ENGL 101

Paraphrase

1. A signal tag 2. Same length as the original 3. The student's own words and sentence structure 4. No quotations are used 5. An ending citation 6. Sentence of incorporation

If you need to explain the controlling sentence a bit more, ___________.

Add another sentence

If an independent clause begins the sentence and is followed by a dependent clause, then no comma is necessary.

Adding unnecessary commas before dependent clauses that end the sentence

Subordinating Conjunctions

Although, because, while, since, after, if, or when

The word the pronoun refers to

Antecedent

HTML sources: If you use something other than the author's name in the signal tag, then use the _________________ in the ending citation.

Author's name

The endiong citation consists of one or two elements

Author's name and page number

When source is using a source, incorporate _______ authors in signal tag.

Both

Follows the controlling sentence Provides support and further development based on the beginning sentence Opinion and any source material should focus on subject

Detail sentences

Filling

Detail sentences: offers examples that support your controlling sentence

One historian, John Smith notes, "DQ" (21). [SOI]

Dialogue (first time used)

Smith says, "DQ" (21). [SOI] One historian notes, "DQ" (Smith 21). [SOI]

Dialogue (second time used)

Direct Quotations signal tags

Dialogue, Phrasal, embedded, complete sentence with a colon

Involves the exact phrasing as it appears in the original passage You must use quotation marks Any added or changed information belongs in brackets and any omitted information is indicated by ellipses

Direct Quotations

Three ways to incorporate sources

Direct quotations Summaries Paraphrases

Sara Wilson, a columnist, notes that "[d]Q" (21). [SOI]

Embedded (first time)

Senator Bill Rogers supports the idea that the S or P (25). [SOI]

Embedded (first time)

Rogers supports the idea that S or P (25). [SOI] One senator supports the idea that S or P (Rogers 25). [SOI]

Embedded (second time)

HTML sources: If—and only if— the paragraphs or sections are numbered in the HTML or web-based work, that you will use the appropriate ________ or number: (par. 4) or (sec. 4)

Label

After you have used the source at least once, the author's ___________ is sufficient; however, the author's name musty be used either in the _____________ or the ________________.

Last name, signal tag, ending citation

Source material should not _________ your arguments for you.

Make

If the second independent clause is changed to a dependent clause then ________ commma between the clauses.

NO

Thesis Statement Definition

Narrowed topic + a specific claim about that topic + main points to support that claim

If the author's name is already in the signal tag, it will _______ appear in the ending citation. (The opposite is true)

Not

Source material should be a way of showing that your arguments are not just based on your own ________.

Opinions

The same length as the original passage Using your own words and sentence structure Does not include you own opinion or reflection

Paraphrases

According to Fred Jones, who wrote, "Going Home," "DQ" (21). [SOI]

Phrasal (first time used)

The verb tense in MLA

Present

________ occurs when a writer repeats the same words or phrases unnecessarily.

Repetition

Incorporating source material formula

Signal tag + Source material + Ending citation + SOI

Grammar Concern: Dangling modifiers

The modifier (usually a phrase) refers to something missing from the sentence.

Grammar Concern: Misplaced modifier

The modifier is simply in the wrong place in the sentence

Grammar Concern: Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement

The pronoun and its antecedent do not agree in number and/or gender

Grammar Concern: Subject Verb Agreement

The verb and subject do not match in number

_________ will smooth and advance the point that you are making. __________ need to be chosen carefully. Avoid simplistic ones.

Transitions, transitions

In the concluding sentence, a "hook" or a "lead-in" sentence for the next paragraph will interfere with paragraph ________.

Unity

What evidence can you use to support your controlling sentence?

Universal knowledge or examples Source Material

Avoid _________.

absolutes

Using There is/are/was/were forces you to use a "______" verb.

be

Using There is/are/was/were can result in a _________ sentence.

boring

"To be" verbs indicate _______.

existence

Conjunctions (FANBOYS)

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

"To be" verbs

is, am, are, was, were

Avoid overuse of _____.

it

Words that have—over time—- become rather vague and do not hold a strong specific ________.

meaning

As a general rule, after the word "this", you should have a ______ to clarify what you mean.

noun

Avoid _______ and ________.

redundancy, repetition

Absolutes require special attention because they can lead to __________, __________, or a "charged tone".

stereotypes, logical fallacies

Using There is/are/was/were makes it difficult to identify the ________. You may end up creating a ______________ agreement problem inadvertently.

subject, subject-verb

Avoid over using _______ verbs

to be

Avoid _______ references

unclear

Avoid _______ words or phrases

weak

Direct Quotations (4 or fewer full typed lines)

1. A signal tag 2. Copied exactly like the original passage 3. Quotation marks around the specific passage 4. The quote is blended grammatically into the paragraph 5. An ending citation 6. Sentence of incorporation

Summary

1. A signal tag 2. Shortened version of the original passage 3. The student's own words and sentence structure 4. No quotations are used 5. An ending citation 6. Sentence of incorporation

The source material you include in your essays is meant to provide extra _____ for ________ that you are making on your own.

Support, arguments

Direct Quotations (more than 4 full typed lines-Block quotation)

1. Signal tag should be a complete sentence with a colon 2. The quoted material must be more than 4 typed lines 3. Indented 1 tab on the left (an additional 1/2- inch from the margin) 4. No quotation marks are used around the passage (except those used in the passage) 5. Punctuation goes before the ending citation 6. After they block quotation, the student should have sentences of incorporation to analyze the quotation

Ways to fix a comma splice

1. Use a comma and a conjunction 2. Use a semi-colon 3. Use a semi-colon, a conjunctive adverb, and a comma 4. Make them independent sentences 5. Make one of the independent clauses a dependent clause by using a subordinating conjunctions

Grammar concern: Comma splices

A comma separates two complete sentences

Grammar Concern: Sentence Fragments

A sentence fragment may be missing its subject or its predicate, or it could be a dependent clause apart from a full sentence

If the first independent clause is changed to a dependent clause, then a comma goes _______________ the clauses.

Between

In an either/or situation, the verb takes the number of the __________ subject.

Closest

An introductory phrase is like a clause, but it does not have its own subject and verb. This type of phrase has to depend on the main clause.

Commas after an introductory phrase

In most cases, an adverb at the beginning of a sentence should have a comma.

Commas after introductory adverbs

A dependent clause is also called a subordinating clause, which means that it cannot stand on its own as a complete sentence. Most of the time it will begin with a dependent word or a subordinating conjunction

Commas after introductory dependent clause that begin the sentence

Commas are used to separate items in a list

Commas in a series

Melissa Price, department chair, notes that the lab needs additional funding: "DQ" (21). [SOI]

Complete sentence with a colon (first time)

Price explains that the lab needs additional funding: "DQ" (21). [SOI] The department chair notes that lab needs additional funding: "DQ" (21). [SOI]

Complete sentence with a colon (second time)

Last sentence that will "wrap-up" the discussion that you have presented in the rest of the paragraph Consists of your own ideas

Concluding sentence

Bottom Bun

Concluding sentence: connects back to your controlling sentence

The topic sentence literally controls the entire paragraph ties back to the thesis which strengthen the essay's coherence its key is the Roman numerals

Controlling sentence

Body Paragraph Parts

Controlling sentence, detail sentences concluding sentence

Top Bun

Controlling sentence: determines what will be covered in the paragraph

Wilson says that "[d]Q" (21). [SOI] One columnist says that "[d]Q" (Wilson 21). [SOI]

Embedded (second time)

A "fragment for _________" is also considered a sentence fragment.

Emphasis

Explain your ________.

Evidence

Insert your _________ smoothly so that your readers move from words to the evidence without experiencing an abrupt _________ in the reading.

Evidence, shift

If it is obvious that only one gender is being discussed then, of course, use the pronoun that __________ that gender.

Fits

As you create the concluding sentence, maintain your ________ on the paragraph topic.

Focus

If it is the first time you have used this source, then you must include the author's ___________ and some sort of qualification. This qualification could be the title of the article or the essay (unless it is too long) or information about the author.

Full name

The backbone of written communication.

Grammar

Conjunctive adverbs

However, therefore, otherwise, meanwhile, on the other hand

Shortened versions of the original passage detailing only the key information from the original source Does not include any opinion other than thatreflected in the source itself

Summaries

According to Mike Ritch, editor of The New Vision, S or P (25). [SOI]

Phrasal (first time)

According to Jones, "DQ" (21). [SOI] According to one author, "DQ" (Jones 21). [SOI]

Phrasal (second time used)

According to Ritch, S or P (25). [SOI] According to one editor, S or P (Ritch 25). [SOI]

Phrasal (second time)

Summaries and paraphrases use only two types of signal tags

Phrasal and embedded

In order to eliminate awkward constructions, make the ___________ and its ___________ plural when possible.

Pronoun, antecedent

Ask yourself: how does this evidence ________ the point you are trying to make in this paragraph?

Prove

When source is using a source, _______ the original author in your signal tag and place the name of your source in the ending citation and works cited page.

Quote

________ occurs when a writer repeats the same idea or phrase in the essay.

Redundancy

Shows how that material links to your point Forces you to discuss your own arguments Separates one source from the other NOT summaries or restatements of the source material

Sentences of Incorporation

Grammar concern: Improper parallelism

Similar construction is needed when using a series

__________ words or phrases are created through cultural use, and usually have a limited life. They are considered to be too casual for formal writing.

Slang

Do not end your paragraph with ___________.

Source material

Avoid beginning sentences with _________ is/are/was/were

There

The one sentence that truly guides the direction of the essay

Thesis statement

If you are pulling a quote from a film or video, the ending citation will have the ______________ to help he reader locate the specific segment of the work.

Time marker

HTML sources: If you use the author's name in the signal tag, then the ____________ can be used in the ending citation.

Title of the essay

Remember that strong verbs (_________) add life to your sentence.

action

The overuse of "to be" verbs prevents the use of strong _______ verbs which enrich the meaning of the sentences. Overuse can become repetitive.

action