon mistaken?

She thinks everyone, everywhere, will understand Hamlet. However, marrying a brother's widow was an accepted practice in this tribe. They also believed that Hamlet's father's "age-mates" should have sought revenge, not Hamlet. They also saw the Ghost as an omen and believed Hamlet's insanity was caused by witches.

Nine Battlegrounds

Specific focus that commander has to obtain in order to navigate army

An epic is loosely translated as

Speech or song

In the Odyssey, Athena, Antinoos, Penelope and Odysseus can be seen as, in order,

Spirit, shadow, anima, animus

What are the main differences between The Prince and The Bhagavad Gita?

The Prince suggests that you shouldn't be influenced by God/religion, while the BG advises taking a god's advice/acting according to religious principles; in The Prince the ends justify the means, in the BG the means are the ends; The Prince says to act in your own best interest, while the BG says to follow your dharma/divine role.

Why does Krishna tell Arjuna not to worry?

The cycle of birth and rebirth (suffering) , "death is assured to all those born, and birth is assured to all the dead; you should not mourn what is inevitable consequence.

Who are the main characters in Children of Men?

Theo and Kee

Chapter XIX (19) in Book 5 of The Analects

Thinking about something 3 times means you're doubting

Ismenia

Women from Thebes -Boitian Girl -Kinda Mute

Was Confucius of noble birth?

Yes, but he was not high rank, and not wealthy.

Does Arjuna believe that we have free will?

Yes, he believes his choices will have consequences.

Hera/Juno

Zeus' wife and sister. Protector of marriage; spent most of her time punishing women Zeus fell in love with.

Aeneas

a Trojan hero, the son of the prince Anchises and the goddess Venus (Aphrodite). His father was the second cousin of King Priam of Troy, making Aeneas Priam's second cousin, once removed. He is a character in Greek mythology and is mentioned in Homer's Iliad. Aeneas receives full treatment in Roman mythology, most extensively in Virgil's Aeneid where he is an ancestor of Romulus and Remus. He became the first true hero of Rome.

Flashbacks

interruption to describe an incident that occurred prior

Alliterative Lines

the occurrence of the same letter or sound between a series of closely connected words in a sentence. As you'll notice from the original, Old English version, the Beowulf Poet liked to alliterate the lines to create a pleasant rhythm.

Utnapishtim

the only mortal to turn into a god and get everlasting life

"Oral Formulaic Theory"

the poet could revise and alter the poem on the fly

Who does Humbaba attack first?

Enkidu

Enlil

God of earth, wind, and spirit; carries out tasks for anu

In Confucius's time period what was not really valued?

Individualism and improvisation.

In what century was Thousand and One nights translated into Arabic?

9th century

Who is Gilgamesh?

A legendary Sumerian king and superhuman hero

1st Person Narrator

"I" is a character in the story

What are Hamlet's last words?

"The rest is silence."

Polyphemus

-Poseidon's son who Odysseus killed in order to survive himself. -Cyclops

Herald

A spartan envoy

What are some major similarities between the Book of Genesis and the Popul Vuh?

1.) Both made the world appear and put creatures on it. 2.) Both made man for the purpose of worship. 3.) Women ate from a tree they weren't supposed to eat from 4.) Significance of number 7 5.) Virgins become pregnant 6.) God creates the earth by saying "Let there be light"; Heart-of-Sky and plumed serpent speak the universe into existence. 7.) Trinity: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit; Three Thunderbolt gods: Newborn, Hurrican, Sudden 8.) Resurrection

Hamlet Q1

1603

Hamlet Q2

1604

Hamlet F1

1623

What is a rakshasa?

A demon

Mandate of Heaven

A dynasty has divine permission/blessing to rule China.

Metaphor

A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. Ex: "My father is my rock." The father isn't actually a rock, but rather a metaphorical force that grounds the individual

Metaphor

A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. Ex: "My father is my rock." The father isn't actually a rock, but rather a metaphorical force that grounds the individual.

Enumeratio

A long list of catalogues and genealogies are given, paying homage to the ancestors and heritage of the audience

Enumeratio

A long list of catalogues and genealogies are given, paying homage to the ancestors and heritage of the audience.

The New Tower

A man finds his son a wife, but finds her too pretty so he takes her for himself and puts her in a tower

Tsaw Ya

A man praising the great ruler

Dilmun

A paradise in the world of the gods

Antihero

A problematic hero who often does bad things in a good cause, or vice versa. (Robin Hood robbing the rich to give to the poor).

Who steals the youth-restoring flower from Gilgamesh?

A snake

Efficiency

Achieving the maximum result with the least effort possible to effect change (the king who had to only face south to inspire his people to be good).

Krishna is....

All of the above

Why does Medea kill her children?

All of the above

With what crime(s) is Socrates charged?

All of the above

What is an example of Dante using the number 3 in his poem?

All the above

What features of the Abbey of Thelema would have astounded a medieval monk?

All the above.

Who was a part of a "Latin American Boom" of writers?

Allende, Borges, Marquez, Cortazar, Paz; all rose to international prominence and translation.

Verse form

Alliterative verse (no syllable counts or caesura) with bob & wheel stanza

Epic Poem

An epic is a long narrative poem presenting characters of high position in a series of adventures which form an organic whole through their relation to a central figure of heroic proportions and through their development of episodes important to the history of a nation or a race.

Troy

Ancient city in Troas, northwestern Asia minor, site of Trojan war.

Who is Laios? A. Oedipus' brother-in-law B. Oedipus' real father C. The town Oedipus is from

B. Oedipus' real father

Author of Gita?

Anonymous- similar to Popol Vuh

What happens when the Mandate of Heaven is lost?

Another dynasty may take over.

Who is the central god that is referred to most frequently in Oedipus?

Apollo

Hyacinth

Apollo was in love with this mortal. Throwing things and killed him.

The Analects of Confucius

Approx. 400 BCE

Douglass

Autobiography

When was the Bhagavad Gita written? A. 3rd century B.C.E.- 3rd century C.E. B. 4th century B.C.E - 4th century C.E. C. 8th century B.C.E. - 8th century C.E. D. 7 century B.C.E - 7th century C.E.

B. 4th century B.C.E - 4th century C.E.

The three games

Beheading, exchange of winnings, failure to tell whole truth

What is Arjuna's dharma/duty?

Being a soldier

Bob and wheel

Bob: 2-syllable section Wheel: 4 line quatrain rhyming abab - At the end of stanza = finality

Chinua Achebe (1930-2013)

Born in what is now Nigeria under British colonial rule.

How old was Muhammad when he began receiving the Qur'an through the mediation of the Angel Gabriel? A. 25 years old B. 10 years old C. 40 years old D. 55 years old

C. 40 years old

Aegisthus

Clytemnestra's lover

Editing

Combining footage from different shots and/or scenes; cutting from a shot of a photo on the wall to someone looking in a mirror.

Tropes

Commonly used ideas in literature and art

Epic of Gilgamesh Major Themes:

Companionship, Mortality. Pride, & Civilization

"When does a man need faithful friends but in adversity? You should be there, not prattling here to me. Is this devoted love? Shame on you all, fair-weather friends who run when great men fall." This quote is from

Conference of the Birds

What four authors have we talked about that write about their life?

Dante, Sappho, Machiavelli, and Evliya

What texts contains the lines "Born soft; dies stiff and hard."

Daodejing

What texts resembles the transcendentalist movement?

Daodejing

When was Enuma Elish created?

Dates from the 18th-12th century BCE; might be 3800 years old.

Aphrodite/Venus

Daughter of Zeus. Goddess of love and beauty. Likes the myrtle tree, doves, sparrows and swans.

The divine law: proper human conduct/social duty

Dharma

Civil War

Douglass argues that black men should serve in the Union army.

What happened in 1895?

Douglass dies suddenly of a heart attack; thousands attend his funeral.

Everyman hero

Easily confused with the misfit, the ____ hero is also an unlikely hero but not because they are different. The ____ is just a normal joe who happened to be in the right place at the right time (or, according to them, the wrong place at the wrong time). There is obviously someone better suited for the job, but for whatever reason, they take up the challenge. There are no special powers or divine prophecy that destines them for greatness; no, they are just ordinary people whom we can all relate with, sharing their fears and struggles while tasked with such an incredible responsibility. Example: Rick Grimes (The Walking Dead)

Echo Book Three (Metamorphoses)

Echo was once a nymph that distracted Juno when Jove was off with other women. Juno found this out and punished her by making echo only able to repeat things. She followed Narcissus into the woods and ran to him but he pushed her away. She ran off and eventually died and all that was left was her voice.

What is the subject matter does the Muse take up in the Illiad, and how much of the Trojan war is covered in the Illiad

The rage of Achilles, forty-one days

Social Equalizer

Everyone could go to the theatre during Elizabethan Olden Tymes.

Mise-en-scene

Everything that occurs in a particular shot. Setting/Background, Characters, Lighting, Costumes, CGI, etc (one great way to communicated the diegesis to the audience)

In chapter one, What does Arjuna say to Krishna about what will happen to them if they kill the murderers?

Evil will cling to them

Hubris

Excessive pride or self-confidence

After discovering the truth about his past, what does Oedipus request as his punishment?

Exile

Sappho

Expressing emotions

What is the composition of A thousand and One Nights?

Frame tale, and stories within stories.

Michel Foucault

French philosopher who studied the relationship between knowledge and power.

Who came up with the theory of the Oedipus complex?

Freud

"Now that I have seen your face, may I not see that death I constantly fear"

Gilgamesh to Siduri

Persephone

Hades wife.

Aeneas Unheroic

Has no choice in anything he does, Venus his mother interjects to fix things without him asking

Psalms

Hebrew "hymnal" Hebrew Tehilim "praises" Greek "Psalmos" anthological in nature, compendium for smaller anthologies written over 5 centuries authorship is problematic (traditionally attributed to David)

Hebrews

Hebrew letters; concept of one God in a relationship with humanity

What is Shakespeare's educational background?

He attended a very good grammar school where he learned to read, was instructed in religion, and learned basic Latin.

What are some interesting facts about Isabel Allende's father?

Her father was a cousin of Salvadore Allende, President of Chile, from 1971-73. First democratically elected, socialist president of Chile.

The Gita is one of the foundational documents for which religion?

Hinduism

What is a literary term for starting a story in the middle rather than at the beginning

In medias res

Who was Shakespeare's father?

John, who was a successful businessman who owned property and served as bailiff (mayor).

What is the story based on?

King Arthur & Camelot

What is one of the important teachings Confucius talks about?

Lead by example: be good, and others will follow (vs. Machiavelli, who says people are not good, and a ruler must learn when to not be good).

Zeus/Jupiter

Lord of the sky and supreme ruler of the gods known for throwing lightening bolts. Also can be referred to as Jove/Juno.

A common epithet for a king in the epic Sanskrit

Lords of the Earth

What is one of the two key injunctions that govern the natives' lives as recorded in, "Of Cannibals"?

Love for their wives

Medea Major Themes:

Love, Family, Betrayal, & Vengeance

According to Machiavelli, it is better for a prince to be feared than...

Loved.

Motif

Loyalty: no men stand up to take the challenge so Arthur steps forward— Gawain takes knowledge. - Later on, Gawain's shoulders hunch (winces) when the Green Knight raises his axe

Who is Gilgamesh's personal guardian god?

Lugulbanda

Jason

Madea's former husband. married now to the princess of corinth

What does Ishtar offer to Gilgamesh, which he refuses?

Marriage

What does Douglass do after his wife, Anna, dies?

Marries his young white clerk, Helen Pitts.

Jason

Medea's husband

Hybrid

Merging of two things to create a third thing with elements of both.

The believe in one god is?

Monotheistic

Chapter XI (11) in Book 1 of The Analects

Obey father even after death because how strange it would be to stop, but then after a few years change

Ulysses

Oddesyes

Why is Alkinoos being so generous to Odysseus before he even knows his name?

Odysseus may go home and tell the glory of Alkinoos' feast - to spread his glory

What is the term that describes the belief/worship in all gods?

Pantheism

What is the great Christian epic of England? Who wrote it and when did he?

Paradise Lost; John Milton published it in 1667

What form of satire criticizes a previous text or work of art?

Parody.

Machiavelli

Political, not very personal.

What happens to Odysseus while on his raft? Who is the cause?

Poseidon smashes the boat and he is left swimming in the ocean for two days & nights

What terms describes the process of birth and death?

Reincarnation/samsara

Yi

Righteousness/Justice; another way of showing ren.

Who translated this version of The Odyssey and when was it published

Robert Fagles, 1996

Sohrab is the son of

Rostam and Tahmine

Belit-Sheri

Scribe and recorder of the underworld gods

What does Oedipus' name translate to?

Swollen foot

The significance of the Pentangle

Symbol of 5 (5 senses, 5 fingers, 5 wounds, 5 joys, 5 things that mean the most to him: friendship, fraternity, purity, politeness, pity)

What novel made Allende famous?

The House of the Spirits

What is hamartia?

The mistake in the plot of the story

Etiological Myth

The story of Seven Macaw in the Popol Vuh. A supernatural or magical explanation for a natural phenomenon or condition (explanation of why the macaw bird looks like he does) (the myth of Persephone explains the seasons (Greek))

Climax

Turning point

Round Character

Three-dimensional, complex, realistic.

Which two gods "mingle the waters" to create the universe (which existed before the gods)?

Tiamat and Apsu

What is Arjuna's dharma?

To fight as a Kshatriya.

What is a defining characteristic of a tragic hero?

Tragic hero is a character of noble stature. They are better than us. Heading toward destruction

What topic do Genji and his friends discuss in chapter two of the tales?

Types of women.

Rama is the avatar of what god?

Vishnu

the great lord of Yoga is?

Vishnu

Family vs. Job

We tend to say family's more important.

Humbaba is a -

fearsome giant who guards the Cedar Forest

Shahnameh, or The Persian Book of Kings was written by

a Muslim about pre-Muslim peoples

Parable

a brief story that teaches a lesson often ethical or spiritual

What is an epic?

a long ballad spread widely across cultures + languages that tells a story

External conflict is -

an argument between two friends

Cupid

god of love; son of venus

Comic Relief

jokes in an otherwise dark setting meant to break the mood

Oedipus

king of Thebes. saved thebes and was made king by solving the riddle of the Sphinx

"Even a god who found this place would gaze, and feel his heart beat with delight"

of Kalypso's island

Resolution

the ending

Conflict

the problem that sets events in motion

Islamic religious, cultural beliefs, and practices in the story?

- depicts a urban Islamic culture in all its variety and complexity - The tales reflect the Islamic growing exposure to a # of entertainments and temptations and their conflict with obligations of faith - tales concur with sociological and religious concerns of Islam

Gilgamesh characteristics

- hero, 2/3 divine 1/3 human - the people's shephard

What are the three great gods of Hinduism?

1.) Brahma (the creator) 2.) Shiva (the destroyer) 3.) Vishnu (the preserver/redeemer)

Structure of a Five Act Shakespearean Play

1.) Exposition 2.) Rising Action 3.) Climax 4.) Falling Action 5.) Resolution/Denouement

What are some of Arjuna's objections to waging war on his loved ones?

1.) He doesn't want to break the caste system. 2.) If he breaks the familial laws he will go to hell. 3.) Lawlessness results. 4.) Their evil will rebound on him. 5.) What's the point in being a king if everyone you'll be ruling over is dead. 6.) Driven by greed 7.) Overwhelming physical reaction. 8.) Doesn't seem to understand how reincarnation works.

When was Genesis written?

1000 BCE

How many members were in the chorus during the 5th century BCE?

12-15

Sophocles

120 plays; 7 extant. Added third actor and focuses more on the psychology of his characters, very human protagonists

One Thousand and One Nights

1300 CE

Rama's exile to the forest for _____ years is an example of ______

14 years...initiation

Gilgamesh was lost for how many years?

2,000

The Daodejing was written?

2,500 years ago

Gilgamesh

2/3 divine 1/3 human King of Uruk perfect body complex behavior worried about eternity

Gilgamesh is described as being

2/3 god, 1/3 man

Gilgamesh was written around what time?

2100 B.C.E

Epic of Gilgamesh

2700 - 1300 BCE

Terrain

3 general areas of resistance: Distance, Dangers, & Barriers; 6 types of ground positions can arise from the ares of resistance

When was The Bhagavad Gita written?

400 BCE- 400 CE

How old is Gilgamesh

4000 years

When was Ovid alive?

43 B.C.E to 18 B.C.E.

Medea

431 BCE

Time period?

4th century BCE-4th century CE

What year were the first five books compiled in their current form?

500 BCE

Catullus's Poetry

54 BCE

Sappho's Poetry

600 BCE

When was Virgil alive? (Virgil Intro)

70-19 B.C.E.

Homer/Iliad/Odyssey

700 - 800 BCE, though the Iliad is understood to have been written first.

When was Homer alive? (Homer Intro)

8th century B.C.E

Kleos

A Greek word loosely translated as "renown" or "glory," implying "what others hear about you." This is a reputation that a hero tries to maintain throughout their life, spreading their deeds to others through word-of-mouth

Antagonist

A character or force in conflict with the main character

Analects

A collection of teachings.

Hestia/Vesta

A virgin goddess & sister of Zeus. No distinct personality. Goddess of the Hearth; a symbol of home. Greeks were private and Hestia wasn't in many stories because they were private in their home life. Roman culture saw home as all of Rome (not private) and Vesta was very popular.

Resisted Suitor

A woman is refusing to go run off and marry this man because he is not going with tradition

Novella

A work longer than a short story (>5,000 words) but shorter than a novel (<30,000 words) use the conventions of both short stories and novels

Parody

A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of ridicule.

Young Wife's Zealous Care in Worship of Husband's Ancestors

A young wife who now has to take care of her husband's parents

The Cunning Hunter

A young woman had sex before marriage and gets a bad reputation from it

Which would be an example of a waka style poetry in the tale of Genji? A. Now in the deepest sorrow as I contemplate Our diverging roads, this fork where we must part How I long to walk the path of the giving B. Even thoguh I walk through the valleys Of the shadow of Death, I shall fear no evil The rode and staff they comfort me. C. Now just throw our hands up in the air Wave them aroung like you just don't care D. Mary had a little lamb Her fleece was white as snow Everywhere that Mary went the lamb was sure to go

A. Now in the deepest sorrow as I contemplate Our diverging roads, this fork where we must part How I long to walk the path of the giving

What is the first line of every sura in the Qur'an? A. in the name of God the lord of mercy the giver of mercy B. Dear heavenly father, C. in the name of Jesus Christ D. On behalf of the holy spirit

A. in the name of God the lord of mercy the giver of mercy

The Bhagavad Gita is which type of literature? A. poem, part of a larger epic B. tragedy C. drama(play) D. comedy

A. poem, part of a larger epic

What did Achebe like to write about?

About pre-colonial Nigerian civilization. He wanted to show Nigerian history as rich and complex, but not perfect.

Irkalla

Another name for Ereshkigal, the queen of the underworld

Laozi and the Daodejing

Approx. 500 BCE

Where is Troy

Archaeological site in modern-day Turkey, about 315 miles east of Ithaca

In the tale of Genji, this character is highly desired by Genji by forbidden. A. Kiritsubo B. Aoi C. Fujitsubo D. None of the Above

C. Fujitsubo

teacher or guru of both the Kauravas and the Pandavas

Drona

Low Point

During a hero's story, they are usually burdened with being defeated or a psychological scar that they must confront at some point. The low point is where the audience witnesses the hero pushed to the apparent breaking point. Examples of this could be the revival of horrors of one's past, the death of a loved one, or at being defeated in battle. Basically, it's the lowest point of the story shortly before the hero's test. Example: Death of Megara in Hercules

15. Gods were seen as role models in Mesopotamia during the time of Gilgamesh was written. True/False

False

Epithet

Heavy usage of descriptive terms and phrases accompanying or occurring in place of a name and having entered common usage. Ex: "Old grey eyes" referring to the goddess Athena in The Odyssey. - everyone knew who she was by her nickname old grey eyes

"Goddess to god, you greet me by questioning me"

Hermes to Kalypso

"Zeus made me come, and not my inclination"

Hermes to Kalypso - giving her a return of lack of xenia

"Thus you shall send him then, and show more grace or be chastised by Zeus"

Hermes to Kalypso of Odysseus

What was going on in the Old Testament world when The Odyssey was first written

Hezekiah was king of Judea; the Northern Kingdom had recently been lost

Suffering must be endured and one must exhaust karma to achieve Moksha.

Hinduism

What is an example of hubris?

His temper

What is in the "gold hit" of Roland's sword Duerndal?

Holy relics.

Where in their journey do Virgil and Dante get blocked and must rely on divine aid to continue their way?

In crossing hell (the sins of innocence) to lower hell (the violent and fraudulent).

"Oh goddess, what guile lies here?"

Odysseus to Kalypso

What does a wild bull symbolize?

Potency, power through sex

Chapter XIX (19) in Book 2 of The Analects

Putting someone good in charge will make people obedient

Ereshkigal

Queen of the underworld

What does Bhagavad Gita mean?

The Song of the Lord

What does Lord Krishna say is the way to nourish the Gods?

With sacrifice, then they will nourish you as well

foil

a character who contrasts and parallels the main character

Enkidu is Gilgamesh's -

best friend

The three steps of the hero quest are

call to adventure, initiation, return

Creusa

daughter of Priam and Hecuba, was the first wife of Aeneas and mother to Ascanius (also known as Iulus).

Glauce/Creusa

daughter of creon. young princess that Jason leaves Madea for

Antagonist of Gilgamesh

death

Reconciliation

goddess of harmony

Khana Yoga

knowledge of self

Atman

soul

Aruru

the goddess of creation

Patroclus

the son of Menoetius, grandson of Actor, King of Opus, and Achilles's beloved comrade and brother-in-arms.

setting

the time and place of a literary work that establish its context

"Literature is important because it

teaches ,entertains, transmits the values of a given culture

Shamhat

temple prostitue. seduces. her power associated with civilization rather than nature

Why isn't Socrates afraid to die?

He thinks fear of the unknown is foolish

Aeneas's leaving

He tries to prepare his fleet to leave in secret but Dido suspects something and confronts him in rage. Aeneas says he has no choice. "I sail for Italy not my own free will". Aeneas gets another dream that says he's delayed too long and must leave now in which he does without saying goodbye to Dido.

What skill does Shaharzad use to survive her marriage to Shahriyar?

Storytelling.

Lampito

Strong young country wife from Sparta

What language is Gilgamesh written in?

Sumerian

Shamash

Sun god, judge and giver of laws

What happened after 1591?

Sunday performances were banned.

Foreshadowing

events in a story that predict later events in a symbolic fashion

Fairy tale ending

everything works out, even if that seems unrealistic, uncomplicated happily ever after

After his travels, Gilgamesh returns to Uruk with Ur-Shanabi and orders him to:

examine the walls of Uruk

Historical Fiction

fiction set within a specific time period, that requires that setting in order to tell its story

Experimental Fiction

fiction with a unique form that adds meaning to the text

Why is the fire place a sacred place?

fire is where offerings are taken, provides the house with warmth/light/cooked food

Similarities between Genesis and Gilgamesh

human race both ended up on a mountain boat with blueprints number of days of flood varies moral reason in Genesis

Cinesias

husband of Myrhine -buffoon -poor father -stereotypical dimwitted male figure -painful erection outwitted by Myrhine

The Ramayana shows

ideal behavior for Hindu people to emulate AND the concepts and ideas found in the Bhagavad-Gita and other sacred books in the characters' actions

Characters

imaginary person who inhabits a literary work

Calonice

mature married woman

After the duel, when everyone is dead/dying, what does Hamlet say to the crowd?

"O, I could tell you-" and does not finish.

The Universality of Shakespeare

"Shakespeare In the Bush" by Laura Bohannon

How does Douglass begin his autobiography?

"Who's there?" (a la Hamlet): begins with things he doesn't know about himself (father, birthday).

Pietas

"duty", "religiosity" or "religious behavior", "loyalty", "devotion", or "filial piety" (English "piety" derives from the Latin), was one of the chief virtues among the ancient Romans.

Realpolitik (German)

"real politics": politics grounded in practical/material, rather than ideological, concerns.

In Media Res

(starts in the middle of the story): Literally meaning "in the middle of things." Story begins in the middle with the hero at his lowest point, requiring flashbacks to get the reader up to speed.

Mesopotamia

- "land between the rivers" Tigris + Euphrates - "the fertile crescent" - modern day Iraq - where civilization began

Parallels between Epic of Gilgamesh and the Hebrew bible?

- A man made from clay - A person crafted to be a perfect companion - Sexual temptation to renounce innocence/the natural world in favor of knowledge/urban civilization - Dreams containing harbingers of the future - A great flood brought by displeased gods, and a man assigned to rescue humanity by building a boat - A snake that steals eternal life

Similarities and differences between Lysistrata and Chiraq?

- Both present Lysistrata as a woman who isn't afraid to fight - Chi-Raq's Lysistrata is shown more determinism and power - Both tales show her persona is shown through her interactions with other characters

Richard Burton's belief about sexuality

- Creative production that discloses more about English sexual preoccupations that it does about Arab sexuality. - Shows who the literary and cultural concept of pornography emerged with expansion of travel, empire, and globalization

How Epic of Gilgamesh was discovered and translated?

- Discovered in December 1853, by Hormuz Rassam, an Assyrian Christian - Translated by George Smith after tens of thousands of tablets were brought to the British Museum from the library

Aeneid's role in western literature?

- Essential element of Latin education that was required to memorize - Subjected to commentary as a philological and educational study - Latin education was paramount in western culture which Aeneid was taught at the most advanced levels - Highly regarded as a major part of the western culture

How Epic of Gilgamesh was written?

- First work of fiction ever recorded - Written by an Assyrian poet/scholar/physician called Sin-leqe-unninni - He adapted and stitched together existing stories to create a new plot and new characters - First version to have existed since at least 2,000 BCE - Final version written in Cuneiform on 12 clay tablets between 1,300 and 1,000 BCE - Scholars believe this version was originally about 3,000 lines long, but only 2,000 survived

Major Plot Points?

- Gilgamesh struggles to avoid death - Gilgamesh bonds with his friend Enkidu and sets out of make a great name for himself. In doing so, he incurs the wrath of the gods - Enkidu dies - Gilgamesh becomes obsessed with his own mortality because of Enkidu -Sets out on a quest to find Utnapishtim, the Mesopotamian Noah who received immortality from the gods

Hindu religious, cultural beliefs, and practices in the story?

- Hinduism: majority of India's large pop religion - variety of beliefs, rituals, and gods

Saddam Hussein and Gilgamesh relation?

- Modeled himself after Gilgamesh - He gave a speech to his generals where he cited Gilgamesh's self-exile - He would write several novels, concluding that only way to secure immortality is through Literature like Gilgamesh -

The Partition of India?

- Set in and around the days of the dividing, the abject descriptiveness of several bloody and violent situations serves to remind one of the human elements involved in religious conflict - conflict which, like it or not, indelibly marks Indian culture - Dark time in nation's history

Primary subject/themes discussed throughout literature

- Sex - Death - Power - Sleep/Dreams

How was it written?

- When Virgil controls the narration, the point of view includes the actions of the gods as well as the human story; Aeneas, in his storytelling, does not have this access to the gods' perspective and relates events only from his own perspective - Tone is solemn and honorific - Tense is usually past, sometimes switching to present to increase immediacy of a scene. Future tense is used for prophecy and prediction

Greek beliefs about gender and sexuality?

- Woman Stereotype: housebound and dutiful to her husband - Lysistrata is superior strong female of the group - Males of the era would be in disbelief if the plot of the main character affected the change of the "typical" woman - Men are the dominant or aggressive ones and women are the opposite - The one thing women had over Men was withholding them from sex

Simile: "like a wild bull"

- comparison of Gilgamesh - no self control, manly, impulsive, dangerous, ready to mate

Symbol created after the killing of Humbaba

- creation of large door in the forest - symbolizes spread of civilization (permanent structure)

Irony of the description of Gilgamesh

- he is not a shepherd, he is a predator, not protecting his people, being dangerous/impulsive

What is hubris + who demonstrates it?

- pride against the gods, thinking you are better than the gods - Polyphemus (Kyklopes) demonstrates

Richard Burton's use of Thousand and One Nights?

- she is described as having collected a thousand history books about antique races and departed rulers, and having studied and learned many poems by heart. Finally, her selflessness cannot be disputed; it is doubtful that the king would have gone after his vizier's daughter himself, meaning she is willing to risk her life voluntarily for the sake of women throughout the realm. - Burton's translation was one of two unabridged and unexpurgated English translations done in the 1880s

Representations of the women?

- they attempt to liberate themselves from all arbitrary beliefs - No matter how supreme of a woman you are, Patriarchy comes to exercise its control over the female position and suppress's women's identities

Association with travel in the ancient world

- uncommon - considered "work" - deep suspicion of the traveler being exiled from their homeland

"They shattered the doorpost, the wall shook, they grappled each other"

- uses of repetition to show emphasis - Gilgamesh vs Enkidu - shows they are heroes in the literary sense, more than the mortal man can do

Aneid's makings: (Virgil Intro)

-Composed of twelve books containing just under ten thousand lines -Six beat meter epic -First six books recount the difficult journey of Aeneas from the defeated city of Troy to the shores of Italy, where he is fated to find Rome. -Starts in medias res (middle of the story) -Ends abruptly with unanswered questions -Typological structure: sends reader back and forth between contemporary and legendary periods. -Latin rather than Greek -Use of similes

Primary Epic

-Folk Epic -Poetry "which stems from heroic deeds and which is composed in the first instance, in order that such deeds may not be forgotten." It is practical in purporting to record historical events and deals with the real world, "however much glamour may be added in the process."

How does the Odyssey differ from the Iliad?

-Iliad confines its action to the battlefield of Troy. -The mortal women in Iliad are taken like booty or war prizes(traded/enslaved) and the Odyssey's women act i.e. Calypso and Penelope. -Odyssey portrays a very different world (presents vast landscapes of the Mediterranean that contains monsters, entrances to the underworld,ex.)

Secondary Epic

-Literary Epic -Poetry which may deal with heroic legend or with more abstract themes than the type available to primary epic, and which is composed, not as an historical record of the past, but as the poet's artistic interpretation or recreation of legend or theme. The combination of the poet's 'seeing eye' and his personal style together create something which is not based on reality, but has a life of its own to be transmitted to the mind of the reader."

The Odyssey Book 1 (The Beginning)

-Starts with the muse -States the story's theme ("The man of twists and turns"; Explains couldn't get his troops home so it's just Odysseus now) -Wants muse to sing through him -All of the other heroes from Troy have gotten home except Odysseus -Stuck in a cave -Zeus knows this is the year Odysseus supposed to get home. -Odysseus isn't in the start (author builds it up) -All gods are okay with Odysseus coming home except Poseidon (killed his son)

How was the Aeneid depicted? (Virgil Intro)

-Used as a book of divination (seeking guidance people would point to a random page/ line in this epic and take advice from that) -Roman sequel to Homer because it is set in the aftermath of Trojan war and follows path of Odysseus. -Virgil wasn't satisfied with it and left orders for it to be burned; Augustus overroad this and published it; Immediately became school text. -Functioned as a linking text between Christian doctrine and the classical tradition.

Chorus of Old Men

-elderly -dumb & overwhelmed by women -parallel the fighting & action of story -rivalry reveals domestic & political lives of Athenian people

Hebrew Poetics: "Parallelismus Membrorum"

1) constructive: parallelism of form 2) semantic: parallelism of meaning

Types of Psalms

1) praise 2) supplication also: laments, history, trust wisdom, celebration

Parallels and contrasts between the animals and the Lady

1. Deer - Docile (like the first encounter with the Lady) 2. Boar - aggressive, forward seductive 3. Fox - Wily, clever, sly (manages to get a kiss from Gawain)

Greeks hold these sacred:

1. Oaths 2. Guest/Host relationship (While that person is under your roof, they are safe i.e. host owes that to the guest; Respect and giving their story i.e. guest owes that to the host.

Characteristics of civilization

1. agriculture 2. permanent structures (brick, stone)

What are some traits of a political leader that Machiavelli would agree with?

1.) Headedness 2.) Education 3.) Understanding their people 4.) Open-mindedness 5.) Charisma 6.) Strong 7.) Able to make changes 8.) Inspiring 9.) Has a vision 10.) Thinks about how their policies will affect others.

Why do we care so much about the universe's/our origins?

1.) If we know where we came from, we know where we're going after death. 2.) Figure out our purpose in life. 3.) Gives us a larger idea of what to believe in something beyond ourselves. 4.) Helps us to learn about ourselves and our nature. 5.) If you control the story, you control what people know. 6.) Gives us a sense of morality, rules to live by.

Hindu Caste System

1.) Priests (Brahmin) 2.) Warrior (Kshatriua: Arjuna's caste) 3.) Traders/Merchants (Vaisya) 4.) Servants (Sudra) 5.) Untouchables (dalit)

What are the three types that the slave narrative comes in?

1.) Tales of Religious Redemption 2.) Tales of progress 3.) Tales to inspire the abolitionist movement (Douglass's is of this type)

What are some of Krishna's responses to Arjuna's objections?

1.) They'll all be reincarnated. 2.) Tells him it's his duty to fight. 3.) Actions are greater than consequences. 4.) Don't hold on to earthly things. 5.) Let go of/detach.

Who were three people that were influenced by the Bhagavad Gita?

1.) Thoreau 2.) Gandhi 3.) Robert Oppenheimer

Hebrew Poetics

1/3 OT is poetry no surviving statements of Biblical prosody survive no discernable meter symmetry of clause length in more narrative books (Job or Psalms whereas clause length in more narrative books like Genesis and Judges is random) most salient feature of Hebrew Poetics was recognized by medieval scholars and formulated by Bishop Robert Lowth in 1753 in his lectures structure: symmetrical envelope structure parallelism (Psalm 137 [despair] a Blues psalm/song sadness Billie Holliday)

Dates

1184 BC: generally accepted date for the fall of Troy given by Greek historians later in 12th century: final destruction of Mycenaean palaces and developed culture, possibly caused by the economic stresses of fighting the Trojan War period of impoverishment, illiteracy followed 730 BC: reintroduction of writing into Greece ca 725 BC: Iliad as we know it comes into existence

Iliad

15,693 lines in dactylic hexameter (most important verse form in Greek and Latin poetry) 24 books, divided well not a history of the Trojan War; narrative begins in 10th year, Citadel is still not taken at the end of epic 51 days covered in the Iliad, occurrences of 15 days and 5 nights are narrated action, the rest is narrated narrow focus: story of Achilles but also story of Troy and Hector's tragedy

Shakespeare's Sonnets

1609 CE

What year did Antoine Galland translate A Thousand and One Nights in French?

1704

It is a poem in _____ chapters.

18

There were four classes of society: What are they?

1: Leaders/priests (Brahmin), 2: Warriors/admin, 3: Merchant farmers, 4: laborer

Sumerians

1st writing system (cuneiform); epic of Gilgamesh

Paradox

2 contradictory statements that lead to a truth (the discipline of yoga is made up of paradoxes.

"The Homer Question"

2 schools of thought: 1) essentially oral composition ("many Homers") 2) Iliad is the work of one man ("unitarian view")

What is the term used to refer to a manifestation or released soul in bodily form on earth?

Avatar

Euripides

90 plays; 18 extant. wrote domestic tragedy. music and lyrics important in plays. Popular with later generations

Kleos

A Greek word loosely translated as "renown" or" glory," implying "what others hear about you." This is a reputation that a hero tries to maintain throughout their life, spreading their deeds to others through word-of-mouth.

Metamorphoses

A book of changes. Transformations they go through but also about their immorality. Seen as a response to the Aeneid.

What kind of character is a foil?

A character who is opposite the main character

Who is sent to Enkidu in the wilderness at the beginning of the story?

A harlot

Supernatural Help

A hero sometimes receives supernatural assistance during their story from a magical object, deity, or wizard, which can occur due to luck, divine nepotism or in exchange for a favor. Example: Captain Jack Sparrow taking one of the cursed pieces of gold, making him immortal until he can defeat Captain Barbossa

Unusual Circumstances of Birth

A hero's birth that is marked by unusual circumstances as different or destined for greatness. These can include being birthed by a deity or born into royalty or a dangerous situation. Example: Simba (The Lion King)

Krishna

A human avatar of Vishnu; he is also a dear friend of Arjuna.

Buffoonery in Court

A king makes his warriors dance for his entertainment

Hector Heroic

A leader, Great warrior, Was worshiped by everyone after his death

Official Hardships

A man who works for the government is underpaid and is always away from home. When he is home, his family complains about not having money and him never being around

Dynasty

A prominent ruling family line.

Aoidos

A rhapsody or some other skilled orator of epic Greek poetry, which would have recited the Odyssey

Dystopia

A ruined society, often apocalyptic (though not always).

Autodidact

A self-taught person.

What else do we think of literature as?

A solitary effort undertaken by individual writers. We value originality, making your work different. Negative consequences if you don't. However, for a long time, repetition and sameness was valued as a way of preserving tradition and culture.

Special Weapon

A special, physical weapon of a hero that gives them an edge over their opponents. This can include, but is not limited to, a weapon that only the hero can wield, has magical properties, or possesses some other special quality unique to the hero. Oftentimes these weapons are given names for their former deeds. Example: Thor's hammer, Mjolnir

Cosmogonu

A story of the universe's creation.

Orientalism

A term coined by literary scholar Edward Said to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures.

Nostros

A theme used in Greek literature which depicts a hero returning home by sea

Nostos

A theme used in Greek literature which depicts a hero returning home by sea.

Kennings

A version of an epithet distinctive to Scandinavian literature. These are compounds (two words joined by a hyphen) that serve the same purpose as a epithet. Ex: "whale-road" is a kenning for the ocean

Kenning

A version of an epithet distinctive to Scandinavian literature. These are compounds (two words joined by a hyphen) that serve the same purpose as a epithet. Ex: "whale-road" is a kenning for the ocean.

Gayatri Spivak

A very influential post-colonial feminist scholar whose works are based on postmodernism and poststructuralism originally born in India.

How did Hunahpu and Xbalanque defeat one death and seven death? A. By tricking them that they would revive them from the death. B. By poisoning them C. By beating them in a game D. None of the Above

A. By tricking them that they would revive them from the death.

Who is the "her" referred to in the following quote? "He wanted to get close to her, raise and train her in accordance with his own desires and tastes, and then make her his wife." A. Murasaki B. Fujitsubo C. Kokiden D. Lady Rokujo

A. Murasaki

What's reading represents Creation Myth? A. Popul Vuh B. The Gita C. Oedipus D. The Tale of Genji

A. Popul Vuh

In Genesis after the flood, what is the "token" testifying to the "everlasting covenant between God & every living creature?" A. Rainbow B. Sunset C. Sunrise D. The ark

A. Rainbow

What leads Cain to kill his brother, Abel? A. The Lord regards Abel's offering but not Cain's B. Abel is in love with Cain's wife C. Cain is fearful that Abel will kill him. D. None of the Above

A. The Lord regards Abel's offering but not Cain's

"I will not again damn the soil on humankind's score...And I will not again strike down all living things as I did." The above passage A. is a promise made by God in the Bible after the Great Flood. B. is a promise that Allah makes to believers who reject the "People of the Book." C. is a promise Joseph makes to his brothers when he forgives them D. none of the Above

A. is a promise made by God in the Bible after the Great Flood.

The Heian Period in Japan A. was a time of peace, known as the Golden Age B. was a time of civil war, like we see in Gita C. was a time when art and writing were frowned upon D. B and C

A. was a time of peace, known as the Golden Age

Aeneas & Dido meet (Aeneid Book 1)

Aeneas and his friend Achates approach Carthage. Venus puts them in a cloud to prevent them from being seen. They encounter a strine to Juno and a mural depicting the Trojan war. Dido greets them with pleasure and when Aeneas reveals himself she is struck to see this famous hero. She invites the Trojan leaders to dine with her.

Mount Olympus Scene (Aeneid Book 1)

Aeneas' mother is Venus. She begs Jupiter to end her son's suffering. Jupiter assures her that eventually he will find his promised home in Italy and that two of Aeneas' descendants will form the mightiest empire. Jupiter then sends a god to the people of Carthage to make sure they are nice to the Trojans.

Agamemnon Author

Aeschylus

What is Arjuna's dilemma?

As a Kshartriya, Arjuna is now divinely obligated to fight for what is his. There are no good choices, and his reluctance stems from personal and theological objections.

Odysseus' voyage home (Book 5)

After 18 days at sea, which has been relatively smooth sailing, considering what the gods had said (that it would be rough sailing) he spots Scheria. Just then, Poseidon, who was coming home from a trip to the Ethiopians, spots him and is not happy. He stirs up a storm and drags Odysseus for a hard ride until he is saved by a nymph (goddess) Ino who gives him a scarf that makes him immortal. Tells him to strip down and when he reaches the land to throw the scarf back in the water. Athena also helps when Odysseus prays to the gods and he finally reaches Scheria.

Athena (Book 1 Odyssey)

After she tells Telemachus that his father will return, she advises him to banish his mother's suitors from Odysseus' estate. Then tells him he must make a trip to Pylos and Sparta to ask about his father.

1959 Nile Waters "Agreement"

Agreement between Sudan and UAR(Egypt) and republic of Sudan over the best method for damming the Nile River. Egypt ended up creating one massive dam which resulted in mass flooding and destruction across Sudan.

What other Middle Eastern folk tales were added by Galland?

Aladdin and Ali Baba

Alliterative Lines

Alliteration is the occurrence of the same letter or sound between a series of closely connected words in a sentence. As you'll notice from the original, Old English version, the Beowulf Poet liked to alliterate the lines to create a pleasant rhythm

Artemis/Diana

Apollo's twin sister/ daughter of Zeus. Lady of wild things & huntsman to the gods. (the moon)

Somadeva's Ocean of the Sea of Stories (The Red Lotus of Chastity

Approx. 1000 CE

"Friend, I for one have a question for you. Who are you, and who has given you this clothing? Did you not say you wandered here by sea?"

Arete to Odysseus "arrowy" - she recognizes the clothes, asking him where he got them to see if he is an honest man and will tell the truth

What are the main arguments in The Prince?

Argues that an earthly prince (not pope) should have earthly authority; argues that a prince need not follow Christian principles; argues that a prince need not be good IF goodness would not benefit him; everything is situational, never absolute; argues that people are fundamentally bad, and therefore a prince need not worry about keeping promises.

Who coined the term catharsis?

Aristotle

Chapter three takes the story back to who's voice?

Arjuna (small points I know, but it will be good to remember when we can't have the book for the test)

How does chapter one end?

Arjuna collapses in grief, he does not want to murder his family- concept of two wrongs don't make a right

Weakness & Strengths

Army's opportunities come from changes in environment, caused by relative weakness of enemy, how one should respond to these changes in fluid battlefield over any given area

When do scholars think the Trojan War took place

Around 1200 BC

When do scholars think Odyssey was written

Around 700 BC

What is Arjuna's dilemma?

As a Kshartriya, Arjuna is now divinely obligated to fight for what i his. There are no good choices, and his reluctance stems from personal and theological objections.

Dynamic Character

Changes

Flat Character

Character who is not particularly complex or realistic; one-dimensional.

Name the Characters in Popul Vuh. A. Arjuna and Krishna B. Hunahpu and Xbalanque C. Jocasta and Laois D. Genji and Murasaki

B. Hunahpu and Xbalanque

What is the name of the biblical character who deceived Esau into giving him the blessing meant for the firstborn? A. Joseph B. Jacob C. Abraham D. Isaac

B. Jacob

What's reading represents spiritual Guide? A. Popul Vuh B. The Gita C. Oedipus D. The Tale of Genji

B. The Gita

According to the Mesopotamian Creation story, what does Marduk use to create mankind? A. Clay & water B. The blood of Tiamat's slaughtered husband. C. Marduk's seamon D. The union of the sky God with the ocean god

B. The blood of Tiamat's slaughtered husband

What was most likely the dharma of Muhammad when writing the Qur'an? A. To declare war on the Christians and Jews. B. To show others the new revelations discovered by Muhammad revealed to him by God. C. To repent against the other religions to create a completely new religion, borrowing no ideas from before. D. None of the Above

B. To show others the new revelations discovered by Muhammad revealed to him by God.

The Bhagavad Gita was written when? A. 3000 B.C.E. B. between 400 B.C.E. and 400 C.E. C. 1100 C.E.

B. between 400 B.C.E. and C.E.

Chapter XVIII (18) in Book 6 of The Analects

Be happy that you're doing the right thing

Challenge during Odysseus vs Polyphemos

Beat an enemy who you cannot beat with physical force, therefore with guile

Why is "self" capitalized in reference to Krishna the second time but not the first?

Because of the difference between his physical and spiritual self

History of Greece (Homer Intro)

Beginning of their history (Greek; Rome & even English) is linked to the Trojan war. Greece was not a connected place; only connected through language/traditions. Turkey was part of Greece (idea that Homer came from there)

What is monotheism?

Belief that there is only one God.

What is the great pre-Christian epic of England? When and where are its events set, roughly?

Beowulf; in 7th century Scandinavia

Frederick Douglass (1818?-1895)

Born in Maryland to a white father and a black slave mother; never knew his mother, suspected his father was his master.

William Shakespeare (1526-1616)

Born in Stratford-Upon-Avon outside of London; Very few records of his life survive.

What are the highest and lowest castes?

Brahmins and untouchables

It is possible to be liberated from the cycle of karma ending delusion and reaching enlightenment.

Buddhism

rejects the caste system and belief in Karma only because the soul is deluded

Buddhism

Gilgamesh and Enkidu slay what two things?

Bull of heaven and Humbaba

How was the Popul Vuh written?

By an anonymous scribe who hid his identity to protect himself from the missionaries. An attempt to preserve Mayan culture. The scribe used Roman letters (A,B,C) to write down the Popul Vuh phonetically in the Quiche language.

Who speaks these words? "... my immortal bow, drops from my hand and my skin burns, I cannot stand upon my feet and my mind rambles in confusion....It grieves me that we intend to murder our relatives in our greed for pleasures, kingdoms." A. Krishna B. Hastinapura C. Arjuna

C. Arjuna

Which of the following did God tell Abraham to sacrifice? A. A sheep B. His brother C. His only son D. His wife

C. His only son

Name the Characters in Oedipus the King. A. Arjuna and Krishna B. Hunahpu and Xbalanque C. Jocasta and Laois D. Genji and Murasaki

C. Jocasta and Laois

Which figure(s) appear(s) in both the Hebrew Bible and The Qur'an(in the excerpts we read)? A. Muhammad B. Jesus C. Joseph D. All of the above

C. Joseph

The Popul Vuh presents myths from which culture? A. Indian B. Roman C. Mayan D. none of the above

C. Mayan

What's reading represents Dramatic Irony? A. Popul Vuh B. The Gita C. Oedipus D. The Tale of Genji

C. Oedipus

Ino

Cadmus' daughter who was once a mortal woman named Leuocothea. Now she lives in the sea's salt depths. She pitied Odysseus and helped him survive Poseidon's rathe.

What does the term catharsis mean?

Catharsis is the purging/cleansing of emotion; such as pity and fear.

Isabel Allende

Chilean novelist and journalist.

What race was Confucius?

Chinese; lived during the Eastern Zhou dynasty.

Genre

Chivalric romance

Parts of a plot

Conflict-complications-crisis-climax-resolution

Which philosophies emphasizes the importance of ritual and ceremony?

Confucianism

What occurred in 1521?

Conquistador Hernan Cortez begins his conquest of Mexico.

In the Lais of Marie de France, Guigemar is a knight who shows no interest in what activity?

Courting women.

Hector Unheroic

Coward in B17 when he flees Great Ajax twice in battle, and Overly impulsive when he tells the Trojans to sleep outside of Troy the night before Achilleas comes back causes a crucial downfall the next day

Jocasta

Creon's sister. Oedipus' wife and mom.

Additional motifs

Cycle of seasons/festivities and cycle of church year (Christmas, Halloween) are measures of time

In the Hebrew Bible, Cain murders who? A. Abraham B. Adam C. Eve D. Abel E. None of the Above

D. Abel

What are some examples of ideal women according to The Tale of Genji? A. Young and Beautiful B. Assists her husband C. Childish D. All of the Above

D. All of the Above

Which of the following were possible reasons for Shikibu to written Genji? A. Commentary on the unfair social standards of women at the time B. An instruction manual C. Creative Purposes D. All of the Above

D. All of the Above

Some important elements of the Hebrew Bible include A. Creation B. Examples of God's Punishment C. Religious legacy of Hebrew people D. All of the Above

D. All of the above

What is something found in Ovid's account of creation that is NOT found in Genesis? A. A description of the role played by four elements B. An identifiable author of work (Ovid) C. A sense of uncertainty regarding which God was responsible for creation D. All of the above

D. All of the above.

What is the irony in the theme of blindness in Oedipus? A. He was born blind. B. He physically blinds himself after hearing the prophecy came true. C. He is blind to the truth of prophecy for the most of the play. D. Both B and C

D. Both B and C

Name the Characters in Tale of Genji. A. Arjuna and Krishna B. Hunahpu and Xbalanque C. Jocasta and Laois D. Genji and Murasaki

D. Genji and Murasaki

In the account from Gilgamesh, who is the goddess that leads the gods lament about the destruction of human kind? A. Anu B. Enlil C. Nefertiti D. Ishtar

D. Ishtar

What's reading represents First novel? A. Popul Vuh B. The Gita C. Oedipus D. The Tale of Genji

D. The Tale of Genji

With what event does the Iliad conclude?

D. The funeral of Hector

What type of pay is The Oedipus? A. Epic B. Soap Opera C. Comedy D. Tragedy

D. Tragedy

Who wrote the Bhagavad Gita? A. Muraskai Shikbu B. Shakira C. Augustine D. Unknown

D. Unknown

Which of the following is true about the Qur'an? A. it is thought by Muslims to be a recording of God's revelation to Muhammad B. because they consider The Qur'an to be God's word, Muslims don't consider translations to be the Holy Book C. it is often recited orally D. all of the Above

D. all of the Above

Which of the following is true about the tale of Genji? A. It is long in its entirity (about 1000 pgs) B. It includes a variety of genres, including poetry and love notes as well as prose. C. It was tremendously popular with women in its time. D. all of the Above.

D. all of the Above

In which aspect is Genji's life similar to Oedipus? A. Genji went into exilee due to his actions B. Genji's unusual romantic relations concerning his mother C. Genji's love for another woman D. both A & B

D. both A & B

Which of the following is true of Genesis? A. It tells the story of creation B. It tells the story of Jacob and Esau C. It tells the story of Jesus' birth D. both A and B

D. both A and B

Athena/Minerva

Daughter of Zeus alone (No mother). She sprang from his head in full armor. Adds wisdom to fighting. Protector of civilized life, handicrafts & agriculture.

LA Boom

Defining feature; magic realism: magic and the ordinary world co-exist without conflict.

Gilgamesh Heroic

Demigod, A great warrior, to the OG audience him turning down Ishtar a Goddess takes a lot of courage, crying to the Gods showed that you were nothing compared to them

Achilleas Heroic

Demigod, Proved himself on the battlefield, Even though he knew his fate if he fought in the Trojan War he still fought, He went and avenged his friend's death

Romulus and Remus

Descendants of Aeneas that will find the mightiest empire on Carthage.

focalization/point of view

Describes relationship between the narrator and the story being told: Focalization is integral to achieving realism in fictional texts.

How was Robert Oppenheimer influenced by the Bhagavad Gita?

Developer of the atomic bomb in WWII: "I am become Death, destroyer of worlds." WWII also described as a just war.

Father of the Kauravas and leader of the Dynasty:

Dhritarashtra

Jupiter rapes Callisto disguised as who or what?

Diana

Who is the queen of Carthage, the city-state where Aenas lands after the big storm in book 1?

Dido

Dido's Grieving

Dido asks Anna to build a fire saying its to burn things that he left behind but really she wants it as her burial bed because she is planning her own death. Dido sees Aeneas as he leaves and gets a sword Aeneas has left behind and throws herself on the blade. To end her suffering, Juno takes pity on Dido and helps her die in peace.

Dido and Aeneas (Book 4 Aeneid)

Dido considers them to be married. Rumors spread that they neglected their responsibilities. When Jupiter learns of Dido and Aeneas's affair, he tells Mercury to go to Carthage to remind Aeneas that he needs to Italy. The message shocks Aeneas and he must obey but he doesn't know how to tell Dido.

Anna

Dido's sister. Dido comes to her for advice about her growing passion for Aeneas. Anna says by marrying him she could increase the might of Carthage because many Trojan warriors follow him. Dido's love in captures her and she lets the work of the city fall short.

Sychaeus (Aeneid Book 1)

Didos' late husband who was killed by her brother for his gold. Dido loved him very much and wants to stay true to him.

Everyman

Easily confused with the misfit, the everyman hero is also an unlikely hero but not because they are different. The everyman is just a normal joe who happened to be in the right place at the right time (or, according to them, the wrong place at the wrong time). There is obviously someone better suited for the job, but for whatever reason, they take up the challenge. There are no special powers or divine prophecy that destines them for greatness; no, they are just ordinary people whom we can all relate with, sharing their fears and struggles while tasked with such an incredible responsibility. Example: Rick Grimes (The Walking Dead)

Waging War

Economy of warfare; success means being able to win decisive engagements quickly & effectively; successful campaign means limiting cost of competition & conflict

Which character is most afraid of the coming battle?

Enkidu

Who is the primary foil to Gilgamesh?

Enkidu

"When * heard what * said, he tore off the haunch of the bull + threw it at her"

Enkidu to Ishtar

"I fear the battle but will die in my bed. He who falls quickly in battle is glorious."

Enkidu when Ishtar kills him of a death devoid of glory

Who is Gilgamesh's equal?

Enkidu, in all aspects of sex and power and animalistic

Who granted Utanapishtim/wife immortality?

Enlil, because of the cause of the flood

Narrator

Entity delivering story- speaker

"I will tell you what makes a vassal good: it is judgment, it is never madness; restraint is worth more than the raw nerve of a fool." This quote is a rewording of similar statements made in

Epic of Gilgamesh and Odyssey

Mahabharata

Epic of two families at war: the Kuaravas and the Pandavas (Arjuna's family). Pandavas are five brothers, Kuaravas are numerous.

What does Homer write? (Homer Intro)

Epics (long, narrative poem usually about heroic deeds and events that are significant to the culture); known as folk epics because we don't know who wrote them and they get passed down.

As humans, how should we treat our jobs?

Expectations rise with the level of prestige; not/shouldn't be the most important thing in your life; unfortunate necessity; live up to your responsibilities.

Modernism

Experimented with what was literature, trying out new styles of perspective etc

The Design of Part III

External— animals Internal— Gawain & Lady

At the end of the epic, Gilgamesh set out on a final quest to __________________________.

Find Utnaphism, who he thinks will grant him immortality.

What 3 drafts was the story written in?

First Time: Azucena's point of view Second Time: Rolf's point of view Third Time: Eva Luna's point of view

Homi Bhaba

First to propose that the British instrumentalized their culture within Indian communities in order to strengthen imperial power.

What type of character is Ebenezer Scrooge?

Flat, Dynamic character; one dimensional but changes.

What is Cinderella considered?

Folk Tale/Fairy Tale

Bachanntes

Followers of Bacchus. Killed Orpheus.

Utnapishtim

Friend of the god Ea, with whose help he survives the flood, together with his family and with "the seed of all living creatures." He and his wife are the only mortals to be granted the gift of eternal life

Niccolò Machiavelli

From Florence, Italy; served Florence in political roles, including being foreign representative to other countries.

Ren

Goodness/humanity; following rituals is a way of manifesting this (mourning your parents for three years).

"When the gods created mankind,//They established death for mankind,//And withheld eternal life for themselves.//As for you [X], let your stomach be full,//Always be happy, night and day,//Make every day a delight,//night and day play and dance.//Your clothes should be clean,//Your head should be washed,//You should bathe in water,//Look proudly on the little one holding your hand,//Let your mate always be blissful in your loins,//This, then is the work of mankind." This quote is important because

Gilgamesh must learn to enjoy his life rather than wish for the impossible

Endiku

Gilgamesh's friend. Molded by Aruru, goddess of creation, out of clay,

Lydia Arachne

Girl from Hypaepae who thought she was better than Pallas (athena) at weaving. Turns into spider because Athena can't find flaws in her work.

Integrates the older Hindu theory of dharma with the new Buddhist teaching of salvation.

Gita

Why would British educators instruct natives in English?

Give orders more easily; assimilate into British culture; destroy native culture.

Primordial substance in Hinduism? Atman (soul or self) seek to reunite with this substance.

Godhead

Aunnaki

Gods who judge the dead and control destinies

5 Ages

Gold, Silver, Bronze, Heroic, Iorn

Oedipus stabs himself in the eyes with?

Golden clothespins

What is Arjuna's dilemma?

He cannot reconcile killing his friends with his love for God.

What does Douglass do after his escape?

He flees to Philadelphia, Murray joins him, they marry. He then becomes a famous public speaker an writer for advocating for abolition (elimination of slavery), universal suffrage (right to vote), women's rights, and temperance. Very involved in all political and social issues.

Why did Confucius start writing to begin with?

He hated the disorder in Lu and wanted to return to a time when a dynasty ruled properly. So, he looked to the past for examples and gave people moral models to follow.

What causes the gods to become angry at Enkidu and Gilgamesh and eventually leads to Enkidu's death?

He killed the Bull of Heaven

What does Hamlet perform and what does Ophelia call him?

He performes "madness" and she calls him "the observed of all observers"- he is under constant scrutiny.

What did Achebe do after he graduated and left the BBC?

He returned home and wrote his novel Things Fall Apart in 1958. It became an international sensation and was part of a flourishing of African literature.

How does Oedipus become the leader of Thebes?

He solves the sphinx riddle

Why was Utnapishtim granted eternal life?

He survived the Great Flood

What happens when the Green Knight takes on the roll of the priest?

He tells Gawain to confess what he's done wrong

How was Gandhi influenced by the Bhagavad Gita?

He was known for his non-violent protest; the Bhagavad Gita inspired him because it emphasizes acting when necessary, but also emphasizes acting with detachment. Let go of passion and anger.

What's some background on Shakespeare's family?

He was third of six children, firstborn son.

What does hedonism mean?

Heading toward a point of destruction

What are the three worlds?

Heaven, Earth, and the Underworld

Epithet

Heavy usage of descriptive terms and phrases accompanying or occurring in place of a name and having entered common usage. Ex: "Old grey eyes" referring to the goddess Athena in The Odyssey

How are the Odyssey and the Iliad alike?

Helped define storytelling and the ideas of heroism, gender, and society for millennia.

The Hebrew Letters

History of hebrew people and their relationship with God from about 1800-400 BCE. Compilation of several written sources from significant moments in the history of the people

Aeneid Major themes:

Homeland, Nationality, Honor, & Duty

"My lady goddess, here is no cause for anger. My quiet Penelope-how well i know- would seem a shade before your majesty, death and old age being unknown to you, while she must die. Yet, it is true, each day i long for home, long for the sight of home"

How Odysseus breaks up with Kaylpso, so that she is not angry with him, she is no compare to Penelope. (Odyssues to Kaylpso) again showing how wise he is.

Military Manuvers

How dangerous direct conflict is & how to win when the commander is forced into direct conflict

Epistime

However, if in any given culture and at any given moment, there is always only one episteme that defines the conditions of possibility of all knowledge, whether expressed in a theory or silently invested in a practice. (Foucault, 168)

Why does Gilgamesh pause before he kills Humbaba?

Humbaba pleads for his life and says he will be Gilgamesh's slave

Tithonus

Husband of Dawn

Nergal

Husband of Ereshkigal and coruler of the underworld

What is the main theme of Popol Vuh?

Hybridity

"I have followed you in the way decreed" is an example of -

I have followed your orders

Chapter XIII (13) in Book 8 of The Analects

If government is ill governed then the riches are shameful

Disposition of the Army

Importance of being able to recognize strategic opportunities & not create opportunities for enemy; Defend existing positions until commander can advance from position safely

Variations & Adaptability

Importance of flexibility in an army's response, the commander must learn how to respond to shifting circumstances

Hamlet's Interiority

In "To be or not to be," the personal pronoun "I/me" never appears. And yet the speech is intensely personal- Hamlet never lets us in.

What did Machiavelli do while in exile?

In 1513, he wrote Il Principe, published in 1532 (after his death); translated into English in 1640.

Migration

In Eveline the theme of migration appears in the Irish's desire to leave Dublin because of the poverty/famine

When and where was The Odyssey first printed

In Florence, Italy, in 1488

Where was Confucius born?

In the province of Lu during a time of strife; because the Zhou dynasty was disintegrating, local warlords were in power.

Who was Machiavelli influenced by?

Influenced by Cesare Borgia, illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI: Machiavelli's best model for his ideal prince; he met Borgia, Ferdinand II of Aragon, Louis XII of France; had the opportunity to observe what worked and what did not.

What causes the beasts of the wilderness to reject Enkidu?

Intimate affairs with a woman

Odysseus Contradiction of Hero

Introduced crying when we first see him in the story Has sex with Calypso but still wants to go back to wife Ends book 5 with curled up asleep. (compares to book one that ends with Telemachus asleep too) Shows him heroism, however, when Calypso offers him immorality to stay with her and he denies.

What is the modern-day city where Gilgamesh was from?

Iraq

Where does Douglass flee to?

Ireland and experiences equal treatment; Quaker friends raise funds to purchase his freedom, and he returns.

What is the Nigerian government like now?

It has altered between democratic elections and dictatorships.

Carthage

Juno's favorite city. Founded by Phoenicians form the eastern Mediterranean island harbor of Tyre around the 8th or 9th century B.C.E. on the northeast coast of Tunisia. All of the North African coastal zone, and sometimes all of Africa, was known to the Greeks as "Libya".

Ganymede

Jupiter turns into an eagle and gets him and brings him to Olympus to be cup barrer. Troy hero

What Greek word does Fagles translate as des-troy

Kakoilion

"What brings me to your island? Your awesome visits in the past were few. Now tell me what request you have in mind... but wait a while, and let me serve my friend."

Kalypso to Hermes

"Oh you vile gods, in jealously supernal! You hate it when we chose to lie with men--immortal flesh by some dear mortal side"

Kalypso to Hermes **believes it is jealously that drives Zeus to free Odysseys.

Krishna tells Arjuna he must follow his dharma or his fate will be much worse than death, he should be concerned with his "action"... What is Krishna referring to as Arjuna's action?

Karma

States that all deeds good or bad have results?

Karma

Agamemnon

King of Argos. commander of Greek armies during the siege of Troy. great warrior who sacrificed his daughter in order to take a fleet to Troy.

Aegeus

King of Athens. passes through Corinth looking for fertility cure. tells Madea he will take her in when she's banished

Creon (Madea)

King of Corinth. banishes Madea from the city

Minos

King of Crete

Gilgamesh

King of Uruk and the hero of the epic

Aiaia of whom?

Kirke

An incarnation of Vishnu, the preserver of God

Krishna

Inaction vs. Action

Krishna says he is never without action, even when he doesn't act. How is that possible? Because sometimes choosing not to act is a kind of action.

In chapter 2, it starts with "The Lord said:..... who is the lord speaking? What is he explaining

Krishna to Arjuna, reincarnation

Lamos of whom?

Laistrygonians

Daedalus

Makes a wooden horse and a maze for the mentare that Minos' wife gave birth to. Sent to jail with son.

What is the answer to the riddle of the sphinx?

Man

When Confucius first started to write what did he do?

Left his homeland and traveled the country looking for an ideal ruler; a strong central authority. At the end of his life, he returned to Lu with a small group of disciples.

Our notion of "the child" is a new invention. Why?

Less child labor (children no longer work resources); lower child mortality rates- we can get more emotionally attached to children; universal education.

In Medias Res

Literally meaning "in the middle of things." Story begins in the middle with the hero at his lowest point, requiring flashbacks to get the reader up to speed

And of Clay Are We Created

Magical element created by the role of the media, putting the viewer in "two places at once": watching, and feeling as if they are there!

Which epic is Gita a part of?

Mahabharata

Aeneas (Aeneid Book 1)

Main character of Aeneid. Flees the ruins of his native city of Troy, after the war, which has been torn apart by the Greeks and Achilles. The surviving Trojans come with Aeneas on a journey to establish a new home in Italy, but have to deal with Juno's anger first.

What is the Popul Vuh a blend of?

Mayan and Christian theology; many elements of the story reflect that Spanish influence.

What's the difference between an autobiography and a memoir?

Memoirs tend to focus on a specific period or episode in someone's life not the whole thing.

Gender Anxiety

Men played women's roles. Worries that it would lead to homosexuality and effeminacy.

Pallas

Minerva or Athena. goddess of crafts.

What occurred in the 13th century ?

More stories were being added in two manuscript traditions, Syrian and Egyptian

Historically, who were the first five books of the Hebrew Bible attributed to?

Moses; however, now we know that they were redacted over centuries by Jewish scholars (this explains some inconsistencies).

What did Shakespeare do for most of his life?

Moved to London as an actor and playwright, lived there most of the year. He was very successful and bought property outside of London. There are no records of him ever leaving England.

What was the most popular novel about Africa in this time period?

Mr. Johnson by white writer Joyce Carey. It called African people primitive and unintelligent.

Orion

Mythological hunter or constellation named after him.

Unreliable Narrator

Narrator that lies or cant be trusted, must give specific proof or explanation

Krishna says even against one's will, one acts by the ______.

Nature born qualities

Where was Virgil born? (Virgil Intro)

Near the small Italian town of Mantua.

Chapter X (10) in Book 6 of The Analects

Need to try even if you do not succeed

Mystery Plays

Refers to the mysteries of the Catholic church; celebrated Catholic traditions.

Odyssey Book 5 Intro

Odysseus is found crying in a corner when the book starts and Hermes has come down to tell Calypso that Zeus ordered her to release Odysseus. She finally agrees and helps Odysseus build a ship and stocks it with food and provisions. He sails away and Calypso watches with sadness.

"I take no raft you grudge me out to sea, or yield me first a great oath"

Odysseus to Kalypso

"Mistress: please: are you divine or mortal? If one of those who dwell in the wide heaven, you are most near to Artemis. I should say- great Zeus's daughter- in your grace and presence."

Odysseus to Nausikaa He compares her to a powerful pure and dangerous goddess, tells her her parents must be proud of her & wishes her a happy marriage

"Now, by my life, mankind again! But who? Savages, are they, strangers to courtesy? Or gentle folk, who know and fear the Gods?"

Odysseus when Nauiskaa and her friends approach the river

Ithaca

Odysseus' homeland where his wife Penelope waits for him.

"Indeed, I accept your hospitality, in spirit. Time is passing; and I am on an urgent mission. Moreover, I have promised not to rest till my task is accomplished. Hence, forgive my rudeness and discourtesy" I have to be on my way. As a token of acceptance of Mainaka's hospitality, Hanuman touched the mountain with his hand and was soon on his way."Hospitality is important in this quote and reflects the same kind of polite refusal we see in

Odysseus' refusal of Kalypso's advances

Telemachus

Odysseus' son who was an infant when Odysseus left for war. Now he is a young man and assumes his father is dead, until Zeus allows Athena to travel down and disguise as Odysseus old friend Mentes, who tells him that his father is still alive and will be returning soon. After Athena tells him what to do, he gets recognition from the suitors by telling his mom off and then telling them he will hold an assembly the next day in which the men will be ordered to leave the estate.

Penelope

Odysseus' wife who has promised to stay true to him even though a number of suitors have tried to take over his estate. Gets upset over a song about Trojan war

"And to tell you what you still have to endure//In your own house. And you do have to endure,//And not tell anyone, man or woman,//That you have come home from your wanderings.//No, you must suffer in silence, and take a beating." This quote is from

Odyssey

Who is Kreon?

Oedipus brother-in-law/uncle

"I will tell you what makes a vassal good: it is judgment, it is never madness; restraint is worth more than the raw nerve of a fool." This quote is spoken by

Oliver to Roland

anti-hero hero

On rare occasion, someone totally ill-fit must rise up and take the role of a hero. Truthfully, they probably either hate the responsibility or want to be rewarded for stepping up (should they survive), but nonetheless, they carry out the deed. The _____ isn't necessarily "bad," but they possess the opposite characteristics of a hero: they're greedy, brutal, ruthless, selfish, etc. However, the ______possesses a surprising redeeming virtue that makes them loveable, such as sympathy for a victim, a soft spot for underdogs, or an honest desire to repent. Example: Deadpool

Anti-hero

On rare occasion, someone totally ill-fit must rise up and take the role of a hero. Truthfully, they probably either hate the responsibility or want to be rewarded for stepping up (should they survive), but nonetheless, they carry out the deed. The anti-hero isn't necessarily "bad," but they possess the opposite characteristics of a hero: they're greedy, brutal, ruthless, selfish, etc. However, the anti-hero possesses a surprising redeeming virtue that makes them loveable, such as sympathy for a victim, a soft spot for underdogs, or an honest desire to repent. Example: Deadpool

Scythian Girl

One of Lysistrata's slaves

Arjuna

One of five brothers; the son of a god and a human woman.

Pythagoras

One of the first philosophers. End of metamorphose. How Ovid ends the book.

Genesis

One of the last books to be written. Deals with prehistory and the origins of the Hebrews, a group of wandering Semitic people descended from Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. creation myth

Myth (Greeks)

Originally meant a way to think about your world. I.e. A story to explain your world. Greeks like to personify things to make things less intimidating. Romans followed suit. Try to explain things on a humanized level. Ex. seasons and agriculture. Follows the idea of fate above everything. Thought of gods as idealized versions of themselves and immortal. Basically stated that it didn't matter how good/bad you were, your success came form what/how much you sacrifice for the gods.

As discussed in class, all of the following are traditional motifs in an epic EXEPT

Overcome insurmountable obstacles to obtain resolution

Edward Said

Palestinian-American theorist and intellectual who helped found the critical theory of Post-colonialism. He is best known for his book Orientalism, a term he redefined to refer to the West's patronizing perceptions of Middle Eastern, Asia and North African societies (the East). He contended that Orientalist scholarship was, and remains, intrinsically tied to the imperialist societies that produced it, making much of the work political, servile to power and intellectually suspect. His work has influenced literary theory.

What four parts does the story come in?

Part 1: Sets the scene, is relatively realistic and objective. Part 2: Eva Luna pulled increasingly emotionally into the events. Part 3: Eva Luna's observations transcend the physical. (The first 3 parts replicate a "camera zoom" on a media event) Part 4: Eva Luna directly addresses Rolf in final paragraph.

Omens

Phenomena foretelling the future. In ancient Greek, bird sightings often signified the will of the gods

Omens

Phenomena foretelling the future. In ancient Greek, bird sightings often signified the will of the gods.

Gilgamesh Unheroic

Playing both the king and warrior role, Raping all the women in Uruk, picking a fight with any man in Uruk

Who is Ovid (Ovid Intro)

Poet named Publius Ovidius Naso. Experienced the extremes of imperial Rome. He was abruptly exiled to the Black sea. Wrote Metamorphoses. No known reason: praised immorality such as sex for pleasure in his poetry.

How are the Virgil and Homer alike? (Virgil Intro)

Poetry bears resemblance in issues of heroism, piety, loss, exile, and fathers and sons.

"This no doubt is a slaughterer of wild bulls - why would he make sight of my door"

Siduri about Gilgamesh

Postmodernism

Post-World War II intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture. Experimented with unreliable narrators and disjointed narratives

brought forth life of mortal creatures & sacrifice, "by this may you produce, may this be your wish fulfilling cow"

Prajapati

How does our selection of the Popol Vuh end? What kind of religious language or practice ends our selection?

Prayer.

Where do the tales originate from?

Pre-Islamic; Indian and/or Persian

"Let your stomach be full. Night & day, play & dance. Look at the child who holds your hand."

Siduri to Gilgamesh

What was the next dynasty in line after the Zhou dynasty?

Qin dynasty, which was the first dynasty with an emperor.

Who else does Marduk kill?

Qingu and uses his blood to create humans to work for the gods (we were created from a traitor's blood to do labor).

Dido (Aeneid Book 1)

Queen of Carthage. Her wealthy husband who lived with her in Tyre ( now Lebanon) was murdered for his gold by her brother, Pygmalion. Sychaeus, her late husband, appeared to her as a ghost and advised her to leave Tyre with those who were opposed to ruling of Pygmalion. She fled and founded Carthage.

What are the benefits of writing in English?

Reaches a wider audience; things can be lost in translation; more effective way to counter- message; makes more sense to write in a language local people understand too; the writers can be more successful and earn more.

Dante

Religious and philosophical questions; interrogating corrupt politics.

Repetition

Repeating key words and images interlaced throughout the poem in order to bind themes together—originally intended to aid the orator when reciting the many lines of these stories

Repetition

Repeating key words and images interlaced throughout the poem in order to bind themes together—originally intended to aid the orator when reciting the many lines of these stories.

Filial Piety

Respect for your parents (especially father).

Li

Ritual; make social life meaningful.

What keeps the world civil according to Confucianism?

Rituals

"Then he held out his right glove to his Lord: Saint Gabriel took the glove from his hand. He held his head bowed down upon his arm, he is gone his two hands joined, to his end. Then God sent him his angel Cherubin and Saint Michael, angel of the sea's Peril; and with these two there came Saint Gabriel: they beat [his] soul to Paradise." The appearance of such important angels is significant because it shows

Roland's actions were ordained by God

"Then he held out his right glove to his Lord: Saint Gabriel took the glove from his hand. He held his head bowed down upon his arm, he is gone his two hands joined, to his end. Then God sent him his angel Cherubin and Saint Michael, angel of the sea's Peril; and with these two there came Saint Gabriel: they beat [his] soul to Paradise." This quote is from

Roland's death scene

"The earth's my servant and my throne is Rakhsh; this mace my signet ring, this helm my crown. My sword illuminates the darkest night, and scatters heads upon the battlefield. My comrades are this spear and shining blade; my heart and these two arms my only shah. How dare he order me! I'm not his slave. I serve the World Creator, only Him." This quote is spoken by

Rostam

"Who is [he] to turn his back to me, and give so little heed to my command? Sieze him, take him from here, and hang him high!" This quote is important because

Rostam did not immediately obey Kay Kayvus and Kayvus will get revenge on Rostam later

"Let's put aside this mace and sword of war. Cast strife and wrong down to the ground. . . . Make peace with me and let us celebrate. My heart is ever moved by love for you, and wets my face with tears of modesty." This quote is important because

Rostam refuses and kills Sohrab later

What type of character is Sherlock Holmes?

Round, Static Character; three dimensional, but remains the same.

Who came up with the term "blank tablet"?

Rousseau

Poseidon/Neptune

Ruler of the sea. Brother of Zeus. Carried a three-pronged spear known as a trident.

Hades/Pluto

Ruler of the underworld and the dead. Brother of Zeus. Can also be referred to as Dis/ Orcus.

What is one aspect (or "Axiom") that Mayan religion shares with Christian religion?

Sacrifice and Resurrection.

It is a part of the ______ epic of Mahabharata.

Sanskirt

The Gita was written in what language?

Sanskrit

Juno (Aeneid Book 4)

Sees Dido's love as a way for Aeneas to not go to Italy. Pretending to make a peace offering, Juno suggests the Trojans and Tyrians would be at peace if they married and her and Venus' feud will end if they get Dido and Aeneas alone. Venus knows the real reason but allows her to go ahead anyways.

Between lines 450-60, Odysseus would have perished except for a certain gift? What is his gift, and from whom did he receive it?

Self-possession (composure;wisdom); given by grey-eyed Athena.

Exposition

Setting the scene and giving the audience the context.

"Better to die with honor, than to live a life that's pleasing to one's foes." This quote is from

Shahnameh

"Who is [he] to turn his back to me, and give so little heed to my command? Sieze him, take him from here, and hang him high!" This quote is from

Shahnameh

"[He] sealed firm his bond with her that night. When she had secretly become his mate, the night that followed lasted late and long." This quote is from

Shahnameh

When do the first independent playhouses date from?

Shakespeare's time. Until then, plays were performed during festivals or holidays in the town squares, etc. Alternatively, private performances were for the wealthy.

What god comes to the aid when Gilgamesh/Enkidu fight Humbaba?

Shamash, sun god, sends wind (13 winds)

What did Laura Bohannon do in 1966?

She was invited to tell a story from her culture to members of a West African tribe. She decides on Hamlet because the plot rests on two pillars: incest and revenge for patricide.

What is considered the great epic of China and when does it date from

Shi-Jing; its first poems were written about 1000 BC

Hero's Test

Shortly after the low point in the story, the hero is tested, determining whether or not they are a true hero. This test can be defeating one's archenemy, an emotional victory, coming out on top against the odds, performing a miracle, selflessly sacrificing themselves for the greater good, etc. The hero's test can often be confused with just overcoming an obstacle, but the actual test is much more impactful to the hero's character at the end of a story. Example: William Wallace sacrificing himself for the future of Scotland (Braveheart)

What is "The African Writer and the English Language" about?

Should indigenous, postcolonial people write in their native languages or colonial ones? Achebe writes in English. Kenyan novelist Naugi wa Thiong'o began in English, but now writes exclusively in Gikuyu to preserve his culture.

Chapter VIII (8) in Book 4 of The Analects

Sleeping during the daytime = lazy; Trust people by their behavior not their words

Caste

Social System

What are stories/literature considered to be?

Social constructs; all texts are products of their social constructs (as our authors).

"Let's put aside this mace and sword of war. Cast strife and wrong down to the ground. . . . Make peace with me and let us celebrate. My heart is ever moved by love for you, and wets my face with tears of modesty." This quote is spoken by

Sohrab to Rostam

prodigy hero

Some are simply born to become heroes. The ____ is destined to be great but has lots of learning to do before they can fulfill their role. They are usually paired with an experienced veteran who takes the ____ on a journey to find their powers. Often, but not always, the veteran dies in some heroic and inspiring death, passing the metaphorical torch to the prodigy. Ex: luke Skywalker

Prodigy

Some are simply born to become heroes. The prodigy is destined to be great but has lots of learning to do before they can fulfill their role. They are usually paired with an experienced veteran who takes the prodigy on a journey to find their powers. Often, but not always, the veteran dies in some heroic and inspiring death, passing the metaphorical torch to the prodigy. Example: Luke Skywalker (Star Wars)

Prepositions

Story opens by stating the theme or cause for the epic

Adventure or Journey

Sometimes, whether due to birthing, tragedy, or some other circumstance, a hero will embark on a journey that changes them forever. The most important detail about this journey is that the hero must choose to leave. This adventure is very common in modern films, TV, and fiction. Example: Percy Jackson. After his mom is kidnapped, Percy sets off to save her, mastering his powers as a demigod in the process.

Icarus

Son of Daedalus. Goes to jail with dad and then makes wings with dad to get out but flies too close to the sun.

Hephaestus/Vulcan

Son of Hera; God of fire. Only ugly/ deformed god. Makes armor and weapons forged under volcanoes.

What does the name Odysseus mean in Greek

Son of Pain

Apollo/Apollo

Son of Zeus. Master musician, archer god, healer, god of light, god of truth, son god.

Hermes/Mercury

Son of Zeus. Wore wings of his sandals and his hat, thus was graceful & swift. God of business & the aves.

"Now if God grants that I come back from there, you will have trouble: I'll start a feud with you, it will go on til the end of your life." This quote is from

Song of Roland

"The Emperor offers him his right glove. But [he] would have liked not to be there. When he had to take it, it fell to the ground. . . . 'what's that going to mean? What disaster will this message bring us!'" This quote is from

Song of Roland

Oedipus Author

Sophocles

Who wrote Oedipus?

Sophocles

Aeneid Book 1 Intro

Starts in medias res. Opens by declaring who it deals with; "warfare and a man at war", and asks a muse to explain why Juno is so angry. The man it is referring to is Aeneas.

prepositions

Story opens by stating the theme or cause for the epic.

Why did the plays meet resistance from London authorities?

TRAFFIC: Plays increased traffic in already crowded streets. Crowds: These led to the spread of disease/plague. Prostitutes: Often found around theaters. Idleness: Plays were performed in the afternoon when people should be working.

"[He] sealed firm his bond with her that night. When she had secretly become his mate, the night that followed lasted late and long." This quote is important because

Tahmine conceives Sohrab

Why was Arjuna worried about his dharma of being a soldier?

Taking a human life will entail evil karma

Chapter VII (7) in Book 2 of The Analects

Taking care of parents is more complex than taking care of animals

When he was alive, what was Brunetto's relationship to Dante?

Teacher.

Evliya

Tell good stories

What does Douglass learn?

That "knowledge is the path from slavery to freedom"; teaches himself to read with help from white neighborhood children.

What does Jesus say about his relationship to the laws of Judaism?

That he has come to fulfill the law.

What did King Charles II declare in 1660?

That only women may play female roles.

What is the purpose of The Gita? What do you take away from reading this

That you cannot run away from your challenges

What happened in 900 CE?

The "mysterious collapse" of the Mayan civilization, which was preserved in nearby tribes and peoples, like the Quiche.

What did the blessed Lord (Krishna) show Arjuna to ease his mind/reassure him of everything he was told?

The Blessed Lord's true form, from 1000 arms to 4 arms- no one else has seen this

What was Nigeria like under British colonial rule?

The British "imported" their own government structures, but also permitted tribal authority on a local level.

What is the great epic of Italy

The Divine Comedy; written by Dante at about 1315 AD

Aside from information on his own life, Usmah Ibn Munqidh's Autobiography preserves a record of what people and major historical event?

The Franks during the Crusades.

What is considered the great epic of France? When was it written?

The Song of Roland was written around 1150 AD

Who came into power after Salvadore Allende?

The USA (under Nixon) engineered a coup and installed Agosto Pinochet, who remained dictator for decades.

Virtu

The ability to act in such a way that benefits the prince at any given time: flexibility.

Karma

The action you undertake to fulfill your dharma; sum of your actions in this and previous lives.

Karma

The action you undertake to fulfill your drama; sum of your actions in this and previous lives.

Apotheosis

The apotheosis is also known as the "high point" of the story. This is the hero's reward after their test: becoming a leader after usurping the evil monarch, getting the girl (or guy), dying and achieving elevated status in the afterlife (e.g. going to Valhalla), or simply living happily ever after in peace. The significance of the apotheosis can sometimes be a lot deeper than what the text says happened at the end of the story, requiring you to reflect on everything that led up to that point to decide on the hero's true reward. Example: Frodo Baggins sailing to the Undying Lands at the end of The Return of the King.

How did Muhammad come to compose the Quran?

The archangel Gabriel spoke to him.

Protagonist

The character who moves the story forward.

Where does chivalric romance stem from?

The chivalric code: courage, loyalty, gallantry (modesty, honesty)

Brahman

The divine "self" we all seek to return to via reincarnation (the goal is to release individual sense of identity).

Epic Hero

The epic hero is essentially perfect. They are either super strong, courageous, selfless, kind, morally superior, or a combination of all these traits. No one can live up to the standard of an epic hero, and they are so revered that they are often worshipped as gods. Although ancient versions seem to differ slightly, the epic hero usually embodies everything that is good about humanity. Example: Superman

Narcissus Book Three (Metamorphoses)

The first person that Tiresias gave his power of future telling to was Liriope, a nymph who asked if her new son would live a long life. He said only if he doesn't know himself. When the son, Narcissus was 16 he had many suitors but wanted nothing to do with them. One suitor, who was rejected, prayed to the gods that he feel the way she did (never getting what you want) and so he fell in love with his reflection which he could obviously never have. He eventually died trying to have it and turned into a flower.

Aeneid Book 4 (Beginning)

The flame of love for Aeneas that Cupid has lit in Dido's heart only grows while she listens to his tale of war. She hesitates though because he wants to stay true to her late husband. She goes to her sister, Anna to get her advice.

Rome

The goal. a city and special comune (named "Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and region of Lazio. With 2.9 million residents in 1,285 km2 (496.1 sq mi), it is also the country's largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits.

The Maya

The greatest civilization in Central America before the Spanish conquest who had a fully developed system of writing.

What happened after the Spanish conquistadors came?

The missionaries spread Roman Catholicism among the native people, as well as the Spanish language. They wanted to convert the native population and found the local religions to be blasphemous.

What happened after 1601?

The names of God/Jesus could not be used in an "irrelevant" way. The name of Jove was usually substituted.

What was the purpose of morality plays and why did they eventually become unpopular?

The object was to teach people how to be godly. By Shakespeare's time, people wanted things that were more fun.

When Krishna mentions the higher mind crossing over the thicket of delusion, she says then Arjuna will become disenchanted by what is heard in the Vedas. Explain what this means.

The older ritualistic knowledge in the Vedas is useless for the liberation of the self or soul from the bonding of karma.

What does Kreon propose as the cause of the plague?

The previous kings murder was not avenged

Untimely Unions

The proper time to propose to a woman is springtime; the man did not follow tradition so the woman said no

What are modern restrictions we place on media?

The ratings system for movies; warnings on TV; "safe harbor" laws where explicit content may not be shown before 10pm-5am; keeps kids out of R-rated movies; warnings on video games.

Ogygia

The remote island where Calypso keeps Odysseus in a cave.

Assimilation

The reserve of the Jewish exile, in which a small group penetrates a majority culture and attempts to erase it.

What is one target of Cervantes' satire?

The romances of chivalry

Chapter XX (20) in Book 7 of The Analects

The supernatural is not real

Tested Old-Timer

The tested old-timer is an experienced and proven hero who's been called upon to take up arms once again. However, he's just not in his prime anymore. The tested old-timer usually ends up being the mentor for a younger successor whose abilities depend on the mentor's wisdom. Example: Albus Dumbledore (Harry Potter)

Un-hero

The un-hero is typically comical; a person without any exceptional qualities except for really wanting to be a hero. The only problem is that they just aren't very good at it, usually doing more harm than good in order to save the day. Albeit extremely brave and virtuous, the un-hero just doesn't have what it takes to be the stereotypical hero, and they usually rely on others (a sidekick) to succeed—yet normally always taking the credit. Example: Austin Powers

Misfit

The unlikely hero. This type of hero doesn't fit in, usually a social outcast, member of a different race or religion, or suffers from some disability that leads to being ostracized. They are insecure about their differences, and often times there is another individual in the story who takes special pleasure in ensuring that the misfit remembers their insecurities. However, the misfit always finds a way to accept their difference or use it to their advantage. Example: Harry Potter

Cinematography

The way a filmmaker constructs a movie and all of its elements, both during and after production. This includes filming and editing.

Who is Aiolia of Aiolos?

The wind king - hosts Odysseus + his men

misfit hero

This type of hero doesn't fit in, usually a social outcast, member of a different race or religion, or suffers from some disability that leads to being ostracized. They are insecure about their differences, and often times there is another individual in the story who takes special pleasure in ensuring that the misfit remembers their insecurities. However, the ____always finds a way to accept their difference or use it to their advantage. Example: Harry Potter

What is the main conflict between Tiamat and Apsu?

Tiamat holds the gods in her waters, but they're loud and annoying. Apsu wants to kill them; Tiamat warns them. Ea (Marduk's father) kills Apse. She marries Qingu and goes to war against some of the gods, Marduk becomes powerful, kills Tiamat, tears her in two, and uses her body to create earth and sky.

Good Vs. Evil

Tiamat the monster. Marduk the powerful/handsome god (protagonist).

he earliest civilization in the Middle East were located around what river?

Tigris and Euphrates

Where does Douglass go at age 12?

To Baltimore to work for his master's family. The lady of the house (Mrs.Auld) begins to teach him to read. Her husband makes her stop, saying literacy makes slaves discontent with their lot in life.

The Purpose of Playing

To hold a mirror up to nature

Name three elements that are essential in Greek tragedy according to Aristotle

Tragic hero, hubris, and catharsis

Trojan War (Homer Intro) Part 1

What people know as the beginning (1250 B.C.E) (Traditional start); Started with the abduction of Helen of Sparta. Zeus came down as a swan and raped her mom (Leda); Helen and her sister Clytemnestra were born from one egg and their twin brothers (Castor and Pollux: Gemini) were born from another.

Venus and Juno's Plan (Aeneid Book 4)

When Dido and her court are out hunting and Aeneas is hunting as well, Juno brings a storm down upon them which made Dido and Aeneas end up in a cave by themselves. They make love in the cave and live openly as lovers when they return to Carthage.

Trojan War(Homer Intro) Part 2

When Paris (son of King Priam of Troy) was promised the most beautiful woman by Aphrodite, he came to house of Menelaos in Sparta and stole away Menelaos wife, Helen. The Greek's leaders, who also courted her, pledged to get her back. Set sail to Asia under leadership of Menelaos' brother, Agamemnon and fought ten wars in Troy and won through deception (Iron Horse).

What is dramatic irony?

When the audience knows something that the character does not

What is the Electra complex?

When you marry your father and kill your mother

What is the Oedipus complex?

When you marry your mother and kill your father

Epic Invocation

Writer begins by calling forth divine inspiration from a Muse, one of the nine daughters of Zeus, to be able to tell the story of a great hero

epic invocation

Writer begins by calling forth divine inspiration from a Muse, one of the nine daughters of Zeus, to be able to tell the story of a great hero.

What are the cons of writing in English?

Writer might not be as expressive out of their native language; things are lost in translation here too; some natives might not understand the story; culture and tradition might be lost without the use of native language.

world literature

Writing that is from countries other than your own

Aeneas Heroic

Written to be the ideal Roman citizen, Sacrificed his love for Dido because of the Gods needing him to find Rome, Being a good son to his father, Brave and Fearless

What is the underworld called in Popol Vuh?

Xibalba (She-BALL-ba)

Does Douglass continue to experience racism after he returns from Ireland?

Yes, he is beaten for walking with a white woman friend, and barred (mistakenly) from Lincoln's first inaugural ball.

How did the caste system work?

You cannot "leave" the caste into which you are born; if you marry across cases, it causes moral disorder and chaos in the universe. Castes are divinely ordain. Intermarriage is one of Arjuna's reasons for not wanting to fight.

Groundlings

You paid a penny, you stood in front of the stage. Women, Men, Rich and Poor, all could attend.

"Greed + folly doubling the suffering in the lot of man"

Zeus

"There is no mortal half so wise"

Zeus about Odysseus

Aeneid

a Latin epic poem, written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. It is composed of 9,896 lines in dactylic hexameter. The first six of the poem's twelve books tell the story of Aeneas's wanderings from Troy to Italy, and the poem's second half tells of the Trojans' ultimately victorious war upon the Latins, under whose name Aeneas and his Trojan followers are destined to be subsumed. The hero Aeneas was already known to Greco-Roman legend and myth, having been a character in the Iliad, composed in the 8th century BC. Virgil took the disconnected tales of Aeneas's wanderings, his vague association with the foundation of Rome and a personage of no fixed characteristics other than a scrupulous pietas, and fashioned this into a compelling founding myth or national epic that at once tied Rome to the legends of Troy, explained the Punic wars, glorified traditional Roman virtues and legitimized the Julio-Claudian dynasty as descendants of the founders, heroes and gods of Rome and Troy.

Literature

a body of written works. The name has traditionally been applied to those imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions of their authors and the perceived aesthetic excellence of their execution.

Fables

a brief story with an explicit moral provided by the author;characters usually animals

Carthage

a city in Tunisia and was the centre of the ancient Carthaginian civilization. The city developed from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC into the capital of an ancient empire. The area of Carthage was before inhabited by Berber people who also became the bulk of Carthage's population and constituted a significant part of its army, economy and administration. Native Berbers and settling Phoenicians in Carthage mixed in different ways including religion and language, creating the Punic language and culture.

What is a metaphor?

a comparison between two unalike things, based on feeling

Rumor

a currently circulating story or report of uncertain or doubtful truth

Epic simile

a detailed comparison in the form of a simile that is many lines in length. The word "Homeric" is based on the Greek author, Homer, who composed the two famous Greek epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Many authors continue to use this type of simile in their writings. The typical Homeric simile makes a comparison to some kind of event, in the form "like a ____ when it ______." The object of the comparison is usually something strange or unfamiliar to something ordinary and familiar. The Iliad, for instance, contains many such similes comparing fighting warriors to lions attacking wild boars or other prey. These similes serve to take the reader away from the battlefield for a brief while, into the world of pre-war peace and plenty. Often, they occur at a moment of high action or emotion, especially during a battle. In the words of Peter Jones, Homeric similes "are miraculous, redirecting the reader's attention in the most unexpected ways and suffusing the poem with vividness, pathos and humor". They are also important, as it is through these similes that the narrator directly talks to the audience.

Hamartia

a fatal flaw leading to the downfall of a tragic hero or heroine

Poetry

a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning. Poetry has a long history, dating back to the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh.

"The Emperor offers him his right glove. But [he] would have liked not to be there. When he had to take it, it fell to the ground. . . . 'what's that going to mean? What disaster will this message bring us!'" The right glove symbolizes

a handshake

Cretonne

a heavy cotton fabric, typically with a floral pattern printed on one or both sides, imported to India

Humbaba is compared to -

a huge, clumsy water buffalo

When Siduri first meets Gilgamesh, she thinks he is:

a hunter

Epic

a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation.

Plot

a literary term defined as the events that make up a story, particularly as they relate to one another in a pattern, in a sequence, through cause and effect, how the reader views the story, or simply by coincidence.

An example of an austere meal might be

a monk's simple loaf of bread and flask of water

epistolary narrative

a narrative structured with the use of letters, diary entries, or other written documents

Archetype

a pattern of characters or symbols that reoccur through literature

Drama or Play

a performance piece designed (in the ancient world) to celebrate the myths and legends of the people

Antagonist

a person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something; an adversary.

What is an epic simile

a protracted simile, with "as" often introducing the vehicle, which comes first, and "so" introducing the tenor

What is an epithet

a recurring phrase that characterizes a person or a place

Who steals the youth-restoring flower from Gilgamesh?

a snake

Sinon

a son of Aesimus (son of Autolycus), or of the crafty Sisyphus, was a Greek warrior during the Trojan War.

Flash Fiction

a story less than 1000 words, with compressed or missing elements

conflict

a struggle between opposing forces

Internal conflict is -

a struggle with a person's emotions or decisions

"He bathed, anointed himself with oil + he became a man"

about Enkidu

"Woe was in his vitals, his face was like a traveler's from afar"

about Gilgamesh when he arrives at Siduri's

What is the only way to be remembered after death in the ancient world?

achievement of glory

The cause of suffering? Your soul can be trapped in an endless cycle of birth and ______.

action/dead, rebirth.

Why is repetition important in storytelling?

adds to the emphasis of the story

What is the food/drink of the gods?

ambrosia, nectar

"arrowy came her words upon the air"

describing Arete's words to Odysseus when questioning him of his honesty

The Lliad

an ancient Greek epic poem in dactylic hexameter, traditionally attributed to Homer. Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy (Ilium) by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles. Although the story covers only a few weeks in the final year of the war, the Iliad mentions or alludes to many of the Greek legends about the siege; the earlier events, such as the gathering of warriors for the siege, the cause of the war, and related concerns tend to appear near the beginning. Then the epic narrative takes up events prophesied for the future, such as Achilles' looming death and the sack of Troy, prefigured and alluded to more and more vividly, so that when it reaches an end, the poem has told a more or less complete tale of the Trojan War. The Iliad is paired with something of a sequel, the Odyssey, also attributed to Homer. Along with the Odyssey, the Iliad is among the oldest extant works of Western literature, and its written version is usually dated to around the eighth century BC. Recent statistical modelling based on language evolution has found it to date to 760-710 BC. In the modern vulgate (accepted version), the Iliad contains 15,693 lines; it is written in Homeric Greek, a literary amalgam of Ionic Greek and other dialects.

Krishna

an avatar of God

Epic of Gilgamesh

an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia. Dating from the Third Dynasty of Ur (circa 2100 BC), it is often regarded as the first great work of literature. The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with five Sumerian poems about 'Bilgamesh' (Sumerian for 'Gilgamesh'), king of Uruk. These independent stories were later used as source material for a combined epic. The first surviving version of this combined epic, known as the "Old Babylonian" version, dates to the 18th century BC and is titled after its incipit, Shūtur eli sharrī ("Surpassing All Other Kings"). Only a few tablets of it have survived. The later "Standard" version dates from the 13th to the 10th centuries BC and bears the incipit Sha naqba īmuru ("He who Saw the Deep", in modern terms: "He who Sees the Unknown"). Approximately two thirds of this longer, twelve-tablet version have been recovered. Some of the best copies were discovered in the library ruins of the 7th-century BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. The first half of the story discusses Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, and Enkidu, a wild man created by the gods to stop him oppressing the people of Uruk. After an initial fight, Gilgamesh and Enkidu become close friends. Together, they journey to the Cedar Mountain and defeat Humbaba, its monstrous guardian. Later they kill the Bull of Heaven, which the goddess Ishtar sends to punish Gilgamesh for spurning her advances. As a punishment for these actions, the gods sentence Enkidu to death. In the second half of the epic, Gilgamesh's distress at Enkidu's death causes him to undertake a long and perilous journey to discover the secret of eternal life. He eventually learns that "Life, which you look for, you will never find. For when the gods created man, they let death be his share, and life withheld in their own hands". However, because of his great building projects, his account of Siduri's advice, and what the immortal man Utnapishtim told him about the Great Flood, Gilgamesh's fame survived his death. His story has been translated into many languages, and in recent years has featured in works of popular fiction.

tested old-timer hero

an experienced and proven hero who's been called upon to take up arms once again. However, he's just not in his prime anymore. The _____ usually ends up being the mentor for a younger successor whose abilities depend on the mentor's wisdom. Ex: Dumbledore

Romans

architecture, military strategy, government, first a member of the family, then the state, then an individual

What is the relationship of mortality + evolution?

as evolution of humanity has evolved, the reality of mortality has also evolved, similar to Gilgamesh's journey as he becomes more civilized

"And to tell you what you still have to endure//In your own house. And you do have to endure,//And not tell anyone, man or woman,//That you have come home from your wanderings.//No, you must suffer in silence, and take a beating." This warning comes from

athena

Symbol of heroism during death of Humbaba

axe head used was 180 lbs, normal axe heads only 8 lbs

What do the terms "yin" and "yang" mean? What philosophy does it belong to?

black and white. Opposites. Can't have one without the other.

Tiresias

blind soothsayer in Thebes

Plot

blueprint for the story. The causal sequence of events that moves the story forward

Lyric

brief poem expressing the emotions of the poet

Folktale

brief prose poem recounting the experiences of ordinary people and reflecting the beliefs and values of the culture

What does Alkinoos' palace represent about civilization?

bronze + beautiful permanent structure garden full of fruit/vegetables every day of the year "civilized paradise" parallel to Kalypso's island

"Many Homers"

builds on tradition of oral recitation much redundancy, seemingly mnemonic, epithets are repeated all statements are dominated by meter: epithets plugged in to accommodate meter, not occasion (46 different noun epithets for Achilles) derived from the groundbreaking work of Milmand Parry

What creature of Heaven is released to punish Gilgamesh's rejection of Ishtar?

bull

what is the only way to reunite your soul (______) with Godhead?

by liberating from exhausting your Karma

Why does Oedipus flee Corinth?

because of the chilling prophecy

Unusual Circumstances of Birth

being born different puts them in a difficult situation, puts them in the first conflict that you'll see

73. What is the term "ren" mean? What philosophy is it from?

benevolence

Composition

composed and passed down as oral tradition the poems were recorded rather than written no term for "poet" in Sumerian language poems were intended for public recitation by the "nar" (musician) or in the case of religious poetry, by the "gala" (cantor) rather than for prove reading

Gilgamesh and Enkidu defeat the forest guardian by cutting down what kind of trees?

cedar

Song of Roland is an example of

chanson de geste

Gilgamesh Author

check in book later

Kreon

claims to have no desire for kingship. Jocasta's brother

Enkidu

clay wilderness simple behavior lives for the moment

The Epic of Gilgamesh was written on clay tablets in the writing form called

cuneiform

Shahrazad decides to tell Shahrayar stories to

cure him of his madness after his wife cheated on him AND teach him that death is not always a just punishment

"Unitarian View"

currently not thought of as a simple folk poem collectively written and built gradually over centuries, one man the work is too complex, unified, and deliberate to be written by a committee the Dead Sea Scrolls ha dimpact on this interpretation, they showed how a text could be handed down with great fidelity

23. Greek tragedies deal with which of the following: a. Human passions that threaten order and society b. Love and heart break of losing someone c. Deeply philosophical questions about nature of existence d. The interactions between the past and the present

d. The interactions between the past and the present

Utanapishtim's speech to Gilgamesh

death is coming + there's no way to avoid it, but it's coming sooner if he continues this journey

"Indeed, I accept your hospitality, in spirit. Time is passing; and I am on an urgent mission. Moreover, I have promised not to rest till my task is accomplished. Hence, forgive my rudeness and discourtesy" I have to be on my way. As a token of acceptance of Mainaka's hospitality, Hanuman touched the mountain with his hand and was soon on his way." This quote shows ______ in practice.

dharma

Complications

difficulties arising out of the attempt to solve the conflict

Kharma Yoga

discipline of action

What two ways does Lord Krishna say Arjuna can reach "self" best?

discipline of knowledge and the discipline of action

How do the gods communicate with Gilgamesh on his mountain journey?

dreams

What does Gilgamesh wear on his journey to Utanapishtim?

dresses like an animal, does not bathe - seemingly regressed + rejecting civilization because of the death of Enkidu

Magistrate

elderly Athenian with white hair

Epiphany

ending in which a character comes to a sudden altering realization

"When the gods created mankind,//They established death for mankind,//And withheld eternal life for themselves.//As for you [X], let your stomach be full,//Always be happy, night and day,//Make every day a delight,//night and day play and dance.//Your clothes should be clean,//Your head should be washed,//You should bathe in water,//Look proudly on the little one holding your hand,//Let your mate always be blissful in your loins,//This, then is the work of mankind." This quote is from

epic of gilgamesh

epic hero

essentially perfect. They are either super strong, courageous, selfless, kind, morally superior, or a combination of all these traits. No one can live up to the standard of a(n) _____, and they are so revered that they are often worshipped as gods. Although ancient versions seem to differ slightly, the _____ usually embodies everything that is good about humanity. ex: superman

"Now if God grants that I come back from there, you will have trouble: I'll start a feud with you, it will go on til the end of your life." This quote is important because it

foreshadows Ganelon's treachery

Armed Guards

four police officials attending on the Magistrate

Dystopian Fiction

genre depicting an awful future, meant as a social corrective

Realism

genre that seeks to capture reality as it happens, can as a result be disjointed

Psychological Thriller

genre, focusing on internal turmoil, personal struggle, can seem tense and boring at the same time

Speculative Fiction

genre, set in the near future, one dramatic change, reflects on current universe in some obvious way

Southern Gothic

genre, southern, concerned with the distinct and problematic elements of the south; decadence, good and evil

supernatural help

gets help from a magical object, deity, wizard; make a deal to help find a solution

Who is Ishtar?

goddess of fertility who desires to marry/sleep with Enkidu (parallel to Aphrodite)

Destiny vs Free Will

gods pre-tell the story, suggesting destiny - but Odysseus struggles on his own, suggesting free will

What is xenia?

greek religious duty of hospitality - guest/host relationship - violation is a sin against the gods

Urshanabi

guardian of mysterious "stone things." pilots ferry boat across waters of death to the far away place

Enkidu

hairy and brainy, raised by animals. dies a slow, painful, inglorious, death for killing Humbaba

"If you leave these unharmed and keep your mind//On your journey, you might yet struggle home//to Ithaca. But if you harm them, I foretell//Disaster for your ship and crew, and even if you//Escape yourself, you shall come home late//And badly, having lost all your companions." In this prophesy, Odysseus is warned about

harming Helios' cattle

3rd Person omniscient

has access to all characters interiors

Why is Enlil excluded from the offering after flood?

he brought about the flood, all of the gods are against him

What causes the beasts of the wilderness to reject Enkidu?

he had a sexual connection with a human woman

What does Gilgamesh do with the head of Humbaba?

he hangs it on a tree

Comparison of Odysseus "like a mountain lion"

he is a predator - he has a goal in mind (food, shelter) - animalistic - sense of gracefulness/caution/power

Gilgamesh and Enkidu feel sorry for Humbaba because -

he is treated poorly by the gods

How does Enkidu help Gilgamesh defeat Humbaba?

he knocks Humbaba down

Siduri's speech to Gilgamesh

he shall not find eternal life because it is withheld for the gods, but he gets the chance to live a life of happiness - with a family of his own, living like a civilized man in society

Theme

he subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person's thoughts, or an exhibition; a topic.

Why is Odysseus suspicious of Kalypso's request to send him home?

he, himself, has a suspicious mind because he is full of guile/deception

The person who takes pity and saves Oedipus as a child is?

herdsman

What kind of meter did Homer use in writing The Odyssey

hexameter, a term that indicates six feet per line

Brahman

highest caste, priestly

foreshadowing

hints of whats to come in the action of a story or play

Lavinia

is the daughter of Latinus and Amata and the last wife of Aeneas. Lavinia, the only child of the king and "ripe for marriage", had been courted by many men who hoped to become the king of Latium. Turnus, ruler of the Rutuli, was the most likely of the suitors, having the favor of Queen Amata. King Latinus is later warned by his father Faunus in a dream oracle that his daughter is not to marry a Latin.

Jupiter

is the supreme god of the Roman pantheon, called dies pater, "shining father". He is a god of light and sky, and protector of the state and its laws. He is a son of Saturn and brother of Neptune and Juno

"And to tell you what you still have to endure//In your own house. And you do have to endure,//And not tell anyone, man or woman,//That you have come home from your wanderings.//No, you must suffer in silence, and take a beating." This quote is important because

it emphasizes Odysseus' need for restraint

"The Emperor offers him his right glove. But [he] would have liked not to be there. When he had to take it, it fell to the ground. . . . 'what's that going to mean? What disaster will this message bring us!'" This quote is important because

it foreshadows trouble for Charlemagne's army

"The earth's my servant and my throne is Rakhsh; this mace my signet ring, this helm my crown. My sword illuminates the darkest night, and scatters heads upon the battlefield. My comrades are this spear and shining blade; my heart and these two arms my only shah. How dare he order me! I'm not his slave. I serve the World Creator, only Him." This quote is important because

later in the story, Rostam seeks Kayvus' help and is denied

Gilgamesh text was primarily used for

learning to write

Ovid

literary, urban verse on subject of love. Banished in 8 CE to Tomis

Sappho

lived on Lesbos with colony of female companions. Ovid said "taught how to love women"

Epic

long, narrative prom recounting the adventures of a hero

Bhatki Yoga

love and devotion

Untouchables

lowest caste

Protagonist

main character

Protagonist

main character of a literary work

What does Ishtar offer to Gilgamesh, which he refuses?

marriage to Ishtar

Two layers of dialogue: what are they?

one: between Sanjaya and Dhritarashtra two: Arjuna and Krishna

The citizens under King Gilgamesh's rule in Part 1 would describe him as:

oppressive

Sybil

oracular women believed to possess prophetic powers in ancient Greece. The earliest Sibyls, 'who admittedly are known only through legend,' prophesied at certain holy sites, under the divine influence of a deity, originally—at Delphi and Pessinos—one of the chthonic deities. Later in antiquity, a number of sibyls are attested in various writers, in Greece and Italy, but also in the Levant and Asia Minor.

Cliche

overly used phrase or platitude

Trauma

painful formative, events that have long lasting generational effects on its victims

What is Confucianism?

philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius

"I will tell you what makes a vassal good: it is judgment, it is never madness; restraint is worth more than the raw nerve of a fool." This quote is important because it

reiterates a theme we have seen many times in previous works AND emphasizes the importance of good judgment and restraint

Why is the Upanishads scripture thought to be mystic doctrines?

rejection of ritual and more philosophical

Moksha

release from the cycle of reincarnation

Important themes of The Odyssey include

restraint, hospitality, and perseverance only

Postcolonial rewriting

rewriting of colonial works of literature as a way of decolonization.

What is alcohol a symbol of?

ritualized prayer of the gods inhabited the drink, creating the "happy" "loose" feeling - product of civilization

Clytemnestra

rules Argo in husband's absence. plans his murder.

what are the three primary nature born qualities?

sattva, rajas, tamas

According to Confucianism, natural desires should be

secondary to social desires

hero's test

seeing if they are a true hero through a test

What gift does Odysseus have?

self-possession (control) from god of knowledge (Athena)

Humbaba lives in the area under the rule of which god?

shamash

Why does Odysseus compare Nausikaa to Artemis?

she is innocent, strong, goddess-like, daughter (does not wish to threaten her)

"They set bread/beer before him, *character A* did not know how to eat bread or drink beer" "Eat the bread, the staff of life, drink the beer"

shepherds to Enkidu

What is the significance of sleep in Gilgamesh's test by Utanapishtim?

sleep directly linked to death, could result in being further from death/mortality

Yoga

spiritual discipline

A squall is a kind of -

storm

Myth

story of a God or Gods and their interaction with humanity

Genre

subcategory of art based on conversations and tropes

In what language was the original version of the epic recorded?

sumerian

Heroic flaw

term used to describe the dramatic concept that heroic or tragic characters in literature can make mistakes; these mistakes (the mistake specifically being known as the harmatia) lead to their downfall. A hero that is flawed is known as a Byronic hero after the poet Lord Byron.

What did Alkinoos' games represent?

the Olympics - Odysseus is strong + mighty to play

The Greeks picked up alphabetical writing from what group of people

the Phoenicians

Minerva

the Roman goddess of wisdom and sponsor of arts, trade, and strategy. She was born with weapons from the head of Jupiter. Jupiter had sex with his sister Metis and impregnated her. Fearing that their child would grow stronger than him and rule the Heavens in his place, Jupiter ripped the child from her womb and devoured it and Minerva was born from his forehead. From the 2nd century BC onwards, the Romans equated her with the Greek goddess Athena. She was the virgin goddess of music, poetry, medicine, wisdom, commerce, weaving, crafts, and magic. She is often depicted with her sacred creature, an owl usually named as the "owl of Minerva", which symbolizes that she is connected to wisdom.

In the stories Shahrazad tells,

the actions of a bad woman are undone by a good woman AND the punishment is not death except in one of the stories that we read ONLY

Point of View (POV)

the angle of vision from which a story is narrated

Style

the author's use of words and images that creates (hopefully) a vivid, memorable reading experience

What is Polytheism?

the belief in or worship of more than one god.

Kharma

the belief that what a person says or does in life affects his/her fate

What is Delos?

the birthplace of Apollo, the most sacred island to the greeks

Enkidu's journey with humanization representative of what?

the cultural evolution of mankind from animalistic men to nomadic men to hunters/gatherers to civilization

Samsara

the cycle of life and rebirth in Hinduism

Juno

the equivalent to Hera, the Greek goddess for love and marriage. Juno is the Roman goddess of love and marriage.

Tragedy

the fall of a great man due to faith and/or a character flaw; tragic ending

The Epic of Gilgamesh is historically significant as:

the first great heroic narrative

Protagonist

the leading character or one of the major characters in a drama, movie, novel, or other fictional text.

Conflict

the literary element conflict is an inherent incompatibility between the objectives of two or more characters or forces. Conflict creates tension and interest in a story by adding doubt as to the outcome.

Setting

the literary element setting includes the historical moment in time and geographic location in which a story takes place, and helps initiate the main backdrop and mood for a story.

Theme

the message of the work; the moral or meaning implies or stated in the literature, complex works can have many meanings as there are readers to read

What does Joseph Campbell refer to The Odyssey as?

the monomyth, the hero's journey - this story is outlined in multiple cultures

Neptune

the name that ancient Romans gave to the Greek god of the sea and earthquakes, Poseidon. He was the brother of Jupiter (Zeus) and of Pluto (Hades).

free indirect discourse

the narrator conveys a character's inner thoughts while staying in the third person and freely switching between characters.

Helios

the personification of the Sun in Greek mythology. He is the son of the Titan Hyperion and the Titaness Theia (Hesiod) (also known as Euryphaessa (Homeric Hymn 31)) and brother of the goddesses Selene, the moon, and Eos, the dawn.

Why is Gilgamesh afraid of death with Enkidu's?

the reality of mortality sets in because Enkidu was his equal

Comedy

the regeneration of society; begins in adversity but with a happy ending

Intertexuality

the relationship between texts, especially literary ones.

Humbaba's job is to protect -

the sacred forest

Anchises

the son of Capys and Themiste (daughter of Ilus, who was son of Tros). He was the father of Aeneas[1] and a prince from Dardania, a territory neighbouring Troy. His major claim to fame in Greek mythology is that he was a mortal lover of the goddess Aphrodite (and in Roman mythology, the lover of Venus). One version is that Aphrodite pretended to be a Phrygian princess and seduced him for nearly two weeks of lovemaking. Anchises learned that his lover was a goddess only nine months later, when she revealed herself and presented him with the infant Aeneas. Aphrodite had warned him that if he boasted of the affair, he would be blasted by the thunderbolt of Zeus. He did and was scorched and/or crippled. One version has this happening after he bred his mares with the divine stallions owned by King Laomedon. The principal early narrative of Aphrodite's seduction of Anchises and the birth of Aeneas is the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite. According to the Bibliotheca, Anchises and Aphrodite had another son, Lyrus, who died childless. He later had a mortal wife named Eriopis, according to the scholiasts, and he is credited with other children beside Aeneas and Lyrus. Homer, in the Iliad, mentions a daughter named Hippodameia, their eldest ("the darling of her father and mother"), who married her cousin Alcathous.

What does the fight/shattering the doorpost represent between Gilgamesh/Enkidu?

they "kiss" recognize each other as equals on a heroic level, see each other with respect- they both show God-like strength

How do Gilgamesh's people feel about him?

they think he rules unfairly at times

Setting

time and place of a story; all the details that give a story concrete reality

Setting

time,place, and content of the story

Greeks

tragedy, democracy, philosophy; know thyself and nothing too much

Someone who did a contortion would be -

twisting his or her body

Gilgamesh is -

two thirds god and one third human

Gilgamesh is mathematically described in the prologue as:

two-thirds god, one-third man

un-hero hero

typically comical; a person without any exceptional qualities except for really wanting to be a hero. The only problem is that they just aren't very good at it, usually doing more harm than good in order to save the day. Albeit extremely brave and virtuous, the ____ just doesn't have what it takes to be the stereotypical hero, and they usually rely on others (a sidekick) to succeed—yet normally always taking the credit. Example: Austin Powers

How does the Bless Lord mention that Arjuna can "truly see him/ enter into him"

undisturbed devotion- Arjuna has to follow his Dharma and the cycle of birth and rebirth until he achieves Moksha. You must suffer to be happy is what I get from this story.

What does the term dharma mean?

universal law

How does Enkidu die?

unnamed disease

What city is Gilgamesh the ruler of at the beginning of the story?

uruk

How is sarcasm used?

using irony with poor intent

Virgil

usually called Virgil or Vergil /ˈvɜrdʒəl/ in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid. A number of minor poems, collected in the Appendix Vergiliana, are sometimes attributed to him. Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day. Modeled after Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy—in Roman mythology the founding act of Rome. Virgil's work has had wide and deep influence on Western literature, most notably Dante's Divine Comedy, in which Virgil appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory.

Myrhine

very attractive teenage wife -seduces husband but denies him sex

Why are the Vedas sacred Hindu Scripture?

very ritualistic; thought to be of divine origin

Woman A, B, C

women trying to leave Lysistrata

Augustus Caesar

was born Gaius Octavius into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian Octavii family. Following the assassination of his maternal great-uncle Julius Caesar in 44 BC, Caesar's will named Octavius as his adopted son and heir. Together with Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus, he formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assassins of Caesar. Following their victory at Philippi, the Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic among themselves and ruled as military dictators.[note 4] The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart under the competing ambitions of its members: Lepidus was driven into exile and stripped of his position, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Augustus in 31 BC. After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Augustus restored the outward facade of the free Republic, with governmental power vested in the Roman Senate, the executive magistrates, and the legislative assemblies. In reality, however, he retained his autocratic power over the Republic as a military dictator. By law, Augustus held a collection of powers granted to him for life by the Senate, including supreme military command, and those of tribune and censor. It took several years for Augustus to develop the framework within which a formally republican state could be led under his sole rule. He rejected monarchical titles, and instead called himself Princeps Civitatis ("First Citizen of the State"). The resulting constitutional framework became known as the Principate, the first phase of the Roman Empire. The reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana (The Roman Peace). Despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the Empire's frontiers and one year-long civil war over the imperial succession, the Roman world was largely free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries. Augustus dramatically enlarged the Empire, annexing Egypt, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Noricum, and Raetia, expanded possessions in Africa, expanded into Germania, and completed the conquest of Hispania. Beyond the frontiers, he secured the Empire with a buffer region of client states, and made peace with the Parthian Empire through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed networks of roads with an official courier system, established a standing army, established the Praetorian Guard, created official police and fire-fighting services for Rome, and rebuilt much of the city during his reign. Augustus died in 14 AD at the age of 75. He may have died from natural causes, although there were unconfirmed rumors that his wife Livia poisoned him. He was succeeded as Emperor by his adopted son (also stepson and former son-in-law), Tiberius.

Venus

was the goddess of love, sex, beauty, and fertility. She was the Roman counterpart to the Greek Aphrodite

Dido

was, according to ancient Greek and Roman sources, the founder and first Queen of Carthage (in modern-day Tunisia). She is primarily known from the account given by the Roman poet Virgil in his Aeneid. In some sources she is also known as Elissa

Homer

we know nothing about him tradition was that he was blind, but might be purely legend

Characterization

what characters say, do, what others say about them, and (sometimes) what the author tells us

adventure or journey

what the hero must do to find themselves

According to Krishna, violence is only acceptable when

when defending a righteous cause

When does Enkidu become the direct opposition of Gilgamesh?

when he becomes the "shepherd of the shepherds"

low point

when the character is at his lowest, thinking of giving up; psychological scar they must confront at some time... _____ will always send the hero to the hero's test

400 BCE - 400 CE

when was the bhagavad gita written

What do women have in relation to humanization?

women bring out the humanization in animalistic men - EX. Enkidu is dressed after having sex with the woman, then drinks the bread + beer (products of humanization) - parallel to Adam + Eve, after eating the fruit, they cover up - sin leads to humanization

Early Writing

writing first developed in the Fertile Crescent (Iran/Iraq) between 3300-2990 BC characters were pictographic: written sign looked like what it represented by 2800 BC writing had become more complex elite scribe class used wedge-shaped sticks to impress characters into soft clay tablets which hardened in the sun (cuneiform: wedge-shaped)

Prose

written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure

"If you leave these unharmed and keep your mind//On your journey, you might yet struggle home//to Ithaca. But if you harm them, I foretell//Disaster for your ship and crew, and even if you//Escape yourself, you shall come home late//And badly, having lost all your companions." Does this prophesy come true?

yes

Madea

you know who ****ing madea is

Lysistrata

young Athenian wife -master of ceremonies -instructs women how to act -respected by commissioner and delegates -makes treaty between Sparta & Athens due to women negotiating between states

The Liad Major Themes:

Race, Heroics, Honor, & Mortality

Arete

"excellence of any kind". The term may also mean "moral virtue". In its earliest appearance in Greek, this notion of excellence was ultimately bound up with the notion of the fulfillment of purpose or function: the act of living up to one's full potential.

Oikonomia

"handling" or "disposition" or "management" or more literally "housekeeping" of a thing, usually assuming or implying good or prudent handling (as opposed to poor handling) of the matter at hand. In short, economia is discretionary deviation from the letter of the law in order to adhere to the spirit of the law and charity. This is in contrast to legalism, or akribia (Greek: ακριβεια)—strict adherence to the letter of the law of the church. As such, the word "economy", and the concept attaching to it, are utilized especially with regard to two types of "handling": (a) divine economy, that is, God's "handling" or "management" of the fallen state of the world and of mankind—the arrangements he made in order to bring about man's salvation after the Fall; and (b) what might be termed pastoral economy (or) ecclesiastical economy, that is, the Church's "handling" or "management" of various pastoral and disciplinary questions, problems, and issues that have arisen through the centuries of Church history.

2500 BC.

...

Masks

In a large open-air theatre, like the Theatre of Dionysus in Athens, the classical masks were able to create a sense of dread in the audience creating large scale panic, especially since they had intensely exaggerated facial features and expressions. They enabled an actor to appear and reappear in several different roles, thus preventing the audience from identifying the actor to one specific character. Their variations help the audience to distinguish sex, age, and social status, in addition to revealing a change in a particular character's appearance, e.g. Oedipus after blinding himself. Unique masks were also created for specific characters and events in a play, such as The Furies in Aeschylus' Eumenides and Pentheus and Cadmus in Euripides' The Bacchae. Worn by the chorus, the masks created a sense of unity and uniformity, while representing a multi-voiced persona or single organism and simultaneously encouraged interdependency and a heightened sensitivity between each individual of the group. Only 2-3 actors were allowed on the stage at one time, and masks permitted quick transitions from one character to another. There were only male actors, but masks allowed them to play female characters.

logographic

In logographic writing systems, glyphs represent words or morphemes (meaningful components of words, as in mean-ing-ful), rather than phonetic elements. Note that no logographic script is composed solely of logograms. All contain graphemes that represent phonetic (sound-based) elements as well. These phonetic elements may be used on their own (to represent, for example, grammatical inflections or foreign words), or may serve as phonetic complements to a logogram (used to specify the sound of a logogram that might otherwise represent more than one word). In the case of Chinese, the phonetic element is built into the logogram itself; in Egyptian and Mayan, many glyphs are purely phonetic, whereas others function as either logograms or phonetic elements, depending on context. For this reason, many such scripts may be more properly referred to as logosyllabic or complex scripts; the terminology used is largely a product of custom in the field, and is to an extent arbitrary.

The Tale of Sinuhe

Sinuhe is an official who accompanies prince Senwosret I to Libya. He overhears a conversation connected with the death of King Amenemhet I and as a result flees to Upper Retjenu (Canaan), leaving Egypt behind. He becomes the son-in-law of Chief Ammunenshi and in time his sons grow to become chiefs in their own right. Sinuhe fights rebellious tribes on behalf of Ammunenshi. As an old man, in the aftermath of defeating a powerful opponent in single combat, he prays for a return to his homeland: "May god pity me..may he hearken to the prayer of one far away!..may the King have mercy on me..may I be conducted to the city of eternity!". He then receives an invitation from King Senwosret I of Egypt to return, which he accepts in highly moving terms. Living out the rest of his life in royal favour he is finally laid to rest in the necropolis in a beautiful tomb.

Invocation

The summoning of a deity or the supernatural, or someone for assistance.

Skene

the skene was the background building to which the platform stage was connected, in which costumes were stored and to which the periaktoi (painted panels serving as the background) were connected.

Nestor

the son of Neleus and Chloris and the King of Pylos. He became king after Heracles killed Neleus and all of Nestor's siblings. His wife was either Eurydice or Anaxibia; their children included Peisistratus, Thrasymedes, Pisidice, Polycaste, Stratichus, Aretus, Echephron, and Antilochus.

Achilles

a Greek hero of the Trojan War and the central character and greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad. His mother was the nymph Thetis, and his father, Peleus, was the king of the Myrmidons. Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan hero Hector outside the gates of Troy. Although the death of Achilles is not presented in the Iliad, other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the Trojan War by Paris, who shot him in the heel with an arrow. Later legends (beginning with a poem by Statius in the 1st century AD) state that Achilles was invulnerable in all of his body except for his heel. Because of his death from a small wound in the heel, the term Achilles' heel has come to mean a person's point of weakness.

Aristotle

a Greek philosopher and scientist born in the Macedonian city of Stagira, Chalkidice, on the northern periphery of Classical Greece. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, whereafter Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian. At eighteen, he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven (c. 347 BC). His writings cover many subjects - including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics and government - and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy. Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip of Macedon, tutored Alexander the Great starting from 343 BC. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, "Aristotle was the first genuine scientist in history ... [and] every scientist is in his debt."

Hesiod

a Greek poet generally thought by scholars to have been active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same time as Homer. His is the first European poetry in which the poet regards himself as a topic, an individual with a distinctive role to play. Ancient authors credited Hesiod and Homer with establishing Greek religious customs. Modern scholars refer to him as a major source on Greek mythology, farming techniques, early economic thought (he is sometimes identified as the first economist), archaic Greek astronomy and ancient time-keeping.

The Republic

a Socratic dialogue, written by Plato around 380 BC, concerning the definition of justice (δικαιοσύνη), the order and character of the just city-state and the just man—for this reason, ancient readers used the name On Justice as an alternative title (not to be confused with the spurious dialogue also titled On Justice). The dramatic date of the dialogue has been much debated and though it might have taken place some time during the Peloponnesian War, "there would be jarring anachronisms if any of the candidate specific dates between 432 and 404 were assigned". It is Plato's best-known work and has proven to be one of the most intellectually and historically influential works of philosophy and political theory. In it, Socrates along with various Athenians and foreigners discuss the meaning of justice and examine whether or not the just man is happier than the unjust man by considering a series of different cities coming into existence "in speech", culminating in a city called Kallipolis (Καλλίπολις), which is ruled by philosopher-kings; and by examining the nature of existing regimes. The participants also discuss the theory of forms, the immortality of the soul, and the roles of the philosopher and of poetry in society

Prometheus

a Titan In Greek mythology, best known as the benefactor who brought fire to mankind. Prometheus sided with Zeus and the ascending Olympian gods in the vast cosmological struggle against Cronus and the other Titans. Prometheus was therefore on the conquering side of the cataclysmic war of the Greek gods, the Titanomachy, where Zeus and the Olympian gods ultimately defeated Cronus and the other Titans.

Hector

a Trojan prince and the greatest fighter for Troy in the Trojan War. As the first-born son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, who was a descendant of Dardanus and Tros, the founder of Troy, he was a prince of the royal house and the heir apparent to his father's throne. He was married to Andromache, with whom he had an infant son, Scamandrius (whom the people of Troy called Astyanax). He acted as leader of the Trojans and their allies in the defense of Troy, "killing 31,000 Greek fighters," offers Hyginus. During the European Middle Ages, Hector figures as one of the Nine Worthies noted by Jacques de Longuyon, known not only for his courage but also for his noble and courtly nature. Indeed Homer places Hector as peace-loving, thoughtful as well as bold, a good son, husband and father, and without darker motives. James Redfield writes of Hector as a "martyr to loyalties, a witness to the things of this world, a hero ready to die for the precious imperfections of ordinary life."

Enkidu

a central figure in the Ancient Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh. Enkidu was formed from clay and saliva by Aruru, the goddess of creation, to rid Gilgamesh of his arrogance. In the story he is a wild man, raised by animals and ignorant of human society until he is bedded by Shamhat. Thereafter a series of interactions with humans and human ways bring him closer to civilization, culminating in a wrestling match with Gilgamesh, king of Uruk. Enkidu embodies the wild or natural world, and, though equal to Gilgamesh in strength and bearing, he acts in some ways as an antithesis to the cultured, urban-bred warrior-king. Enkidu then becomes the king's constant companion and deeply beloved friend, accompanying him on adventures until he is stricken with illness and dies. The deep, tragic loss of Enkidu profoundly inspires in Gilgamesh a quest to escape death by obtaining godly immortality. Older sources sometimes transliterate his name as Enkimdu, Eabani, or Enkita. Enkidu is a modern variant.

Lugulbanda

a character found in Sumerian mythology and literature. His name is composed of two Sumerian words meaning "young/fierce king" (lugal: king; banda: young, junior, small; but also fierce). Lugalbanda is listed in the postdiluvian period of the Sumerian king list as the second king of Uruk, saying he ruled for 1,200 years, and providing him with the epithet of the Shepherd. Whether a king Lugalbanda ever historically ruled over Uruk, and if so, at what time, is quite uncertain. Attempts to date him in the ED II period are based on an amalgamation of data from the epic traditions of the 2nd Millennium with unclear archaeological observations. Lugalbanda prominently features as the hero of two Sumerian stories dated to the Ur III period (21st century BCE), called by scholars Lugalbanda I (or Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave) and Lugalbanda II (or Lugalbanda and the Anzu Bird). Both are known only in later versions, although there is an Ur III fragment that is quite different than either 18th century version[5] These tales are part of a series of stories that describe the conflicts between Enmerkar, king of Unug (Uruk), and Ensuhkeshdanna, lord of Aratta, presumably in the Iranian highlands. In these two stories, Lugalbanda is a soldier in the army of Enmerkar, whose name also appears in the Sumerian King List as the first king of Uruk and predecessor of Lugalbanda. The extant fragments make no reference to Lugalbanda's succession as king following Enmerkar. Lugalbanda appears in Sumerian literary sources as early as the mid-3rd millennium, as attested by a mythological text from Abu Salabikh that describes a romantic relationship between Lugalbanda and Ninsun.

Utanapshtim

a character in the epic of Gilgamesh who is tasked by Enki (Ea) to abandon his worldly possessions and create a giant ship to be called The Preserver of Life. He was also tasked with bringing his wife, family, and relatives along with the craftsmen of his village, baby animals and grains. The oncoming flood would wipe out all animals and humans that were not on the ship, and is believed to have inspired the Noah's Ark story. After twelve days on the water, Utnapishtim opened the hatch of his ship to look around and saw the slopes of Mount Nisir, where he rested his ship for seven days. On the seventh day, he sent a dove out to see if the water had receded, and the dove could find nothing but water, so it returned. Then he sent out a swallow, and just as before, it returned, having found nothing. Finally, Utnapishtim sent out a raven, and the raven saw that the waters had receded, so it circled around, but did not return. Utnapishtim then set all the animals free, and made a sacrifice to the gods. The gods came, and because he had preserved the seed of man while remaining loyal and trusting of his gods, Utnapishtim and his wife were given immortality, as well as a place among the heavenly gods.

Troy

a city well-known to both history and legend (as well as archaeology), and was situated in northwest Anatolia in what is now Turkey (but which was known in Classical sources as Asia Minor), located south of the southwest end of the Dardanelles/Hellespont and northwest of Mount Ida at Hisaronu. It is best known for being the setting of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle and especially in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Metrical evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey seems to show that the name Ἴλιον (Ilion) formerly began with a digamma: Ϝίλιον (Wilion). This was later supported by the Hittite form Wilusa. A new capital called Ilium[note 2] was founded on the site in the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. It flourished until the establishment of Constantinople and declined gradually during the Byzantine era.

Mechane

a crane used in Greek theatre, especially in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Made of wooden beams and pulley systems, the device was used to lift an actor into the air, usually representing flight. This stage machine was particularly used to bring gods onto the stage from above, hence the Latin term deus ex machina ("god out of the machine"). Euripides' use of the mechane in Medea (431 BC) is a notable use of the machine for a non-divine character. It was also often used by Aeschylus. It was used to allow actors playing gods to fly through the air.

Creon

a figure in Greek mythology best known as the ruler of Thebes in the legend of Oedipus. He had four sons and three daughters with his wife, Eurydice (sometimes known as Henioche): Henioche, Pyrrha, Megareus (also called Menoeceus), Lycomedes and Haemon. Creon and his sister, Jocasta, were descendants of Cadmus and of the Spartoi. He is sometimes considered to be same person who purified Amphitryon of the murder of his uncle Electryon and father of Megara, first wife of Heracles.

Tragedy

a form of drama based on human suffering that invokes in its audience an accompanying catharsis or pleasure in the viewing. While many cultures have developed forms that provoke this paradoxical response, the term tragedy often refers to a specific tradition of drama that has played a unique and important role historically in the self-definition of Western civilization. That tradition has been multiple and discontinuous, yet the term has often been used to invoke a powerful effect of cultural identity and historical continuity—"the Greeks and the Elizabethans, in one cultural form; Hellenes and Christians, in a common activity," as Raymond Williams puts it.

Ea

a god in Sumerian mythology, later known as Ea in Akkadian and Babylonian mythology. He was originally patron god of the city of Eridu, but later the influence of his cult spread throughout Mesopotamia and to the Canaanites, Hittites and Hurrians. He was the deity of crafts (gašam); mischief; water, seawater, lakewater (a, aba, ab), intelligence (gestú, literally "ear") and creation (Nudimmud: nu, likeness, dim mud, make beer). He was associated with the southern band of constellations called stars of Ea, but also with the constellation AŠ-IKU, the Field (Square of Pegasus). Beginning around the second millennium BCE, he was sometimes referred to in writing by the numeric ideogram for "40," occasionally referred to as his "sacred number."The planet Mercury, associated with Babylonian Nabu (the son of Marduk) was in Sumerian times, identified with Enki.

Ninsun

a goddess, best known as the mother of the legendary hero Gilgamesh, and as the tutelary goddess of Gudea of Lagash. Her parents are the deities Anu and Uras.

Chorus

a homogeneous, non-individualised group of performers in the plays of classical Greece, who comment with a collective voice on the dramatic action.

Menelaus

a king of Mycenaean (pre-Dorian) Sparta, the husband of Helen of Troy, and a central figure in the Trojan War. He was the son of Atreus and Aerope, brother of Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and, according to the Iliad, leader of the Spartan contingent of the Greek army during the War. Prominent in both the Iliad and Odyssey, Menelaus was also popular in Greek vase painting and Greek tragedy; the latter more as a hero of the Trojan War than as a member of the doomed House of Atreus.

Gilgamesh

a king of Uruk, Mesopotamia, who lived sometime between 2800 and 2500 BC. He is the main character in the Epic of Gilgamesh, a Mesopotamian poem that is considered the first great work of literature. In the epic, Gilgamesh is a demigod of superhuman strength who built the city walls of Uruk to defend his people and travelled to meet the sage Utnapishtim, who survived the Great Deluge. According to the Sumerian King List, Gilgamesh ruled his city for 126 years. In the Tummal Inscription, Gilgamesh and his son Urlugal rebuilt the sanctuary of the goddess Ninlil in Tummal, a sacred quarter in her city of Nippur.

Phoenix

a long-lived bird that is cyclically regenerated or reborn. Associated with the sun, a phoenix obtains new life by arising from the ashes of its predecessor. The phoenix was subsequently adopted as a symbol in Early Christianity. While the phoenix typically dies by fire in most versions of the legend, there are less popular versions of the myth in which the mythical bird dies and simply decomposes before being born again. According to some legends, the phoenix could live over 1400 years before rebirth. Herodotus, Lucan, Pliny the Elder, Pope Clement I, Lactantius, Ovid, Isidore of Seville, Rabbi Yannai, and Rashi are among those who have contributed to the explanation, retelling, and transmission of the phoenix motif. In the historical record, the phoenix could symbolize long life, "renewal in general as well as the sun, time, the empire, metempsychosis, consecration, resurrection, life in the heavenly Paradise, Christ, Mary, virginity, the exceptional man, and certain aspects of Christian life".

Shamash

a native Mesopotamian deity and the Sun god in the Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonian pantheons. Shamash was the god of justice in Babylonia and Assyria, corresponding to Sumerian Utu.

Misogynistic

a person who hates or doesn't trust women.

Plato

a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece. He is considered an essential figure in the development of philosophy, especially the Western tradition, and he founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato laid the foundations of Western philosophy and science. Alfred North Whitehead once noted: "the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato." Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His lasting themes include Platonic love, the theory of forms, the five regimes, innate knowledge, among others. His theory of forms launched a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts

Chryses

a priest of Apollo at Chryse, near the city of Troy. According to a tradition mentioned by Eustathius of Thessalonica, Chryses and Briseus (father of Briseis) were brothers, sons of a man named Ardys (otherwise unknown). During the Trojan War (prior to the actions described in Homer's Iliad), Agamemnon took Chryses' daughter Chryseis (Astynome) from Moesia as a war prize and when Chryses attempted to ransom her, refused to return her. Chryses prayed to Apollo, and he, in order to defend the honor of his priest, sent a plague sweeping through the Greek armies, and Agamemnon was forced to give Chryseis back in order to end it. The significance of Agamemnon's actions lies not in his kidnapping Chryseis (such abductions were commonplace in ancient Greece), but in his refusal to release her upon her father's request.[1] Chryses, with help from Orestes, was also responsible for the death of Thoas. He killed Thoas after finding out that the son of Chryseis, called "younger Chryses", was also the son of Agamemnon. After he killed Thoas, Chryses went to Mycenae.

Anu

a sky-god, the god of heaven, lord of constellations, king of gods, spirits and demons, and dwelt in the highest heavenly regions. It was believed that he had the power to judge those who had committed crimes, and that he had created the stars as soldiers to destroy the wicked. His attribute was the royal tiara. His attendant and minister of state was the god Ilabrat. He was one of the oldest gods in the Sumerian pantheon and part of a triad including Enlil (god of the air) and Enki (god of water). He was called Anu by the later Akkadians in Babylonian culture. By virtue of being the first figure in a triad consisting of Anu, Enlil, and Enki (also known as Ea), Anu came to be regarded as the father and at first, king of the gods. Anu is so prominently associated with the E-anna temple in the city of Uruk (biblical Erech) in southern Babylonia that there are good reasons for believing this place to be the original seat of the Anu cult. If this is correct, then the goddess Inanna (or Ishtar) of Uruk may at one time have been his consort.

Sophists

a specific kind of teacher in both Ancient Greece and in the Roman Empire. Many sophists specialized in using the tools of philosophy and rhetoric, though other sophists taught subjects such as music, athletics, and mathematics. In general, they claimed to teach arete ("excellence" or "virtue," applied to various subject areas), predominantly to young statesmen and nobility. There are not many writings from and about the first sophists. The early sophists' practice of charging money for education and providing wisdom only to those who could pay, resulted in the condemnations made by Socrates through Plato in his Dialogues, as well as by Xenophon in Memorabilia and Aristotle. Author of The History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction James A. Herrick wrote, "In De Oratore, Cicero blames Plato for separating wisdom and eloquence in the philosopher's famous attack on the Sophists in Gorgias." The classical tradition of rhetoric and composition refers more to philosophers like Aristotle, Cicero, and Quintilian than to the sophists. Despite these criticisms, however, many sophists flourished in later periods, especially during the era of Roman history known as the Second Sophistic.

Helen

also known as Helen of Sparta, was the daughter of Zeus and Leda, and was a sister of Castor, Pollux, and Clytemnestra. In Greek myths, she was considered to be the most beautiful woman in the world, a representation of ideal beauty. By marriage she was Queen of Laconia, a province within Homeric Greece, the wife of King Menelaus. Her abduction by Paris, Prince of Troy, brought about the Trojan War.

Odysseus

also known by the Latin name Ulysses (/juːˈlɪsiːz/; Latin: Ulyssēs, Ulixēs), was a legendary Greek king of Ithaca and a hero of Homer's epic poem the Odyssey. Odysseus also plays a key role in Homer's Iliad and other works in that same epic cycle. Husband of Penelope, father of Telemachus, and son of Laërtes and Anticlea, Odysseus is renowned for his brilliance, guile, and versatility (polytropos), and is hence known by the epithet Odysseus the Cunning (mētis, or "cunning intelligence"). He is most famous for the ten eventful years he took to return home after the decade-long Trojan War

Retjenu

an Ancient Egyptian name for Canaan and Syria. It covered the region from the Negev Desert north to the Orontes River. The borders of Retjenu shifted with time, but it generally consisted of three regions. The southernmost was Djahy, which had about the same boundaries as Canaan. Lebanon proper was located in the middle, between the Mediterranean and the Orontes River. North of Lebanon was designated Amurru, the land of the Amorites. The earliest attestation of the name occurs in the Tale of Sinuhe, inscribed on a piece of limestone in 14th century BC. The suggestion that Retenu is an Egyptian transliteration of the Hebrew term `arzenu, meaning "our land", was first made by Immanuel Velikovsky

Sehotepibre

an Egyptian pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty during the early Second Intermediate Period, possibly the fifth or tenth king of the dynasty.

Satyr Play

an ancient Greek form of tragicomedy, similar in spirit to the bawdy satire of burlesque. They featured choruses of satyrs, were based on Greek mythology, and were rife with mock drunkenness, brazen sexuality (including phallic props), pranks, sight gags, and general merriment.

Aegeus

an archaic figure in the founding myth of Athens. The "goat-man" who gave his name to the Aegean Sea was, next to Poseidon, the father of Theseus, the founder of Athenian institutions and one of the kings of Athens.

The Epic of Gilgamesh

an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia. Dating from the Third Dynasty of Ur (circa 2100 BC), it is often regarded as the first great work of literature. The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with five Sumerian poems about 'Bilgamesh' (Sumerian for 'Gilgamesh'), king of Uruk. These independent stories were later used as source material for a combined epic. The first surviving version of this combined epic, known as the "Old Babylonian" version, dates to the 18th century BC and is titled after its incipit, Shūtur eli sharrī ("Surpassing All Other Kings"). Only a few tablets of it have survived. The later "Standard" version dates from the 13th to the 10th centuries BC and bears the incipit Sha naqba īmuru ("He who Saw the Deep", in modern terms: "He who Sees the Unknown"). Approximately two thirds of this longer, twelve-tablet version have been recovered. Some of the best copies were discovered in the library ruins of the 7th-century BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. The first half of the story discusses Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, and Enkidu, a wild man created by the gods to stop him oppressing the people of Uruk. After an initial fight, Gilgamesh and Enkidu become close friends. Together, they journey to the Cedar Mountain and defeat Humbaba, its monstrous guardian. Later they kill the Bull of Heaven, which the goddess Ishtar sends to punish Gilgamesh for spurning her advances. As a punishment for these actions, the gods sentence Enkidu to death. In the second half of the epic, Gilgamesh's distress at Enkidu's death causes him to undertake a long and perilous journey to discover the secret of eternal life. He eventually learns that "Life, which you look for, you will never find. For when the gods created man, they let death be his share, and life withheld in their own hands". However, because of his great building projects, his account of Siduri's advice, and what the immortal man Utnapishtim told him about the Great Flood, Gilgamesh's fame survived his death. His story has been translated into many languages, and in recent years has featured in works of popular fiction.

The City Dionysia

ancient dramatic festival in which tragedy, comedy, and satyric drama originated; it was held in Athens in March in honour of Dionysus, the god of wine.

Hathor

is an Ancient Egyptian goddess who personified the principles of joy, feminine love, and motherhood. She was one of the most important and popular deities throughout the history of Ancient Egypt. Hathor was worshiped by royalty and common people alike in whose tombs she is depicted as "Mistress of the West" welcoming the dead into the next life. In other roles she was a goddess of music, dance, foreign lands and fertility who helped women in childbirth, as well as the patron goddess of miners.

Comedy

any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or to amuse by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, television, film and stand-up comedy. The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece. In the Athenian democracy, the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters. The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict. Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a "Society of Youth" and a "Society of the Old", A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes. In this struggle, the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority, and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter. Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt, thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor. Parody subverts popular genres and forms, critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them.

Homer

best known as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. He was believed by the ancient Greeks to have been the first and greatest of the epic poets. Author of the first known literature of Europe, he had a lasting effect on the Western canon. Whether and when he lived is unknown. Herodotus estimates that Homer lived 400 years before his own time, which would place him at around 850 BCE. Pseudo-Herodotus estimates that he was born 622 years before Xerxes I placed a pontoon bridge over the Hellespont in 480 BCE, which would place him at 1102 BCE, 168 years after the fall of Troy in 1270 BCE. These two end points are 252 years apart, representative of the differences in dates given by the other sources. The importance of Homer to the ancient Greeks is described in Plato's "Republic", which portrays him as the protos didaskalos, "first teacher", of the tragedians, the hegemon paideias, "leader of Greek culture", and the ten Hellada pepaideukon, "teacher of [all] Greece".[3] Homer's works, which are about fifty percent speeches,[4] provided models in persuasive speaking and writing that were emulated throughout the ancient and medieval Greek worlds.[5] Fragments of Homer account for nearly half of all identifiable Greek literary papyrus finds in Egypt.[6]

Socrates

credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Plato's dialogues are among the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity, though it is unclear the degree to which Socrates himself is "hidden behind his 'best disciple', Plato". Through his portrayal in Plato's dialogues, Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics, and it is this Platonic Socrates who lends his name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic method, or elenchus. The latter remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions, and is a type of pedagogy in which a series of questions is asked not only to draw individual answers, but also to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand. Plato's Socrates also made important and lasting contributions to the field of epistemology, and the influence of his ideas and approach remains a strong foundation for much western philosophy that followed.

Euripides

one of the three great tragedians of classical Athens, the other two being Aeschylus and Sophocles. Some ancient scholars attributed ninety-five plays to him but according to the Suda it was ninety-two at most. Of these, eighteen or nineteen have survived more or less complete (there has been debate about his authorship of Rhesus, largely on stylistic grounds) and there are also fragments, some substantial, of most of the other plays. More of his plays have survived intact than those of Aeschylus and Sophocles together, partly due to mere chance and partly because his popularity grew as theirs declined he became, in the Hellenistic Age, a cornerstone of ancient literary education, along with Homer, Demosthenes and Menander.

Glauce

daughter of Creon. She married Jason. She was killed, along with her father, by Medea, who either sent her a peplos steeped in flammable poison or set fire to the royal palace. In the local Corinthian tradition, Glauce threw herself into a well in a vain attempt to wash off Medea's poison; from this circumstance the well became known as the Well of Glauce. Also known by the name Creusa, predominantly in Latin authors, e.g. Seneca (Medea) and Propertius (2.16.30). Hyginus (Fab. 25) uses both names interchangeably.

The Academy

founded by Plato (428/427 BC - 348/347 BC) in ca. 387 BC in Athens. Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC) studied there for twenty years (367 BC - 347 BC) before founding his own school, the Lyceum. The Academy persisted throughout the Hellenistic period as a skeptical school, until coming to an end after the death of Philo of Larissa in 83 BC. Although philosophers continued to teach Plato's philosophy in Athens during the Roman era, it was not until AD 410 that a revived Academy was re-established as a center for Neoplatonism, persisting until 529 AD when it was finally closed down by Justinian I.

Muses

in Greek mythology, poetry and literature, are the goddesses of the inspiration of literature, science, and the arts. They were considered the source of the knowledge, related orally for centuries in the ancient culture, that was contained in poetic lyrics and myths.

The Iliad

is an ancient Greek epic poem in dactylic hexameter, traditionally attributed to Homer. Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy (Ilium) by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles. Although the story covers only a few weeks in the final year of the war, the Iliad mentions or alludes to many of the Greek legends about the siege; the earlier events, such as the gathering of warriors for the siege, the cause of the war, and related concerns tend to appear near the beginning. Then the epic narrative takes up events prophesied for the future, such as Achilles' looming death and the sack of Troy, prefigured and alluded to more and more vividly, so that when it reaches an end, the poem has told a more or less complete tale of the Trojan War. The Iliad is paired with something of a sequel, the Odyssey, also attributed to Homer. Along with the Odyssey, the Iliad is among the oldest extant works of Western literature, and its written version is usually dated to around the eighth century BC.[2] Recent statistical modelling based on language evolution has found it to date to 760-710 BC.[3] In the modern vulgate (accepted version), the Iliad contains 15,693 lines; it is written in Homeric Greek, a literary amalgam of Ionic Greek and other dialects.

Poseidon

is one of the twelve Olympian deities of the pantheon in Greek mythology. His main domain is the ocean, and he is called the "God of the Sea". Additionally, he is referred to as "Earth-Shaker" due to his role in causing earthquakes, and has been called the "tamer of horses". He is usually depicted as an older male with curly hair and beard.

The Allegory of the Cave

is presented by the Greek philosopher Plato in his work The Republic (514a-520a) to compare "...the effect of education (παιδεία) and the lack of it on our nature". It is written as a dialogue between Plato's brother Glaucon and his mentor Socrates, narrated by the latter. The allegory is presented after the Analogy of the Sun (508b-509c) and the Analogy of the Divided Line (509d-513e). All three are characterized in relation to dialectic at the end of Books VII and VIII (531d-534e). Plato has Socrates describe a gathering of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all of their lives, facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the wall by things passing in front of a fire behind them, and begin to designate names to these shadows. The shadows are as close as the prisoners get to viewing reality. He then explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner who is freed from the cave and comes to understand that the shadows on the wall do not make up reality at all, as he can perceive the true form of reality rather than the mere shadows seen by the prisoners. Socrates remarks that this allegory can be taken with what was said before, namely the Analogy of the Sun and the Analogy of the Divided Line. In particular, he likens our perception of the world around us "to the habitation in prison, the firelight there to the sunlight here, the ascent and the view of the upper world is the rising of the soul into the world of the mind" (517b).

Enil

is the God of breath, wind, loft and breadth (height and distance). It was the name of a chief deity listed and written about in Sumerian religion, and later in Akkadian (Assyrian and Babylonian), Hittite, Canaanite and other Mesopotamian clay and stone tablets. The name is perhaps pronounced and sometimes rendered in translations as "Ellil" in later Akkadian, Hittite, and Canaanite literature. In later Akkadian, Enlil is the son of Anshar and Kishar.

Achilles' shield

is the shield that Achilles uses in his fight with Hector, famously described in a passage in Book 18, lines 478-608 of Homer's Iliad. In the poem, Achilles has lost his armour after lending it to his companion Patroclus. Patroclus has been killed in battle by Hector and his weapons taken as spoils. Achilles' mother Thetis asks the god Hephaestus to provide replacement armour for her son. The passage describing the shield is an early example of ekphrasis (a literary description of a work of visual art) and influenced many later poems, including the Shield of Heracles once attributed to Hesiod.[1] Virgil's description of the shield of Aeneas in Book Eight of the Aeneid is clearly modelled on Homer. The poem The Shield of Achilles (1952) by W. H. Auden reimagines Homer's description in 20th century terms.

Drama

is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning action (Classical Greek: δρᾶμα, drama), which is derived from the verb meaning to do or to act (Classical Greek: δράω, draō). The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production and a collective form of reception. The structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. The early modern tragedy Hamlet (1601) by Shakespeare and the classical Athenian tragedy Oedipus the King (c. 429 BC) by Sophocles are among the masterpieces of the art of drama. A modern example is Long Day's Journey into Night by Eugene O'Neill (1956). The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses, Thalia and Melpomene. Thalia was the Muse of comedy (the laughing face), while Melpomene was the Muse of tragedy (the weeping face). Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle's Poetics (c. 335 BC)—the earliest work of dramatic theory.

Cuneiform

one of the earliest known systems of writing, distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by means of a blunt reed for a stylus. The name cuneiform itself simply means "wedge shaped", from the Latin cuneus "wedge" and forma "shape," and came into English usage probably from Old French cunéiforme. In use in Sumer as early as the late 4th millennium B.C.E. (the Uruk IV period), cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. In the third millennium, the pictorial representations became simplified and more abstract as the number of characters in use grew smaller, from about 1,000 in the Early Bronze Age to about 400 in Late Bronze Age (Hittite cuneiform). The system consists of a combination of logophonetic, consonantal alphabetic and syllabic signs.

Horus

one of the oldest and most significant deities in ancient Egyptian religion, who was worshipped from at least the late Predynastic period through to Greco-Roman times. Different forms of Horus are recorded in history and these are treated as distinct gods by Egypt specialists. These various forms may possibly be different perceptions of the same multi-layered deity in which certain attributes or syncretic relationships are emphasized, not necessarily in opposition but complementary to one another, consistent with how the Ancient Egyptians viewed the multiple facets of reality. He was most often depicted as a falcon, most likely a lanner or peregrine, or as a man with a falcon head.

Irkalla

is the underworld from which there is no return. It is also called Arali, Kigal, Gizal, and the lower world. Irkalla is ruled by the goddess Ereshkigal and her consort, the death god Nergal. Irkalla was originally another name for Ereshkigal, who ruled the underworld alone until Nergal was sent to the underworld and seduced Ereshkigal (in Babylonian mythology). Both the deity and the location were called Irkalla, much like how Hades in Greek mythology is both the name of the underworld and the god who ruled it. The Sumerian netherworld was a place for the bodies of the dead to exist after death. One passed through the seven gates on their journey through the portal to the netherworld leaving articles of clothing and adornment at each gate, not necessarily by choice as there was a guardian at each gate to extract a toll for one's passage and to keep one from going the wrong way. The living spirits of the dead are only spoken of in connection with this netherworld when someone has been placed here before they are dead or wrongly killed and can be saved. The bodies of the dead decompose in this afterlife, as they would in the world above. As the subterranean destination for all who die, Irkalla is similar to Sheol of the Hebrew Bible or Hades of classic Greek mythology. It is different from more hopeful versions of the afterlife, such as those envisioned by the contemporaneous Egyptians and the later in Platonic philosophy, Judaism, and Christianity. However, Irkalla also differs from the Greek Tartarus and the Christian perspective of hell. Irkalla had no punishment or reward, being seen as a more dreary version of life above, with Erishkigal being seen as both warden and guardian of the dead rather than a sinister ruler like Satan or death gods of other religions.

Amunenshi

local ruler who gives Sinuhe his daughter in marriage and land in a place called Yaa

Hubristes

one who, uplifted with pride, either heaps insulting language upon others or does them some shameful act of wrong

The Greek Dark Ages

period of Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean palatial civilization around 1100 BC, to the first signs of the Greek poleis in the 9th century BC. The archaeological evidence shows a widespread collapse of Bronze Age civilization in the eastern Mediterranean world at the outset of the period, as the great palaces and cities of the Mycenaeans were destroyed or abandoned. Around this time, the Hittite civilization suffered serious disruption and cities from Troy to Gaza were destroyed. Following the collapse, fewer and smaller settlements suggest famine and depopulation. In Greece the Linear B writing of the Greek language used by Mycenaean bureaucrats ceased. The decoration on Greek pottery after ca 1100 BC lacks the figurative decoration of Mycenaean ware and is restricted to simpler, generally geometric styles (1000-700 BC). It was previously thought that all contact was lost between mainland Hellenes and foreign powers during this period, yielding little cultural progress or growth; however, artifacts from excavations at Lefkandi on the Lelantine Plain in Euboea show that significant cultural and trade links with the east, particularly the Levant coast, developed from c. 900 BC onwards, and evidence has emerged of the new presence of Hellenes in sub-Mycenaean Cyprus and on the Syrian coast at Al Mina.

Works and days

poem of some 800 lines written by the ancient Greek poet Hesiod around 700 BCE. At its center, the Works and Days is a farmer's almanac in which Hesiod instructs his brother Perses in the agricultural arts. Scholars have seen this work against a background of agrarian crisis in mainland Greece, which inspired a wave of colonial expeditions in search of new land. In the poem Hesiod also offers his brother extensive moralizing advice on how he should live his life. The Works and Days is perhaps best known for its two mythological aetiologies for the toil and pain that define the human condition: the story of Prometheus and Pandora, and the so-called Myth of Five Ages.

Mimesis

representation or imitation of the real world in art and literature.

pictographic

representing concepts or ideas, rather than a specific word in a language), and pictographic scripts (in which the graphemes are iconic pictures) are not thought to be able to express all that can be communicated by language, as argued by the linguists John DeFrancis and J. Marshall Unger. Essentially, they postulate that no full writing system can be completely pictographic or ideographic; it must be able to refer directly to a language in order to have the full expressive capacity of a language. Unger disputes claims made on behalf of Blissymbols in his 2004 book Ideogram. Although a few pictographic or ideographic scripts exist today, there is no single way to read them, because there is no one-to-one correspondence between symbol and language. Hieroglyphs were commonly thought to be ideographic before they were translated, and to this day Chinese is often erroneously said to be ideographic. In some cases of ideographic scripts, only the author of a text can read it with any certainty, and it may be said that they are interpreted rather than read. Such scripts often work best as mnemonic aids for oral texts, or as outlines that will be fleshed out in speech.

Titans

ruled the earth before the Olympians overthrew them. The ruler of the Titans was Cronus who was de-throned by his son Zeus. Most of the Titans fought with Cronus against Zeus and were punished by being banished to Tartarus.

Zeus

rules the Olympians of Mount Olympus, according to the ancient Greek religion. He is the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology. Zeus is etymologically cognate with and, under Hellenic influence, became particularly closely identified with Roman Jupiter.

Paris

son of Priam, king of Troy, appears in a number of Greek legends. Probably the best-known was his elopement with Helen, queen of Sparta, this being one of the immediate causes of the Trojan War. Later in the war, he fatally wounds Achilles in the heel with an arrow, as foretold by Achilles's mother, Thetis. The name Paris is probably Luwian and comparable to Pari-zitis attested as a Hittite scribe's name.

Sarpedon

son of Zeus and Europa, and brother to Minos and Rhadamanthys. He was raised by the king Asterion and then, banished by Minos, his rival in love for the young Miletus or Atymnius, he sought refuge with his uncle, Cilix. Sarpedon conquered the Milyans, and ruled over them; his kingdom was named Lycia, after his successor, Lycus, son of Pandion II. Zeus granted him the privilege of living three generations.

Ishtar

the East Semitic Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonian goddess of fertility, love, war, and sex. She is the counterpart to the Sumerian Inanna, and is the cognate for the Northwest Semitic Aramean goddess Astarte.

Maat

the ancient Egyptian concept of truth, balance, order, law, morality, and justice. Maat was also personified as a goddess regulating the stars, seasons, and the actions of both mortals and the deities, who set the order of the universe from chaos at the moment of creation. Her ideological counterpart was Isfet.

Xenia

the ancient Greek concept of hospitality, the generosity and courtesy shown to those who are far from home and/or associates of the person bestowing guest-friendship. The rituals of hospitality created and expressed a reciprocal relationship between guest and host expressed in both material benefits (such as the giving of gifts to each party) as well as non-material ones (such as protection, shelter, favors, or certain normative rights). The Greek god Zeus is sometimes called Zeus Xenios in his role as a protector of travelers. He thus embodied the religious obligation to be hospitable to travelers. Theoxeny or theoxenia is a theme in Greek mythology in which humans demonstrate their virtue or piety by extending hospitality to a humble stranger (xenos), who turns out to be a disguised deity (theos) with the capacity to bestow rewards. These stories caution mortals that any guest should be treated as if potentially a disguised divinity and help establish the idea of xenia as a fundamental Greek custom. The term theoxenia also covered entertaining among the gods themselves, a popular subject in classical art, which was revived at the Renaissance in works depicting a Feast of the Gods.

Polytheism

the belief in or worship of more than one god

Monotheism

the doctrine or belief that there is only one God.

Ur-Shanbi

the ferryman of the Hubur, river of the dead in Mesopotamian mythology. His equivalent in Greek Mythology was Charon.

Pandora

the first human woman created by the gods, specifically by Hephaestus and Athena on the instructions of Zeus. As Hesiod related it, each god helped create her by giving her unique gifts. Zeus ordered Hephaestus to mold her out of earth as part of the punishment of humanity for Prometheus' theft of the secret of fire, and all the gods joined in offering her "seductive gifts". Her other name—inscribed against her figure on a white-ground kylix in the British Museum—is Anesidora, "she who sends up gifts (up implying "from below" within the earth). According to the myth, Pandora opened a jar (pithos), in modern accounts sometimes mistranslated as "Pandora's box" (see below), releasing all the evils of humanity—although the particular evils, aside from plagues and diseases, are not specified in detail by Hesiod—leaving only Hope inside once she had closed it again. She opened the jar out of simple curiosity and not as a malicious act. The Pandora myth is a kind of theodicy, addressing the question of why there is evil in the world.

Shamhat

the old Babylonian version of Gilgamesh".) is the name of a female character who appears in Tablets I/and II of the Epic of Gilgamesh and is mentioned in Tablet VII. She is a sacred prostitute who plays a significant role in bringing the wild man Enkidu into contact with civilization.

Aetiology

the philosophy or study of causation

Ouranos

the primal Greek god personifying the sky. His equivalent in Roman mythology was Caelus. In Ancient Greek literature, Uranus or Father Sky was the son and husband of Gaia, Mother Earth. According to Hesiod's Theogony, Uranus was conceived by Gaia alone, but other sources cite Aether as his father. Uranus and Gaia were the parents of the first generation of Titans, and the ancestors of most of the Greek gods, but no cult addressed directly to Uranus survived into Classical times, and Uranus does not appear among the usual themes of Greek painted pottery. Elemental Earth, Sky and Styx might be joined, however, in a solemn invocation in Homeric epic.

Catharsis

the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions.

Senwosret

the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled from 1971 BC to 1926 BC, and was one of the most powerful kings of this Dynasty. He was the son of Amenemhat I and his wife Nefertitanen. His wife and sister was Neferu. She was also the mother of the successor Amenemhat II. Senusret I was known by his prenomen, Kheperkare, which means "the Ka of Re is created." He continued his father's aggressive expansionist policies against Nubia by initiating two expeditions into this region in his 10th and 18th years and established Egypt's formal southern border near the second cataract where he placed a garrison and a victory stele. He also organized an expedition to a Western Desert oasis in the Libyan desert. Senusret I established diplomatic relations with some rulers of towns in Syria and Canaan. He also tried to centralize the country's political structure by supporting nomarchs who were loyal to him. His pyramid was constructed at el-Lisht. Senusret I is mentioned in the Story of Sinuhe where he is reported to have rushed back to the royal palace in Memphis from a military campaign in Asia after hearing about the assassination of his father, Amenemhat I.

Agamemnon

the son of king Atreus and queen Aerope of Mycenae, the brother of Menelaus, the husband of Clytemnestra and the father of Iphigenia, Electra or Laodike (Λαοδίκη), Orestes and Chrysothemis. Mythical legends make him the king of Mycenae or Argos, thought to be different names for the same area. When Helen, the wife of Menelaus, ran off with Paris of Troy, Agamemnon commanded the united Greek armed forces in the ensuing Trojan War. Upon Agamemnon's return from Troy, he was murdered (according to the oldest surviving account, Odyssey 11.409-11) by Aegisthus, the lover of his wife, Clytemnestra. In old versions of the story, "[t]he scene of the murder, when it is specified, is usually the house of Aegisthus, who has not taken up residence in Agamemnon's palace, and it involves an ambush and the deaths of Agamemnon's followers too". In some later versions Clytemnestra herself does the killing, or they do it together, in his own home.

Philosophy

the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language

Hera

the wife and one of three sisters of Zeus in the Olympian pantheon of Greek mythology and religion. Her chief function was as the goddess of women and marriage. Her counterpart in the religion of ancient Rome was Juno. The cow, lion and the peacock were considered sacred to her. Hera's mother is Rhea and her father Cronus

Andromache

the wife of Hector, daughter of Eetion, and sister to Podes. She was born and raised in the city of Cilician Thebe, over which her father ruled. The name means "battle of a man", from ἀνδρός (andros) "of a man" and μάχη (machē) "battle". During the Trojan War, Hector was killed by Achilles, and the Greek herald Talthybius threw Astyanax, son of Hector and Andromache, from the city walls. Neoptolemus took Andromache as a concubine and Hector's brother, Helenus, as a slave. By Neoptolemus, she was the mother of Molossus, and according to Pausanias, of Pielus and Pergamus. When Neoptolemus died, Andromache married Helenus and became Queen of Epirus. Pausanias also implies that Helenus' son, Cestrinus, was by Andromache. Andromache eventually went to live with Pergamus in Pergamum, where she died of old age.

Humbaba

was a monstrous giant of immemorial age raised by Utu, the Sun. Humbaba was the guardian of the Cedar Forest, where the gods lived, by the will of the god Enlil, who "assigned [Humbaba] as a terror to human beings." He is the brother of Pazuzu and Enki and son of Hanbi.

Medea

was the daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis, niece of Circe, granddaughter of the sun god Helios, and later wife to the hero Jason, with whom she had two children, Mermeros and Pheres. In Euripides's play Medea, Jason leaves Medea when Creon, king of Corinth, offers him his daughter, Glauce. The play tells of Medea avenging her husband's betrayal by slaying their children. The myths involving Jason have been interpreted as part of a class of myths that tell how the Hellenes of the distant heroic age, before the Trojan War, faced the challenges of the pre-Greek "Pelasgian" cultures of mainland Greece, the Aegean and Anatolia. Jason, Perseus, Theseus, and above all Heracles, are all "liminal" figures, poised on the threshold between the old world of shamans, chthonic earth deities, and the new Bronze Age Greek ways. Medea figures in the myth of Jason and the Argonauts, a myth known best from a late literary version worked up by Apollonius of Rhodes in the 3rd century BC and called the Argonautica. However, for all its self-consciousness and researched archaic vocabulary, the late epic was based on very old, scattered materials. Medea is known in most stories as an enchantress and is often depicted as being a priestess of the goddess Hecate or a witch. The myth of Jason and Medea is very old, originally written around the time Hesiod wrote the Theogony. It was known to the composer of the Little Iliad, part of the Epic Cycle.

hieroglyphics

were a formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians that combined logographic and alphabetic elements. Egyptians used cursive hieroglyphs for religious literature on papyrus and wood. Less formal variations of the script, called hieratic and demotic, are technically not hieroglyphs.