English 4 Final Speech Study Guide

According to your textbook, the main purpose of a speech of presentation is to present

a gift or an award to the recipient.

According to your textbook, a dyad is

a group of two people.

In a sense, defining the problem for a problem-solving small group discussion is like choosing the ____ for a speech.

specific purpose

That part of the audience a speaker most wants to persuade is called the

target audience

A group member to whom other members defer because of his or her rank or expertise is called a(n)

implied leader

Of all the kinds of speechmaking, ____ speaking is the most complex and the most challenging.

persuasive

When giving a speech of introduction, you should state the name of the main speaker as soon as possible to avoid confusion among members of the audience.

False

When trying to persuade a hostile audience, you should usually be wary of even mentioning the audience's objections to your point of view.

False

Brainstorming is especially useful when a problem-solving group is trying to generate potential solutions.

True

Competence and character are the most important factors affecting a speaker's credibility.

True

Defining the problem is the first step in the reflective-thinking method for small group discussion.

True

Disagreements among group members should be kept at the task level rather than the interpersonal level.

True

Each member of a small group should be prepared to assume a leadership role when necessary.

True

Effective commemorative speeches depend above all on the speaker's use of language.

True

Speeches of presentation are given when someone is receiving publicly a gift or an award.

True

Studies have shown that speakers with low initial credibility need to use more evidence than speakers with high initial credibility.

True

The basic purpose of an acceptance speech is to give thanks for a gift or an award.

True

The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak is called initial credibility.

True

The fundamental purpose of a commemorative speech is to inspire your listeners.

True

According to your textbook, a speech in which an individual gives thanks for a gift or award is termed a(n)

acceptance speech.

All of the following are presented in your textbook as guidelines for a speech of introduction except

bring the speech to life by using a hypothetical example.

According to your textbook, research has shown that

speakers can enhance their credibility by delivering their speeches fluently and expressively.

According to your textbook, what are the three kinds of leadership needs faced by all problem-solving small groups?

task needs, procedural needs, and maintenance needs

In an informative speech, the speaker acts as a(n)

teacher

According to your textbook, the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech is ____ called credibility.

terminal

Informative speeches about concepts are usually arranged in topical order

True

The target audience is that portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

True

When Carlos Bustamante was presented the Alumni of the Year award at his alma mater's annual award dinner, he gave a speech thanking the school for recognizing his work. What kind of speech did Carlos give?

an acceptance speech

According to your textbook, each of the following is a procedural need of a small group except

analyzing the issue facing the group.

According to your textbook, it is especially important to use evidence in a persuasive speech to

answer listeners' objections to your position.

Questions of fact are easy subjects for persuasive speeches because they almost always have clear-cut answers.

False

Research has shown that speakers with high initial credibility need to use more evidence than speakers with low initial credibility.

False

Research shows that skeptical listeners are more likely to be persuaded by evidence they are already familiar with than by evidence that is new to them.

False

Research suggests that connectives are less important in speeches to inform than in speeches to persuade

False

Speakers who explain their expertise on the speech topic are likely to reduce their credibility with the audience.

False

Study of the methods of persuasion began with communication researchers early in the twentieth century.

False

The best way to reach a consensus decision in a problem-solving group is to take a vote on the issue in dispute.

False

The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak is called derived credibility.

False

Which of the following is recommended in your textbook as a way to enhance your credibility in a persuasive speech?

establish common ground with your audience

"To inform my audience about the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II" is an example of a specific purpose statement for an informative speech about a(n)

event

If your specific purpose statement were "To inform my audience about the major kinds of dog breeds," you would probably organize your speech in ____ order.

topical

When giving an informative speech, you should take special care to

translate technical information into everyday language.

Reasoning from principle moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

True

Research indicates that audiences often engage in a mental give-and-take with the speaker as they listen to a persuasive speech.

True

Research indicates that listeners are more likely to be persuaded by evidence that is new to them than by facts and figures they already know.

True

That many teachers refer to as source credibility was called ethos by Aristotle.

True

The more favorably listeners view a speaker's competence and character, the more likely they are to accept what the speaker says.

True

The purpose of a commemorative speech is to pay tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea.

True

The question for a problem-solving group discussion should usually be phrased as a question of policy.

True

The task needs of a small group include such matters as distributing the workload among group members, keeping the group on track, and helping the group reach consensus.

True

The three major traits of a good acceptance speech are brevity, humility, and graciousness.

True

There is a great deal of research to show that if members of a small group work well together, they can almost always resolve a problem better than a single person can.

True

When dealing with a question of value, a public speaker needs to justify his or her value judgment on the basis of some set of standards or criteria.

True

When faced with an audience that strongly opposes your point of view, you can consider your persuasive speech a success if it leads even a few listeners to reexamine their views.

True

When giving a speech of introduction, you should usually save the name of the main speaker until the final moment, even when the audience already knows who he or she is.

True

When giving a speech of presentation, you should usually explain why the recipient is being given his or her award.

True

When giving an informative speech, you should think about ways to relate your topic to the audience in the body of the speech as well as in the introduction

True

When reasoning from specific instances in a persuasive speech, you need to make sure your sample of specific instances is large enough to justify your conclusion.

True

Your textbook discusses four kinds of informative speeches—speeches about objects, speeches about concepts, speeches about processes, and speeches about events

True

Your textbook recommends comparison and contrast as ways to avoid abstractions in an informative speech.

True

What contemporary researchers term credibility, Aristotle termed

ethos.

The credibility of a speaker before he or she starts to speak is called ____ credibility.

initial

Persuasive speeches on questions of fact are usually organized in ____ order.

topical

Which of the following is an instance of persuasive speaking?

A developer urging the city council to build a new convention center. e. A geneticist reporting her research to a professional meeting.

Which of the following is an example of a commemorative speech?

A speech honoring Martin Luther King's life and legacy at the opening event for the campus-wide Martin Luther King Day observances.

As your textbook explains, if you want to persuade a skeptical audience, you need to

Answer the reasons for the audience's skepticism

If you want to persuade a skeptical audience, which of the following is it most important for you to do in your speech?

Answer the reasons for the audience's skepticism

Which of the following is mentioned in your textbook as a guideline for effective informative speaking?

Don't overestimate what the audience knows

"To persuade my audience to support the construction of a new convention center" is a specific purpose statement for a question of fact.

False

A commemorative speech honoring a person is essentially a biography of that person.

False

A commemorative speech is the one kind of speech in which clichés and trite sentiments are appropriate.

False

A persuasive speaker who argues that capital punishment should be outlawed because it violates the constitutional principle banning cruel and unusual punishment is reasoning from specific instances.

False

A persuasive speech on a question of fact is essentially the same as an informative speech.

False

Because everyone knows that a persuasive speaker's goal is to influence the audience's beliefs or actions, questions of ethics are less important in persuasive speaking than in other kinds of speaking.

False

Clear organization is less important in speeches about processes than in other kinds of informative speeches

False

Concentrating on a target audience means that a persuasive speaker can ignore the rest of her or his listeners.

False

Education and status are the most important factors affecting a speaker's credibility.

False

Which of the following statements is most clearly directed at the practicality issue in a persuasive speech on a question of policy?

If my plan is adopted, it will be less expensive than the current system.

Which of the following is recommended by your textbook as a guideline for a speech of introduction?

Make sure your remarks about the main speaker are completely accurate.

What organizational method for persuasive speeches is designed to take the audience through the five steps of attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action?

Monroe's motivated sequence

Which of the following statements about speaker credibility is true?

The same speaker can have high credibility for one audience and low credibility for another audience.

Which of the following is mentioned in your textbook as one of the five major guidelines for effective informative speaking?

Relate the subject directly to the audience

Which of the following is mentioned in your textbook as a guideline for effective informative speaking?

Relate the subject directly to the audience and don't be too technical and personalize your ideas.

Which of the following is presented in your textbook as a guideline for effective informative speaking?

Relate the topic directly and personally to your audience.

Nina's persuasive speech contained the following statement

The lack of a national law requiring seat belts on school buses is a serious problem in the United States. Last year alone, 437 children were killed and more than 5,000 injured in accidents involving school buses. Given all the advances in automobile safety in recent years, how can we continue to allow our children to ride in unsafe vehicles?

Which of the following specific purpose statements is from a persuasive speech seeking passive agreement?

To persuade my audience that the campus library should be open 24 hours a day

Which of the following specific purpose statements is from a persuasive speech seeking immediate action?

To persuade my audience to decrease the amount of electricity they use during the summer in order to prevent blackouts.

"To inform my audience how to create their own Web pages" is a specific purpose statement for an informative speech about a process

True

"To persuade my audience that Citizen Kane is the greatest movie of all time" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of value.

True

"To persuade my audience that genetically altered crops pose serious hazards to human health" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of fact.

True

A graduation address and a toast at a wedding are both examples of speeches for special occasions.

True

A panel discussion is essentially a conversation in front of an audience.

True

A person who by ability, force of personality, or simply by talking the most, takes on a leadership role in a small group is called an emergent leader.

True

A persuasive speaker who contends that America's older bridges are becoming unsafe because several bridges have collapsed in recent years is reasoning from specific instances.

True

A small group that meets for only one session should almost always have a designated leader.

True

A speaker can have high credibility for one audience and low credibility for another audience.

True

The procedural needs of a small group include such matters as deciding when the group will meet, taking notes during the meeting, and summarizing the group's progress at the end of the meeting.

True

The purpose of a speech of introduction is to introduce the main speaker to the audience.

True

As your textbook explains, studies have found that public speakers will usually be more persuasive when they

use specific evidence and use evidence from credible sources and use evidence that is new to the audience.

According to your textbook, "To persuade my audience that doctor-assisted suicide is morally acceptable" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of

value

Informative speeches are seldom organized in topical order

False

Questions of policy inevitably incorporate questions of fact.

True

A public speaker should avoid direct references to the audience in the body of an informative speech

False

A speech accepting an award is an example of a commemorative speech.

False

A speech presenting an award to a professor for outstanding teaching is an example of a commemorative speech.

False

A speech urging Congress to construct a memorial in Washington, D.C., to recognize women's contributions to the American Revolution is an example of a commemorative speech.

False

Abstractions are especially helpful for clarifying ideas in informative speeches

False

An after-dinner speech is basically the same as a commemorative speech.

False

An informative speech about a process that has as many as ten or twelve steps is one of the few times it is acceptable to have more than five main points

False

As your textbook explains, emotion-laden language is the strongest source of emotional appeal in a persuasive speech.

False

As your textbook explains, hidden agendas are necessary for effective group discussion.

False

As your textbook explains, it is unethical to use vivid, richly textured examples to generate emotional appeal in a persuasive speech on a question of policy.

False

As your textbook explains, persuasion takes place only if the audience is strongly in favor of the speaker's position by the end of the speech.

False

As your textbook explains, speeches of introduction usually should be 8 to 10 minutes long.

False

As your textbook explains, technical language is especially helpful for explaining ideas in informative speeches

False

As your textbook makes clear, personal conflicts are essential if a small group is to function successfully.

False

Audience analysis and adaptation are less challenging in persuasive speaking than in speaking to inform.

False

Effective commemorative speeches depend above all on the speaker's use of reasoning.

False

Generating potential solutions is the first step in the reflective-thinking method for small group discussion.

False

Helping the group reach consensus on its final decision is an example of a procedural need in a small group.

False

If you are introducing the same speaker to an audience of college students for a morning presentation and to the city chamber of commerce for an afternoon presentation, you should use the same speech for each occasion.

False

Informative speeches about concepts are usually arranged in causal order

False

Informative speeches about concepts are usually arranged in spatial order

False

It is almost always in poor taste to mention the losers of an award in a speech of presentation.

False

One major purpose of a speech of introduction is to focus attention on the person making the introduction.

False

One of the biggest barriers to effective informative speaking is using language that is too simple for the audience

False

One of the main purposes of a speech of presentation is to build the credibility of the main speaker.

False

Persuasive speeches on questions of fact are usually organized in problem solution order.

False

Persuasive speeches on questions of value usually argue directly for or against particular courses of action.

False

Questions for problem-solving discussions should usually be phrased so as to allow for yes-or-no answers.

False

The following statement is an example of reasoning from principle: "Places such as Singapore that allow caning and other forms of corporal punishment have exceedingly low crime rates. If caning were used in the United States, the U.S. would have lower crime rates as well."

False

The fundamental purpose of a commemorative speech is to convey information about the subject being commemorated.

False

The ideal of small-group discussion is to reach a majority decision on major issues facing the group.

False

The main purpose of a speech of presentation is to provide a biography of the speaker being presented to the audience.

False

The primary purpose of a special occasion speech is to convey information to an audience.

False

The purpose of a speech of introduction is to introduce the person receiving an award or an honor.

False

The purpose of a speech of presentation is to present the main speaker to the audience.

False

The task needs of a small group include such matters as encouraging full participation in the group, settling interpersonal conflicts, and helping members feel good about their roles in the group.

False

To function effectively, a small group needs a specific leader.

False

Using jargon in an informative speech is useful since it demonstrates your expertise on the topic.

False

When giving a speech of introduction, you should be sure to praise the speaking skills of the main speaker.

False

When you reason from principle in a speech, you move from a specific principle to a general conclusion.

False

Your textbook recommends using description as a way to personalize ideas in an informative speech.

False

A speech honoring the astronauts who gave their lives on the space shuttle Columbia is an example of a commemorative speech.

True

A speech praising the bravery of the firefighters killed in New York on September 11, 2001, is an example of a commemorative speech.

True

According to your textbook, emotional appeals are often appropriate in persuasive speeches on questions of policy.

True

According to your textbook, the best approach to brainstorming in a small group is for each member to write down her or his ideas before sharing them with the group.

True

An after-dinner speech is best thought of as a kind of speech to entertain.

True

As defined in your textbook, a speech of presentation is a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.

True

As in other forms of communication, effective listening is vital to communication in small-group discussion.

True

Because it moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion, reasoning from principle is the opposite of reasoning from specific instances.

True

Brainstorming for potential solutions requires that a small group wait until all potential solutions have been presented to begin evaluating them.

True

Derived credibility refers to the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself.

True

Establishing common ground with an audience is especially important in the introduction of a persuasive speech.

True

If the specific purpose of your informative speech is to recount the history of an event, you will usually arrange the speech in chronological order

True

Informative speakers need to work as hard as persuasive speakers at relating the topic directly to the audience

True

Most experts set the maximum number of members for a small group at seven or eight.

True

Moving listeners from being strongly opposed to a speaker's position to being only moderately opposed would be a sign of a successful persuasive speech.

True

One major purpose of a speech of introduction is to build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker.

True

One major purpose of a speech of introduction is to establish a welcoming climate that will boost the credibility of the main speaker.

True

One of the defining traits of a small group is that its members assemble for a specific purpose.

True

One reason to use clear and straightforward language even when talking about complex ideas is that listeners must understand your message in the time it takes you to say it.

True

Persuasion is a psychological process in which listeners engage in a mental dialogue with the speaker.

True

Persuasion is the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

True

Before presenting the college's Athlete of the Year award, the athletic director made a point of praising the two athletes who were runners up in this year's competition. According to your textbook, was this choice appropriate for a speech of presentation?

Yes. It is often appropriate to praise the losers of a competition.

Which of the following is an instance of informative speaking?

a banker explaining how the stock market operates

Which of the following is an instance of informative speaking?

a business manager reporting on next year's budget and a teacher lecturing about methods of speech organization

Which of the following is an instance of informative speaking?

a doctor explaining how antioxidants affect the body

At which of the following would you be most likely to hear a persuasive speech on a question of fact?

a jury trial

According to your textbook, you should think of your persuasive speech as

a kind of mental dialogue with the audience

As chair of the student advisory committee, Brad began the meeting by distributing the agenda and minutes from the last meeting. According to your textbook, what kind of leadership need did Brad's action fulfill?

a procedural need

Stacey is part of a problem-solving small group in her speech class. As the first meeting of the group came to an end, Stacey volunteered her apartment as a place for the group to hold its next meeting. According to your textbook, what kind of leadership need did Stacey's action fulfill?

a procedural need

Which of the following is an instance of informative speaking?

a social worker explaining adoption laws to potential parents

At a comedy awards show, Adam Sandler gave a splendid speech explaining why David Letterman was receiving a special award for his achievements in television comedy. According to your textbook, what kind of special occasion speech did Sandler deliver?

a speech of presentation

Which of the following is an example of a commemorative speech?

a speech praising the architectural accomplishments of Frank Lloyd Wright at the opening of a museum devoted to his work

Which of the following is an example of a speech for a special occasion?

a speech presenting an award to a retiring newspaper editor

Which of the following is an example of a speech of presentation?

a speech presenting an award to an outstanding student

Which of the following is an instance of informative speaking?

a student sharing ideas about leadership based on a book she has read

Myenne is part of a problem-solving small group in her speech class. When the group was deciding how best to go about its work, Myenne suggested that group members work in pairs, with each pair tackling one of the main issues facing the group. According to your textbook, what kind of leadership need did Myenne's action fulfill?

a task need

Which of the following is an instance of informative speaking?

a teacher explaining the requirements for an assignment

Efram's audience was persuaded by his speech because they perceived him to be sincere, trustworthy, and to have their best interests at heart. Which factor of credibility influenced Efram's audience?

character

According to your textbook, the two most important factors affecting the credibility of a persuasive speaker are competence and

character.

If your specific purpose were "To inform my audience how windows are manufactured," you would probably organize your speech in ____ order.

chronological or topical

According to your textbook, when your fundamental purpose in a speech is to inspire the audience, you are most likely going to be giving a(n) ____ speech.

commemorative

According to your textbook, a speech that pays tribute to a person, a group, an institution, or an idea is called a

commemorative speech.

According to your textbook, the aims of an informative speech include

communicating the speaker's information clearly, and communicating the speaker's information accurately, and making the speaker's information meaningful to the audience

According to your textbook, the two most important factors affecting the credibility of a persuasive speaker are

competence and character.

Speeches ____ about are often more complex than other types of informative speeches.

concepts

One main purpose of a speech of introduction is to

create a welcoming climate to build enthusiasm for the main speaker.

According to your textbook, the credibility of a speaker produced by everything the speaker says or does during the speech itself is called

derived credibility.

According to your textbook, a small group that meets for only one session should almost always have a(n) ____ leader.

designated

Rochelle was appointed by her boss to chair a small committee to draft a policy statement on personal use of the office computers. She called a meeting of the group for 9 A.M. Wednesday morning. According to your textbook, what kind of leader is Rochelle?

designated leader

Randall is talkative and offers his opinions freely during small group meetings. Because he participates more than the other members, he has assumed a leadership role within the group. What kind of leader is Randall?

emergent leader

The person who assumes a leadership role in a small group because of her or his ability, personality, or talkativeness is termed a(n)

emergent leader

Which of the following is mentioned in your textbook as a responsibility of every member in a small group?

encourage full participation

Which of the following is recommended in your textbook as a way to enhance your credibility in a persuasive speech?

explain your expertise on the speech topic and deliver your speeches fluently and expressively and establish common ground with your audience

"To persuade my audience that soccer will become the highest revenue-producing sport in the United States by 2015" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of

fact

The three types of questions that give rise to persuasive speeches are questions of

fact, value, and policy

According to your textbook, which of the following is a task need of a problem-solving small group?

formulating criteria for judging the best solution

According to your textbook, the major traits of a good acceptance speech are brevity, humility, and

graciousness.

What error in reasoning is exemplified by the following statement? "Both of my roommates drink at least three cans of soda every day and neither of them is overweight, so all those studies that link soda consumption to obesity must be wrong."

hasty generalization

As the vice president for employee relations, Manuel is the only member of his company's executive team attending informal small group meetings where employees are considering proposals to revise the company's personal leave policies. Beginning at its very first meeting the group looks to Manuel for leadership. What kind of leader is Manuel?

implied leader

Miriam is the only member of her small group with professional experience on their subject, so her group naturally looks to her to guide the project. What kind of leader is Miriam?

implied leader

As your textbook explains, whenever you give a persuasive speech on a question of value, you need to

justify your value judgment against a set of standards or criteria.

A local landlord with a reputation for failing to return security deposits at the end of a lease has been invited to present his viewpoint at a meeting of the local tenants' union. To everyone's surprise, the landlord accepts the invitation despite the fact that he will be facing an audience with a decidedly negative view of his integrity. What factor will the landlord have to overcome if his speech is to have any chance of being persuasive?

low initial credibility

According to your textbook, as a persuasive speaker, your two major concerns with respect to reasoning are to

make sure your reasoning is sound and convincing.

As explained in your textbook, one of the defining traits of a small group is that

members of the group assemble for a specific purpose

Regardless of whether your aim is to encourage passive agreement or immediate action, you must deal with three basic issues whenever you discuss a question of policy. They are

need, plan, and practicality.

"To inform my audience about the major achievements of Ronald Reagan" is a specific purpose statement for an informative speech about a(n)

object

"To inform my audience about the major parts of a 35-millimeter camera" is a specific purpose statement for an informative speech about a(n)

object

As your textbook explains, when you give a speech of introduction you should be sure to adapt your remarks to the

occasion and audience and main speaker.

Using evidence is especially critical in a persuasive speech when your target audience

opposes your point of view.

As your textbook explains, when you give a persuasive speech on a question of , you can seek either passive agreement or immediate action from your audience

policy

While attempting to persuade her audience to volunteer for a community literacy program, Terri provided evidence that volunteering takes only two hours a week and that employers look for volunteer service on resumés from job applicants. Which of the three basic issues of persuasive speeches on questions of policy was Terri addressing in this section of her speech?

practicality

Studies have found that public speakers will usually be more persuasive when they

present evidence in specific rather than general terms.

"To inform my audience about the three stages in a job interview" is a specific purpose statement for an informative speech about a(n)

process

Which of the following is a maintenance need of a problem-solving small group?

reducing interpersonal tension in the group

According to your textbook, the best way to create a sense of anticipation and drama in a speech of introduction is to

save the name of the main speaker for last.

One method recommended in your textbook for creating a sense of drama and anticipation in a speech of introduction is to

save the name of the main speaker until the final moment.

To create common ground with an audience in the introduction of a persuasive speech, your textbook recommends that you

show the audience that you share their values.

According to your textbook, when formulating a question for discussion, a problem solving small group should phrase the question

so as to allow a wide variety of answers.

A speaker introducing the president of a university to an audience of prospective students and their families will best accomplish this goal by

summarizing the president's major accomplishments at the university.

According to your textbook, in a speech of acceptance a speaker should usually

thank the people who are bestowing the award and express appreciation for the people who helped him or her gain the award.

As explained in your textbook, which of the following is a defining trait of a small group?

the group assembles for a specific purpose and the group contains a minimum of three members