English 11 Midterm
Works In Time-Based Media: Works-Cited Entry:
"Hush." Buffy the Vampire Slayer (italics), created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, Mutant Enemy, 1999.
Corresponding Entry in the List of Works Cited:
"The Impact of Global Warming in North America". (INDENT HERE) Global Warming: Early Signs. (Italics). 1999. Accessed 23 Mar. 2009.
Optional Elements: Date Of Access:
"Under the Gun." Pretty Little Liars, season 4, episode 6, ABC Family, 16 July 2013. Hulu, www.hulu.com/watch/511318. Accessed 23 July 2013.
Does Ralph Survive?
As Simon predicts when he tells Ralph, "You'll get back all right," Ralph does survive, barely. Toward the end of the novel, Jack and his tribe hunt Ralph in order to kill him. Some of the boys even start a fire to smoke Ralph out of hiding. In a panic, Ralph runs down to the beach, where he unexpectedly ends up at the feet of a naval officer who saw the smoke from the fire raging out of control on the island. The presence of an adult brings an end to the boys' savage activities and saves Ralph's life.
Author.
Begin the entry with the author's last name, followed by a comma and the rest of the name, as presented in the work. End this element with a period.
Skinner
Behaviourism. Reward/punishment. Assumption fo behaviour as reaction, not self determined.
Publication Date, Examples:
Belton, John. "Painting by the Numbers: The Digital Intermediate." Film Quarterly, vol. 61, no. 3, Spring 2008, pp. 58-65. "Hush." Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, Mutant Enemy, 1999.
Title Of Source.
Books and websites should be in italics. EX. Hollmichel, Stefanie. So Many Books (italics). 2003-13, somanybooksblog.com. Linett, Maren Tova. Modernism, Feminism, and Jewishness (italics). Cambridge UP, 2007. Periodicals (journal, magazine, newspaper article), television episodes, and songs should be put in quotation marks. EX. Beyoncé. "Pretty Hurts." Beyoncé, Parkwood Entertainment, 2013, www.beyonce.com/album/beyonce/?media_view=songs. Goldman, Anne. "Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante." The Georgia Review (italics), vol. 64, no. 1, 2010, pp. 69-88.
Works In Time-Based Media: In-Text Example:
Buffy's promise that "there's not going to be any incidents like at my old school" is obviously not one on which she can follow through ("Hush" 00:03:16-17).
For the Following Print Source
Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. U of California P, 1966. -If the essay provides a single word or phrase - usually the author's last name - the citation does not need to also include that information.
Confucius
Golden rule (different from christian). Rules for order in society. Can follow rules (external) or understand them (internal - li/ren). Li = concept often rendered as "ritual," "proper conduct," or "propriety." Originally li denoted court rites performed to sustain social and cosmic order. Ren = (meaning "humanity" or "humaneness") is the Confucian virtue denoting the good quality of a virtuous human when being altruistic. Ren is exemplified by a normal adult's protective feelings for children. It is considered the outward expression of Confucian ideals. People follow rules, leaders understand them.
Publisher, Examples:
Harris, Charles "Teenie." Woman in a Paisley Shirt behind Counter in Record Store. Teenie Harris Archive, Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, teenie.cmoa.org/interactive/index.html#date08. Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford UP, 2011. Kuzui, Fran Rubel, director. Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Twentieth Century Fox, 1992.
In-Text Example For Omitting Words:
In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that "some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale . . . and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs" (78).
LOTF Plot Overview
In the midst of a raging war, a plane evacuating a group of schoolboys from Britain is shot down over a deserted tropical island. Two of the boys, Ralph and Piggy, discover a conch shell on the beach, and Piggy realizes it could be used as a horn to summon the other boys. Once assembled, the boys set about electing a leader and devising a way to be rescued. They choose Ralph as their leader, and Ralph appoints another boy, Jack, to be in charge of the boys who will hunt food for the entire group. Ralph, Jack, and another boy, Simon, set off on an expedition to explore the island. When they return, Ralph declares that they must light a signal fire to attract the attention of passing ships. The boys succeed in igniting some dead wood by focusing sunlight through the lenses of Piggy's eyeglasses. However, the boys pay more attention to playing than to monitoring the fire, and the flames quickly engulf the forest. A large swath of dead wood burns out of control, and one of the youngest boys in the group disappears, presumably having burned to death. At first, the boys enjoy their life without grown-ups and spend much of their time splashing in the water and playing games. Ralph, however, complains that they should be maintaining the signal fire and building huts for shelter. The hunters fail in their attempt to catch a wild pig, but their leader, Jack, becomes increasingly preoccupied with the act of hunting. When a ship passes by on the horizon one day, Ralph and Piggy notice, to their horror, that the signal fire—which had been the hunters' responsibility to maintain—has burned out. Furious, Ralph accosts Jack, but the hunter has just returned with his first kill, and all the hunters seem gripped with a strange frenzy, reenacting the chase in a kind of wild dance. Piggy criticizes Jack, who hits Piggy across the face. Ralph blows the conch shell and reprimands the boys in a speech intended to restore order. At the meeting, it quickly becomes clear that some of the boys have started to become afraid. The littlest boys, known as "littluns," have been troubled by nightmares from the beginning, and more and more boys now believe that there is some sort of beast or monster lurking on the island. The older boys try to convince the others at the meeting to think rationally, asking where such a monster could possibly hide during the daytime. One of the littluns suggests that it hides in the sea—a proposition that terrifies the entire group. Not long after the meeting, some military planes engage in a battle high above the island. The boys, asleep below, do not notice the flashing lights and explosions in the clouds. A parachutist drifts to earth on the signal-fire mountain, dead. Sam and Eric, the twins responsible for watching the fire at night, are asleep and do not see the parachutist land. When the twins wake up, they see the enormous silhouette of his parachute and hear the strange flapping noises it makes. Thinking the island beast is at hand, they rush back to the camp in terror and report that the beast has attacked them. The boys organize a hunting expedition to search for the monster. Jack and Ralph, who are increasingly at odds, travel up the mountain. They see the silhouette of the parachute from a distance and think that it looks like a huge, deformed ape. The group holds a meeting at which Jack and Ralph tell the others of the sighting. Jack says that Ralph is a coward and that he should be removed from office, but the other boys refuse to vote Ralph out of power. Jack angrily runs away down the beach, calling all the hunters to join him. Ralph rallies the remaining boys to build a new signal fire, this time on the beach rather than on the mountain. They obey, but before they have finished the task, most of them have slipped away to join Jack. Jack declares himself the leader of the new tribe of hunters and organizes a hunt and a violent, ritual slaughter of a sow to solemnize the occasion. The hunters then decapitate the sow and place its head on a sharpened stake in the jungle as an offering to the beast. Later, encountering the bloody, fly-covered head, Simon has a terrible vision, during which it seems to him that the head is speaking. The voice, which he imagines as belonging to the Lord of the Flies, says that Simon will never escape him, for he exists within all men. Simon faints. When he wakes up, he goes to the mountain, where he sees the dead parachutist. Understanding then that the beast does not exist externally but rather within each individual boy, Simon travels to the beach to tell the others what he has seen. But the others are in the midst of a chaotic revelry—even Ralph and Piggy have joined Jack's feast—and when they see Simon's shadowy figure emerge from the jungle, they fall upon him and kill him with their bare hands and teeth. The following morning, Ralph and Piggy discuss what they have done. Jack's hunters attack them and their few followers and steal Piggy's glasses in the process. Ralph's group travels to Jack's stronghold in an attempt to make Jack see reason, but Jack orders Sam and Eric tied up and fights with Ralph. In the ensuing battle, one boy, Roger, rolls a boulder down the mountain, killing Piggy and shattering the conch shell. Ralph barely manages to escape a torrent of spears. Ralph hides for the rest of the night and the following day, while the others hunt him like an animal. Jack has the other boys ignite the forest in order to smoke Ralph out of his hiding place. Ralph stays in the forest, where he discovers and destroys the sow's head, but eventually, he is forced out onto the beach, where he knows the other boys will soon arrive to kill him. Ralph collapses in exhaustion, but when he looks up, he sees a British naval officer standing over him. The officer's ship noticed the fire raging in the jungle. The other boys reach the beach and stop in their tracks at the sight of the officer. Amazed at the spectacle of this group of bloodthirsty, savage children, the officer asks Ralph to explain. Ralph is overwhelmed by the knowledge that he is safe but, thinking about what has happened on the island, he begins to weep. The other boys begin to sob as well. The officer turns his back so that the boys may regain their composure.
Voltaire
Individual rights. State's job to protect freedoms of (serve) the individual. Inverse of previous thinking - ind. serves state. Freedom of speech, religion, and ownership.
Quoting More Than Four Lines Of Prose: In-Text Example:
Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes (indent this line and every line after) him throughout her narration: They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obligated to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house (Bronte 78).
Rand
Objectivism. Self-interest. Laissez-faire capitalism, free market economy.
Who Is The First Boy To Die On The Island?
One of the "littluns"—the boy with the mulberry-colored birthmark—is the first boy to die. The fact that "that other boy whose mulberry-marked face had not been seen since the evening of the great fire" indicates that he died when the initial signal fire raged out of control. While this first death seems insignificant, it foreshadows the other deaths that will happen as the situation with the boys spirals out of control, just like that first fire.
Superego
Operates as a moral conscience.
What Does Simon Want To Tell The Other Boys?
Simon wants to tell the boys the truth about the beast, who the boys think is real. After his epileptic fit, Simon encounters the dead pilot and recognizes that the beast is, in fact, just a dead man that may be frightening but can't hurt them. Simon "turned to the poor broken thing that sat stinking by his side. The beast was harmless and horrible; and the news must reach the others as soon as possible."
Work By Multiple Authors: In-Text Examples:
Smith et al. argues that tougher gun control is not needed in the United States (76). The authors state: "Tighter gun control in the United States erodes Second Amendment rights" (Smith et al. 76). A 2016 study suggests that stricter gun control in the United States will significantly prevent accidental shootings (Strong and Ellis 23).
Nietzsche
Ubermensch. Will to power. Master/slave morality.
Bentham
Utilitarianism. Greatest good for the greatest number. Hedonic (felicitic) calculus.
Ren
(Meaning "humanity" or "humaneness") is the Confucian virtue denoting the good quality of a virtuous human when being altruistic. Ren is exemplified by a normal adult's protective feelings for children. It is considered the outward expression of Confucian ideals.
Optional Elements: URLs:
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An MLA Paper Should:
-Be typed on white 8.5" x 11" paper. -Double-space everything. -Use 12 pt. Times New Roman (or similar) font. -Leave only one space after punctuation. -Set all margins to one inch on all sides. -Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch. -Have a header with page numbers located in the upper right-hand corner. -Use italics for titles of container works (eg., books) and quotation marks for sources within containers (eg., chapters within books). -Place endnotes on a separate page before the list of works cited.
The First Page of an MLA Style Paper Will:
-Have no title page. -Double space everything. -List your name, your instructor's name, the course, and date in the upper left hand corner. -Center the paper title (use standard caps but no underlining, italics, quote marks, or bold typeface). -Create a header in the upper right corner at half inch from the top and one inch from the right of the page (list your last name and page number here).
Section Headings are Generally Optional:
-Headings in an essay should usually be numbered. -Headings should be consistent in grammar and formatting but, otherwise, are up to you.
An In-Text Citation Is A Brief Reference In Your Text That Indicates The Source You Consulted.
-It should direct readers to the entry in your works-cited list for that source. -It should be unobtrusive: provide the citation information without interrupting your own text. -in general, the in-text citation will be the author's last name (or abbreviated title) with a page number, enclosed in parentheses.
Citing Multivolume Works: In-Text Example:
... as Quintilian wrote in Institutio Oratoria (italics) (1: 14-17).
Each Entry In The List Of Works Cited Is Made Up Of Core Elements Given In A Specific Order. The Core Elements Should Be Listed In The Order In Which They Appear Here. Each Element Is Followed By A Punctuation Mark Shown Here.
1) Author. 2) Title of source. 3) Title of container, 4) Other contributors, 5) Version, 6) Number, 7) Publisher, 8) Publication date, 9) Location.
Number,
If a source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a multi-volume book, or journal with both volume and issue numbers, those numbers must be listed in your citation.
Dadaism/Surrealism
Movements forming out of despair and meaninglessness. Surreal uses formality of realism but punctures it by creating things that are beyond real.
(Section Headings) Numbered (All Flush Left With No Underlining, Bold, or Italics): Example:
1. Soil Conservation 1.1 Erosion 1.2 Terracing 2. Water Conservation 3. Energy Conservation
Thoreau
Naturalism. Transcendentalism. Civil disobedience as responsibility to disobey unjust laws nonviolently.
What Is The Conch And What Does It Symbolize?
A conch is a type of mollusk with a pink and white shell in the shape of a spiral. Once the animal inside dies, the shell can be used as a trumpet by blowing into one end. In Lord of the Flies, the boys use a conch to call meetings and also to designate who is speaking. In this way, the conch symbolizes democracy and free speech - anyone who is holding the conch can speak his mind, and everyone else must listen and wait their turns for the conch. However, the fact that the conch is easily broken, signalling the end of civil communication, symbolizes the fragility of democracy, which needs protection by all participants in order to survive.
Short Prose Quotations: In-Text Example:
According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though others disagree. According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (184). Is it possible that dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184)?
Location, Examples:
Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. "On Monday of Last Week." The Thing around Your Neck, Alfred A. Knopf, 2009, pp. 74-94. Deresiewicz, William. "The Death of the Artist—and the Birth of the Creative Entrepreneur." The Atlantic, 28 Dec. 2014, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/01/the-death-of-the-artist-and-the-birth-of-the-creative-entrepreneur/383497/. Bearden, Romare. The Train. 1975, Museum of Modern Art, New York.
How Does Simon Die?
After talking to the Lord of the Flies, Simon discovers the body of the paratrooper on the mountain and realizes the boys have mistaken the corpse for the beast. Meanwhile, Jack and his boys have been chanting and dancing around the fire, whipping themselves into a bloodthirsty frenzy. When Simon appears and attempts to explain the true identity of the beast, the boys mistake him for the beast itself and attack and kill him. Later, Piggy tries to deny that he and Ralph were involved in Simon's murder, but Ralph insists on acknowledging that they participated.
Authors With Same Last Names: In-Text Example:
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).
Chomsky
Anarcho-syndicalism. Criticism of governments acting on behalf of citizens.
Why Is Ralph Chosen To Be The Cheif?
At Piggy's suggestion, Ralph uses a conch to call a meeting with all the boys stranded on the island. Ralph then organizes the boys and suggests that they decide on a chief. Ralph is chosen because, as Golding observes, "there was a stillness about Ralph as he sat that marked him out: there was his size, and attractive appearance; and most obscurely, yet most powerfully, there was the conch. The being that had blown that, had sat waiting for them on the platform with the delicate thing balanced on his knees, was set apart." The boys recognize Ralph as a natural leader, and they associate him with civilization because the conch recalls the bullhorns adults would have used to organize the boys back home.
What Is The Beast?
At first, the beast is what the "littluns" call the scary things in the night, and it soon represents the unknown and the boys' fears. Simon discovers that the beast is, in fact, a dead pilot who, readers learn, fell to the island during the night: "There was a speck above the island, a figure dropping swiftly beneath a parachute, a figure that hung with dangling limbs." Belief in the beast is fueled by Sam and Eric, who hear the opening and closing of the parachute, and by Jack, Ralph, and Roger, who encounter the decayed body of the pilot without recognizing that it is a dead human body, not a beast
Author. Examples:
Baron, Naomi S. "Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media." PMLA (italics), vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193-200. Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction (italics). Oxford UP, 2011.
Number, Examples:
Baron, Naomi S. "Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media." PMLA, vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193-200. "Hush." Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, Mutant Enemy, 1999. Wellek, René. A History of Modern Criticism, 1750-1950. Vol. 5, Yale UP, 1986.
Title of Container, Examples:
Bazin, Patrick. "Toward Metareading." The Future of the Book, edited by Geoffrey Nunberg, U of California P, 1996, pp. 153-68. Hollmichel, Stefanie. "The Reading Brain: Differences between Digital and Print." So Many Books, 25 Apr. 2013, somanybooksblog.com/2013/04/25/the-reading-brain-differences-between-digital-and-print/. "Under the Gun." Pretty Little Liars, season 4, episode 6, ABC Family, 16 July 2013. Hulu, hulu.com/watch/511318.
Location,
Be as specific as possible in identifying a work's location.
Optional Elements: DOIs (Digital Object Identifier):
Chan, Evans. "Postmodernism and Hong Kong Cinema." Postmodern Culture, vol. 10, no. 3, May 2000. Project Muse, doi: 10.1353/pmc.2000.0021.
Other Contributors, Examples:
Chartier, Roger. The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Translated by Lydia G. Cochrane, Stanford UP, 1994. "Hush." Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, Mutant Enemy, 1999. Woolf, Virginia. Jacob's Room. Annotated and with an introduction by Vara Neverow, Harcourt, Inc., 2008.
Kierkegaard
Christian existentialism. Use Christianity as essence to justify existence. Aesthetic, moral, and religious ethics. Leap of faith.
Jung
Collective unconscious. Archaetypes.
Marx
Communism. System in which the abused lower class (proletariate) eventually rises up against upper class (bourgeoise). Group interest. Governmental control. Government as representative of the people.
Li
Concept often rendered as "ritual," "proper conduct," or "propriety." Originally li denoted court rites performed to sustain social and cosmic order.
Orwell
Democratic socialism. Government control only insofar as a democracy will allow. Ensuring welfare of everyone and fair distribution of wealth.
Sources Without Page Numbers: In-Text Example:
Disability activism should work toward "creating a habitable space for all beings" (Garland-Thomson).
Socrates
Discovery through contradictory question.
Optional Elements: City Of Publication:
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Conversations of Goethe with Eckermann and Soret. Translated by John Oxenford, new ed., London, 1875.
Aristotle
Golden mean.
Sartre
Existentialism. Existence over essence. Life as absurd. Bad faith. Complete freedom - existential angst.
Citing The Bible: In-Text Example:
Ezekiel saw "what seemed to be four living creatures," each with the faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle (New Jerusalem Bible (italics), Ezek. 1:5-10).
Machiavelli
For leaders - ends justifies the means. Assumption of all others as irresponsible, sneaky, simple.
Use Block Quotations
For three or more lines of poetry.
Optional Elements: Date Of Original Publication:
Franklin, Benjamin. "Emigration to America." 1782. The Faber Book of America, edited by Christopher Ricks and William L. Vance, Faber and Faber, 1992, pp. 24-26.
Why Does Jack Start His Own Tribe?
From the beginning of the novel, Jack and Ralph both want to be leader of the boys, and disagree not only about who the leader should be, but what style of leadership is most effective. The tension mounts between Jack and Ralph until Chapter 8, when they argue openly. After Ralph mocks Jack's hunters as "boys armed with sticks," Jack erupts into an angry diatribe and rails against Ralph and his poor leadership skills. He insists that Ralph is a coward and that he himself would be a better leader. But after no one else agrees by vote, Jack leaves the group in tears. Hours later, many of the boys have left Ralph to join Jack's tribe, lured by the promise of hunting, eating meat and having fun. Soon the two tribes are in violent conflict with each other.
Why Does Jack Hate Ralph?
From the beginning, Jack, who is the head choir boy back home, thinks he should be the chief, but the other boys choose Ralph. The tension between Ralph and Jack grows because Jack has different priorities—to hunt and have fun—than Ralph, who wants to hold onto civilization and get rescued. Jack and Ralph are described as "two continents of experience and feeling, unable to communicate." Jack later challenges Ralph's leadership and feels humiliated when the boys still will not openly choose him. "I'm not going to be part of Ralph's lot," he announces as he breaks from the group—which represents civilization's constraints—to start his own savage tribe.
Sources Without Page Numbers: Corresponding Works-Cited Entry:
Garland-Thomson, Rosemarie. "Habitable Worlds." Critical Disability Studies Symposium. Feb. 2016, Purdue University, Indiana. Address.
Freud
Id, ego, superego.
Version,
If a source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your citation.
Plato
Intellectuals police workers (societal). Rational spirited and appetitive (personal). Democracy (of a sort).
Why Does Jack Think That He Should Be The Chief?
Jack believes he is superior to Ralph because of his status back home. He states, "I ought to be chief . . . because I'm chapter chorister and head boy." Later, Jack thinks he should be chief because he is a strong hunter. Jack challenges Ralph's leadership, saying, "He's not a hunter. He'd never have got us meat." Throughout the book, Jack believes he has the right to ignore the democratic process and do what he wants.
In-Text Example For Adding Words:
Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states, "some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale" (78).
(Section Headings) Unnumbered (By Level): Example:
Level 1: Bold, Flush Left (bold). Level 2: Italics, Flush Left (not bold, in italics). Level 3: Centered, Bold (bold). Level 4: Centered, Italics (not bold, in italics). Level 5: Underlined, Flush Left (underlined, not bold, not in italics).
Multiple Works By The Same Author: In-Text Examples:
Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children ("Too Soon" 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child's second and third year ("Hand-Eye Development" 17). Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be "too easy" (Elkins, "Visual Studies" 63).
Works With Multiple Additions: In-Text Example:
Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class struggles (79; ch. 1).
McLuhan
Medium is the message. Global village.
Lacan
Mirror stage. Desire of the other. Unconscious structured like language.
Who Is The Lord Of The Flies?
Physically, the Lord of the Flies is the pig head that Jack, Roger, and the hunters mount on a sharpened stick and leave as an offering for the beast. The head is described as dripping blood, eerily grinning, and attracting a swarm of buzzing flies. When The Lord of the Flies "speaks" to Simon, we can assume that his voice is a hallucinatory effect of Simon's disintegrating mental state. The Lord of the Flies suggests to Simon that the boys will be their own undoing. Simon loses consciousness after the episode, and is killed later that night. Later, when Roger and Jack vow to hunt and kill Ralph, they imply that they will repeat their offering to the beast, using Ralph's head this time. Symbolically, the Lord of the Flies represents the evil inside each one of the boys on the island.
How Does Piggy Die?
Piggy dies after being hit by a large rock that "struck Piggy a glancing blow from chin to knee," causing him to fall fatally on the rocks below. Roger, looking to injure or kill either Ralph or Piggy, releases the large rock from above. This happens when Ralph and Piggy go to Jack's tribe to appeal to their sense of rules and order and ask them for Piggy's glasses back. Roger's act causes the death of Piggy, marks the end of reason on the island, and cuts any connection the boys had left to civilized behaviours.
Why Are Piggy's Glasses Important?
Piggy's glasses are important because they enable Ralph's group to light a signal fire that can help them get rescued. The glasses are later used by Jack's group to light fires for having pig roasts. Ultimately, the glasses represent the power of fire to bring comfort and keep the boys linked to civilization as well as the power to cause death and destruction, such as when the fire gets out of control and kills a "littlun." When Jack breaks and later steals Piggy's glasses, these occurrences demonstrate how far the boys have fallen into savagery.
Calvin
Predestination. Total depravity.
Quoting 1-3 Lines Of Poetry: Examples:
Properzia Rossi tells the statue that it will be a container for her feelings: "The bright work grows / Beneath my hand, unfolding, as a rose" (lines 31-32). In "The Thorn," Wordsworth's narrator locates feelings of horror in the landscape: "The little babe was buried there, / Beneath that hill of moss so fair. // I've heard the scarlet moss is red" (stanzas xx-xxi).
Aquinas
Rationality to prove God (faith and reason). Originalism. Free will.
Citing Indirect Sources: In-Text Example.
Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259).
Post Modernism
Rebellion against rules and structure of modernism. Self awareness.
If The Poem Is Formatted In An Unusual Way,
Reproduce the unique formatting as accurately as possible.
Multiple Citations: In-Text Example:
Romeo and Juliet (italics) presents an opposition between two worlds: "the world of the everyday... and the world of romance." Although the two lovers are part of the world of romance, their language of love nevertheless becomes "fully responsive to the tang of actuality" (Zender 138, 141).
Rousseau
State of nature - Noble Savage. Society corrupts. Social contract. "Too cold".
Locke
State of nature - tabula rasa. Learn through experience. Nature as reason. Social contract. Life, liberty, and possessions as natural rights. "Just right".
Hobbes
State of nature - war of man against man. Social contract as responsibility. Rule of the sovereign. "Too hot".
Version, Examples:
The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998. Newcomb, Horace, editor. Television: The Critical View. 7th ed., Oxford UP, 2007. Scott, Ridley, director. Blade Runner. 1982. Performance by Harrison Ford, director's cut, Warner Bros., 1992.
Why Is The Backdrop Of War Important To The Story?
The backdrop of the war is important to the story because it is why the boys' plane is shot down, an event that kills the adults on the plane and leaves the surviving boys alone on the island. Later when a dead pilot descends by parachute onto the island like "a sign came down from the world of grown-ups," the boys think the pilot is the beast, something to be feared. In a sense, the boys' idea is true because the pilot represents the brutality of war, which reveals the dark side of humanity. At the end of the story, the naval officer who rescues the boys seems to represent all that is orderly and civilized, but he also represents the death and destruction of war that underscore Golding's point about humanity's capacity for evil.
Id
The part of the mind in which innate instinctive impulses and primary processes are manifest. The primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories
Publisher,
The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public. If there is more than one publisher, and they are all are relevant to your research, list them in your citation, separated by a forward slash (/).
Ego
The realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego.
Publication Date,
The same source may have been published on more than one date, such as an online version of an original source. When the source has more than one date, use the date that is most relevant to your use of it.
Ubermensch
The superman that Nietzsche believed would enforce new ethical values/morals to control the masses.
More
Utopia. Equality - no status. Higher power - purpose. Beheaded for staying true to his beliefs.
How to Cite A Work With No Known Author:
We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has "more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change..." ("Impact of Global Warming" 6).
Weber
Wertrational. Zweckrational. Social Action Theory. Protestant work ethic.
Do The Boys Get Rescued From The Island?
Yes. Although Ralph has insisted throughout the novel on the importance of a fire to signal passing ships, what ultimately attracts a ship is not Ralph's fire but the massive blaze set by Jack in order to kill Ralph. While pursuing Ralph through the forest, Jack sets a huge fire to scare Ralph into the open. A passing British Navy ship sees the fire and sends an officer ashore. The officer not only saves Ralph from being murdered by Jack, he also saves all the boys from the further violence that would surely have occurred had they stayed on the island.
