english 4

tenses

-*past tense* : action completed in an earlier time period EX: burned, burnt -*past perfect tense* : action completed before a set time in the past (or before another past action) EX: burned, burnt -*present tense* : action happening now, this minute, today EX: burn, burns -*present perfect tense* : action completed during the present time (past action at any time before now) EX: burning -*future tense* : action expected to happen EX: will burn -*future perfect tense* : (seldom used) action completed before a set time in the future EX: I will/shall have chosen

T/F: A sentence containing a linking verb also has a predicate noun or predicate adjective. The subjective complement comes after a(n) ______ verb.

true linking

T/F: The controlling idea is in the predicate of a topic sentence. T/F: The controlling idea should be in the main clause of the topic sentence. T/F: The subject of the topic sentence is called the controlling idea

true true false

expository writing

types: 1. classification/division - grouping a small selection of items into categories 2. causal analysis - describing cause and effect 3. process analysis - analyzing a process such as how to scramble eggs or how to play basketball 4. illustration or example - defining or clarifying a concept or type by use of examples/illustrations 5. comparison/contrast - considering similarities, differences, or both 6. extended definition - analyzing the term to be defined, its class, and various distinctive characteristics Choose how the following paragraph could be best classified: 1. Movie rental stores offer great variety that appeals to even the choosiest of patrons. Action movies fill the need for adventure and adrenaline rush. Comedies help people to laugh and just have fun. Romantic movies offer a view into what matters to just about everyone--love. *classification/division* 2. Philip stayed up too late reading an exciting novel. The next morning, he overslept and arrived late at school. He stuttered while giving his history report and dozed off in his afternoon math class. Philip went to bed early the following evening, to be sure. *causal analysis* Which of the following limited topics would be appropriate for a short paper? ~The influence of Elvis on Rock ~How Mia Hamm revolutionized soccer

nominative case

used for subjects and subject complements (also called predicate nouns)

The simple predicate is the same thing as the _____.

verb

In an English sentence, what does a subject usually precede?

verb and direct object

...more

voc, vok=to call ven=to come vers, vert=to turn ten, tain, tend=to hold mit, mis=send cogon=to know cap=to take, seize sta, sti=to stand pli, plic=to fold duc=to lead nym=name The suffixes -able and -ible mean "able to." ~true Spectator comes from the Latin specs meaning _____. ~to look Biography comes from two Latin words: bio meaning "*life*" and graph meaning "to *write*." What does the suffix -logy in the word astrology mean? ~study of

Match the pronoun to its type.

you - personal themselves - reflexive this - demonstrative those - demonstrative what - interrogative someone- indefinite that (introduces dependent clause) - relative we - personal myself - reflexive anybody - indefinite

T/F: Coherence in writing results when all of the sentences in some way prove the controlling idea.

false; unity

Give the principle parts of the verb below.

freeze Past: froze Present Participle: freezing Past Participle: frozen tear Past: tore Present Participle: tearing Past Participle: torn kick Past: kicked Present Participle: kicking Past Participle: kicked

!!!

http://www.chompchomp.com/terms.htm

Select all that apply. Which sentence elements can be used as nouns or noun substitutes?

infinitive gerund noun clause

objective case

is used for direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions Which of the following is not a function of an objective pronoun? subject complement

Which of the answers is not a noun in the sentences below? We will have to learn to think for ourselves. This process will be difficult, but without it, we will be little more than puppets. Nobody wants that.

nobody

!!!!!Which of the following is not a complement, either of the verb or the subject?

object of the preposition

progressive form

one other form of the verb which indicates ongoing action. A sample conjugation for the present progressive tense in *active voice*: I am choosing, we are choosing you are choosing she is choosing, they are choosing In the *passive voice* this conjugation would be: I am being chosen, we are being chosen you are being chosen she is being chosen, they are being chosen

run on sentence types

*comma splice* When a comma is used alone to combine two or more sentences, the error is called a comma splice -Incorrect: It rained for two hours today, the children played in the puddles till dark. -Correct: It rained for two hours today, and the children played in the puddles till dark. -Incorrect: Come to see me soon, we need to talk. -Correct: Come to see me soon; we need to talk. *fused sentence or a fusion* A second type of run-on sentence occurs when no punctuation appears between two main clauses. -Incorrect: His parents are professional people they are both doctors. -Correct: His parents are professional people; they are both doctors. -Incorrect: Put the groceries on the kitchen table then come into the living room. -Correct: Put the groceries on the kitchen table; then come into the living room.

pronoun types

*relative pronouns* ~who, whom, whose, which, that ~function: to introduce dependent (adjective) clauses *interrogative pronouns* ~Who?, Whom?, Whose?, Which?, What? ~function: to ask questions *demonstrative pronouns* ~this, that, these, those ~function: to point out *reflexive pronouns* ~myself, yourself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves ~function: to reflect or intensify *indefinite pronouns* ~(singular) one, anyone, someone, no one, none, everyone, anybody, somebody, nobody, everybody, anything, something, nothing, everything, much, either, neither, another, (plural) many, all, others, few, several, some, most ~function: to stand for an unnamed antecedent (indicates an unspecified person or thing) *personal pronouns* ~function: to take the place of nouns naming people or things. (singular 1st, 2nd, 3rd person, plural 1st, 2nd, 3rd person) ~cases of personal pronouns include nominative, objective, 2 possessive cases

archaic pronouns

*thy, thine, thee, and thou* continue to be used today in the literary context of Shakespeare and other important 17th and 18th century works of literature.

modifiers

-are any word or groups of words that describe or qualify another word or group of words. Single word modifiers are adverbs and adjectives -Complements are completers of thought. They serve as words or groups of words that complete the sense of the verb, the subject, or the object -Possible complements include direct objects, indirect objects, subject complements (predicate nouns/adjectives), and object(ive) complements. The direct object and the subject complement are completers of the sense of the sentence. The direct object receives the action of the verb while the subject complement restates or describes the subject.

predicate

-the verb or verb phrase -the complete verb by itself is called the simple predicate -the complete predicate is the part of the sentence that says something about the subject and is made up of the verb and its complement with or without modifiers

Select the sentence that has been correctly rewritten to subordinate the bolded portion. Pay attention to the instructions in parentheses to help you select your answer.

1. *I heard the fire siren*, and I pulled over to the side of the road. (present participial phrase) ~Hearing the fire siren, I pulled over to the side of the road. 2. The lawyer asked many questions. *He was determined to get to the truth.* (past participial phrase) ~The lawyer asked many questions, determined to get to the truth. 3. *The police inspector looked for evidence.* He examined the apartment thoroughly. (present participial phrase) ~Looking for evidence, the police inspector examined the apartment thoroughly. 4. *The boardwalk is closed for the winter.* It is a depressing sight. (past participial phrase) ~Closed for the winter, the boardwalk is a depressing sight. 5. Nate is active in sports. *He plays both football and baseball.* (present participial phrase) ~Nate is active in sports, playing both football and baseball.

sentence patterns

1. *Subject-Verb pattern* Most basic sentence pattern indicating word order. EX: S-V: The drowning man was rescued (by the lifeguard). S-V: Jessie scowled at the pestering salesman. The verb in the S-V pattern is intransitive-active because there is no object. There is a prepositional phrase following the verb, but its pattern is still S-V. In the sentence, Joe ran, Joe, obviously the subject, is in the nominative case. 2. *Subject-Verb-Direct Object pattern* EX: S-V-DO: John sees Mary. expanded: My brother John sees his cousin Mary. S-V-DO variation: subject-verb-direct object-objective complement (S-V-DO-OC): We elected John president. The verb in the S-V-DO pattern is transitive-active because the sentence has a direct object. 3. *Subject-Verb-Indirect Object-Direct Object pattern* EX:S-V-IO-DO: Mr. Miller bought his wife flowers. S-V-IO-DO: (You) Give me the ticket for the show. Again, the presence of a direct object in this sentence causes the verb to be transitive-active. 4. *Subject-Linking Verb-Predicate Noun pattern* EX: S-LV-PN: Most (of my friends) have become teachers. Because there is a linking verb in this sentence, teachers is the predicate noun. 5. *Subject-Linking Verb-Predicate Adjective pattern* EX: S-LV-PA: The mountain retreat is extremely peaceful. This sentence also contains a linking verb, but it has an adjective in the predicate, peaceful 6. *Inverted Sentence pattern: expletive-verb-subject* EX: E-V-S: There are many people in the audience. E-V-S: Here is my answer to your question. Remember that here and there are never subjects in a sentence, even when they begin the sentence.

possessive case pronouns

1. *pronominal adjective* : a word which is both a pronoun and an adjective. Pronominal adjectives include *my, your, his, her, its, our, your, and their* These words take the place of possessive nouns like Bill's, the crowd's, Mother's, etc. and describe whatever the original possessive nouns describe. EX: John's keys are in Sally's car. His keys are in her car. Both his and her stand for possessive adjectives, in this case, the possessive words John's and Sally's. His and her also describe the nouns keys and car. 2. *independent possessives* : these words are "independent" because each can replace an entire possessive noun phrase, not just part of one. Inpendent possessives include *mine, your, his, hers, its, ours, yours, and theirs* EX: Those keys are my keys. Those keys are mine. That car over there is her car. That car over there is hers. mine replaces the possessive noun phrase my keys and takes on its function of subject complement. The same thing happens in the second example. Hers takes the place of the possessive noun phrase her car. Notice that the possessive personal pronouns have no apostrophes because their only function is to indicate possession (i.e. their form never needs to change).

sentence types

1. *simple sentence* - having one subject and verb (or one main clause) EX: Jill ate the broken cookie. 2. *compound sentence* - sentence that has at least two main clauses or two simple sentences; these clauses are connected either by a comma and a coordinating conjunction--and, but, or, for, nor, yet--or by a semicolon. If any other connecting word is used, a semicolon is still required. EX: I chose a blue bicycle, *but* my brother wanted a red one. He dropped out of class early in the year; none of us knew why. 3. *complex sentence* - having a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses 4. *compound-complex sentence* - is one that has two or more main clauses and one or more dependent or subordinate clauses. EX: When I saw the dark clouds in the distance, I left the picnic quickly, and I took Stephanie home in my car.

Select the *participle or participial phrase* in the box below. Also select the *noun or pronoun modified by the participle.*

1. Hearing his name called, Travis came running. Participle/participial phrase: Hearing his name called Noun or pronoun modified: Travis 2. Anything connected with basketball interests me. Participle/participial phrase: connected with basketball Noun or pronoun modified: Anything 3. Roasted in aluminum foil, meats remain juicy. Participle/participial phrase: Roasted in aluminum foil Noun or pronoun modified: meats 4. All people crossing into Arizona must prove they are not carrying fruits or plants. Participle/participial phrase: crossing into Arizona Noun or pronoun modified: people 5. Cradled in her mother's arms, the baby slept. Participle/participial phrase: Cradled in her mother's arms Noun or pronoun modified: baby 6. Storms, injuring crops and destroying property, pounded the California coast. Participle/participial phrase: injuring crops and destroying property Noun or pronoun modified: storms 7. The covered bridge was picturesque. Participle/participial phrase: covered Noun or pronoun modified: bridge 8. A person observing a crime should call Crime Stop. Participle/participial phrase: observing a crime Noun or pronoun modified: person 9. Seen by two women, the accident was reported immediately. Participle/participial phrase: Seen by two women Noun or pronoun modified: accident

shifts

1. Shift in TENSE: occurs, for example, when you move from present tense to past and back to present again for no good reason. EX: Mr. Firman *invited* his friend to come over and have dinner. The maid *fixes* a big dinner for them, and when they were ready for dessert, she *brings* a cake out for Mr. Nulty because it *was* his fifty-ninth birthday... 2. Shift in PERSON: refers primarily to the use of the personal pronoun. You remember that: ~first person relates to the person speaking ~second person refers to the person being spoken to ~third person pertains to the person or persons being spoken about As applied to writing, consistency in person is the principle that once a writer begins using one person, he or she will not shift to another person. Consider the following example, taken from the paragraph example discussed earlier in the lesson. EX: Every step *you* make reminds *you your* life depends on surefootedness, not foolhardiness. Every climber must carefully check over *his and his* teammates' equipment, inspecting it for faults which might later cause it to fail. 3. Shift in NUMBER: 1. "We find that in judging *people*, we overlook most of the characteristics that draw us to *him*." 2. "Conclusions about a person by misjudging *their* facial expressions..." 3. "They judge a *person* incorrectly because they fail to see *them* as *they* really are." All three sentences above contain problems of pronoun-antecedent agreement. To summarize, a pronoun must agree in person, number, and gender with its antecedent. 4. Shift in VOICE: not as noticeable as other shifts. Most writing is done in the active voice where the subject does the acting. In the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb. The passive voice has two valid uses: ~When the actor is not known, he cannot very well be mentioned. If a bank has been robbed, and the robbers have not yet been apprehended, the newspaper cannot come out with an active voice statement. The best it can do is say that "The Calley National Bank on Poe and Wentworth was robbed of $75,000 at closing time yesterday." That sentence construction represents the best possible method of telling what is known. ~When the actor is not important, a statement would read like this: "The new wing on the Community Hospital has been completed." Surely the completion of the building is more important than the fact that Cominskey Brothers Contracting Company did the work. A shift from active to passive voice, then, is unwise only when it is unnecessary. A report written in the passive voice is cumbersome and lacks sparkle because all of the subjects are acted upon. The following piece of writing probably overdoes the point, but notice the deadening affect achieved by the passive voice: EX: Vows were taken at St. James Cathedral by Bonnie Eager and Jerry Wrightman. The bride's dress was made by the bride. At the reception, punch was drunk and cake was eaten while the bride and groom were greeted by their friends. The bride's bouquet was thrown by the bride and was caught by her sister. Rice and confetti were thrown by the excited crowd as the bride and groom were whisked away by a well decorated car which was driven by the best man. Tears were shed by the mother of the bride while hats were thrown into the air by the brothers of the groom. A good time was had by all.

1. artiste 2. barometer 3. basso profundo 4. bells 5. cuisine 6. cymbal 7. dome mountain 8. igneous 9. maitre d' 10. metamorphic 11. sedimentary 12. texturing 13. vertebrate

1. a skilled musical or theatrical performer 2. an instrument for measuring air pressure 3. a deep bass voice that extends to C below bass staff 4. percussion instruments consisting of metal bars or tubes 5. manner of preparing food 6. a concave brass plate that produces a brilliant clashing tone 7. a natural formation that resembles a dome 8. formed by solidification of molten magma 9. headwaiter, a shortened form of maitre d' hotel, literally master of the house 10. referring to a pronounced change caused by pressure, heat, and water that results in a more compact and more highly crystalline condition 11. formed by or from deposits of sediment 12. the application of a plaster-like product over wallboard in a manner that produces a different look 13. an animal having a spinal column in contradistinction to an invertebrate, an animal that does not have a spinal column

Select all that apply. The " s verb" occurs in _____.

3rd person singular present tense indicative mood

jargon related questions

A medical term for measles is _____. ~morbilli rubeola An ophthalmo-orhinolaryngololist is _____. ~an eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist Heterotropia is _____. ~cross-eyes Which is not a class of rock? ~disturbed What is the study of weather is called? ~meteorology When we speak of inanimate objects as if they were human, what are we using? ~personification What is a type or classification of writing in literature called? ~genre What is the main character in a short story called? ~protagonist Who directs an orchestra? ~both conductor and maestro

euphemism

A more polite term used to replace an objectionable one

adjectives

Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns. They are formed when you add suffixes like -al, -ish, -ive, -ly, -like, and -ous to nouns. The most common adjectives are *the articles a, an, and the.* Sometimes called determiners, these words predictably "point out" nouns. Although adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify, an adjective can be used after a linking verb as a *predicate adjective* (subject complement). He is a delightful companion. (pre-noun modifier) He is delightful. (predicate adjective) In rare instances, adjectives can modify pronouns: -Jody knew one day she would find that *special* someone in whom she could confide. -Jody knew one day she would find someone *special* in whom she could confide. In both examples, special modifies the indefinite pronoun someone even though the second example shows the adjective following the pronoun.

adverbs

Adverbs modify verbs principally, but also modify adjectives and even other adverbs. All sentences do not have modifiers. They are formed when you add -ly to adjectives -No modifiers: Sadie wrote letters. -Adjective modifiers: Sadie wrote *several long* letters. -Adverb modifiers: Sadie *carefully* wrote several *extremely* long letters. Adverbs can be divided into three basic types, based on their meanings: 1. *Manner* - tells how, how much, or to what degree something is done (-ly adverbs) 2. *Place* - tells where something is done 3. *Time* - tells when something is done Adverbs can answer the questions: How? When? Where? How often? To what degree? To use these questions, simply find the main verb and then use the verb with a question word.

pronoun

Any word or group of words that substitutes for a noun is called either a pronoun or a noun substitute. These substituting words function in the same way a noun functions.

question patterns

Auxiliary-Subject-Verb EX: Does Bill know that? Are your problems produced by your own mistakes? Verb-There-Subject EX: Are there any questions? Is there a doctor in the house? Auxiliary-There-Verb-Subject EX: Can there be any peace? Could there be any hope? Direct Object-Auxiliary-Subject-Action Verb EX: What did your mother plan (for your birthday party)? Which plan (of mine) will you accept? Adverb-Auxiliary-Subject-Action Verb EX: Where are you going? Why did Marcie wear that odd shirt?

Choose the correct sentence pattern for the sentence below.

Relaxing under a shady tree is very pleasant. -S-LV-PA The waterfall rushed down the steep hillside. - S-V Snow skiing is a very exciting sport. - S-LV-PN The President sent the ambassador an invitation to the meeting. - S-V-IO-DO There is good reason to be thankful. - E-V-S

Word form questions

Based only on its prefix and root, the word atheist most closely means which of the following? ~someone who believes there is no god If neuro refers to the nerves or nervous system, an inflammation of the nerves would be called which of the following? ~neuritis If bellum means "war," when were antebellum houses built? ~after the war Based only on its prefix and root, the word eulogy most closely means which of the following? ~a speech you give at someone's funeral If you had beauty in abundance, you would be called _____. ~beautiful If you were full of courage, you would be called _____. ~courageous The prince refused to commit regicide against his father. What does the root reg or rex mean? ~king

paragraph structure

Choose the bolded controlling idea in the topic sentence below. ~In most American homes, family time *is replaced with TV time.* ~Chuck *is a hard-working father.* T/F: The subject of the topic sentence is called the controlling idea. ~false

Prefixes Word Element Meaning auto- self bi- two com- with con- against de- down, away dis- apart, not homo- same hyper- above, very hypo- under, below inter- between iso- equal, similar mono- one o-, ob- against, away from non- not per- through, thoroughly poly- many pro- in favor of, before re-, retro- back, again un- not sub- under, below

Example automobile bicycle commit contrary detain distend homogenize hyperactive hypodermic intermural isometrics monologue object nonacid permit polyglot project refer unnatural submit

Suffixes Word Element Meaning -ance, -ence condition -ant, -ent one who acts or believes -ize to make similar to -ship status, function -ive tends toward an indicated action -ity quality

Example importance applicant colonize ownership conductive objectify

Roots Word Element Meaning arch ruler, beginning astro star cap to take, seize cogn to know derm skin gam marriage gen race or kind gest to bear gnos to know graph to write ject to throw media middle metro to measure mon to warn mort death nasci to be born neuron nerves nym name path sickness, feeling pel, plus to drive pli, plic to fold pon, pos to put, place port to carry press to push psych mind, behavior rog to ask scrib to write socio society soma body sta, sti to stand

Example monarch astronomy captive recognize hypodermic monogamy generation gestation agnostic autograph projection median strip metric system admonish immortality renaissance neurologist antonym pathology impel complicate dispose import compress psychology interrogate script sociology psychosomatic stature

Choose whether the main verb in the sentence below is *active or passive.*

Experiments with chimpanzees revealed that the animals were able to imitate humans. ~type of verb: active Experiments were conducted to try to teach Chimpanzees sign language. ~type of verb: passive One chimpanzee showed signs of learning by his imitations. ~type of verb: passive No innovative communication signals were produced by the chimpanzees ~type of verb: passive Conjugate 1. "to know" in the ACTIVE VOICE using the future perfect tense. I - will have known You - will have known He/She - will have known We - will have known You (plural) - will have known They - will have known 2. "to fly" in the PASSIVE VOICE using the present perfect tense. I - have been flown You - have been flown He/She - has been flown We - have been flown You (plural) - have been flown They - have been flown

Choose whether the italicized verb is *indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.*

I insist that all of you *arrive* on time. ~mood of verb: subjunctive *Be* on time! ~mood of verb: imperative All of the students *arrived* on time. ~mood of verb: indicative If I were you, I would take advantage of the extra time you have. ~subjunctive Use your time wisely. ~imperative He uses his time wisely. ~indicative

Study the sentence below. Then choose the type of error that the sentence contains.

I need to let my mother know that Mister Green is the new science teacher. ~error concerning abbreviations By 7: 20 P.M., only 7 tickets were left. ~error involving numbers John is a Doctor who does not make house calls. ~error concerning capitalization 3 days of our holiday are left to enjoy. ~error involving numbers Doctor White teaches literature 328, which is a very interesting course. ~error concerning capitalization (Literature, because it is a specific course) Sue acts on the belief that a dollar earned is a dollar spent. ~no error Dr. Thomas Jones lives on East Main Street. ~no error Find the sentence with no capitalization errors. -In high school, I'm learning English, speech, and Latin. -Edgar Allan Poe, the American poet, was adopted. -In New Hampshire, Mother starred in The Tempest. -Is your aunt a professor of German at Penn State? -We heard that Dr. Smith was the only physician to receive the Nobel Prize. -Many people go to Page, Arizona, to ride a Colorado River raft.

mood

In addition to tense and voice, verbs also express one of three moods. *Indicative Mood* states an actuality or fact -We will go to see a movie this Sunday. -I'll follow you. All present tense, third person, singular, indicative verbs in the English language end in s and are called "s verbs." Notice the pattern: I go, you go, he goes; I study, you study, he studies; I build, you build, she builds; I swim, you swim, she swims *Imperative Mood* makes a request; deals with desires, wishes, or conditions that do not exist -Let's go to see a movie this weekend! -Please stop bugging me! *Subjunctive Mood* expresses a doubtful condition (contrary to fact) and is often used with an "if" clause. -If I were you, I wouldn't buy a house. -I wish I were more organized.

action verbs

Most verbs show action of some kind: mental, spiritual, emotional, or actual overt action. Some action verbs have a receiver of action called a direct object. 1. *transitive verbs* are verbs taking a *direct object* Thick dust *covered* the desk. ("desk" is the receiver of the action "covered") They *designated* a hitter. The clock *struck* one. I *want* candy. He *carried* the bag. Jose *thanked* Wayne. 2. *intransitive verbs* are other action verbs *do not take a direct object* Doris scowled. (Nothing in the sentence is being "scowled.") He *ran.* They *napped.* The dog *barked.* Blair *gloated.* Clarissa *winked.* Sentences containing transitive verbs are either in active or passive voice. 1. *Active voice* means that the subject is performing the action of the verb. EX: John finished his mid-term report. (John is performing the action of "finish") 2. *Passive Voice* means that the subject is receiving the action of the verb. EX: The report was finished (by John) In the examples above, notice that the passive sentence says the same thing as the active sentence. However, the direct object of the first sentence, report, has become the subject of the second sentence. In either case, report still receives the action of the verb.

classifying sentences

One method for classifying sentences is to label them by their four functions: 1. Declarative Sentence - indicative statement 2. Imperative Sentence - request or command 3. Exclamatory Sentence - exclamation 4. Interrogative Sentence - question

possession

SINGULAR NOUNS show possession with the addition of an apostrophe and s ('s). One class's attitude the baby's toy the ox's yoke the bus's emission the man's hat the sheep's wool One exception governs proper names that end in s. Although it is not incorrect to add the 's, common practice simply adds the apostrophe to such names. EX: Phyllis' coat Charles' car Mr. Jones' office PLURAL POSSESSION has two rules: -If the plural form of the noun ends in s, add the apostrophe behind the existing s. -If the plural noun does not end in s, add 's. EX: the chairmen's decision the ladies' club the deer's tails the companies' agreement the oxen's yokes the Joneses' house

Roots Word Elements Meanings anthropo man bio life cide, cis to kill or cut corps body cosmos world, world system log to study, the science of logos word, reason, study theo god or gods

Sample Words anthropology, misanthropy, philanthropic biology, biographical, autobiography scissors, incisive, homicide incorporate, corpse, corpuscle cosmic, cosmonaut, cosmological anthropology, biological, dermatology logic, dialogue, prologue theology, polytheism, atheism

Prefixes Word Elements Meanings a- not, outside of per- through, thoroughly anti- against ante- before eu- good ex- out of, formerly in- not multi- many

Sample Words atypical, amoral perfect, permission, pertain antibody, antisocial anterior, antecedent, antebellum eulogy, euphonious, eugenic ex-president, exhume, excise inhumane, indispensable, inadmissible multicolored, multiform, multimillionaire

Suffixes Word Elements Meanings -itis inflammation -ful have in abundance -ism doctrine or belief in -ist one who believes -ness quality or condition of -ous possessing, full of

Sample Words tonsillitis, appendicitis, sinusitis plentiful, graceful, resentful socialism, humanism, communism Marxist, isolationist, optimist weariness, loneliness, kindliness contemptuous, advantageous, dubious

Prefixes: a, ab- as- contra- e- in- inter- mal- pre- trans-

Simple Meaning away, away from to, toward against out, forth, away into, within between bad, abnormal, inadequate before across

Suffixes: -able, -ible -al, -ial -ate -ary -ion -ive -ian -or, -er

Simple Meaning capable of, able to process, act of doing to act or possess of, related to, connected with act or process one who performs one who relates to or resembles one who does a specific thing

Identity the sentence below as either simple, compound, or complex.

Since the expressway was built, very few tourists have visited our town. - complex sentence If it takes as long to explore the moon as it did to explore this continent, our generation will not live to see the job finished. - complex sentence Making important decisions requires time for careful thinking and courage to take action. - simple sentence When you can see both sides of an issue equally well, you find it difficult to take a stand, but some people insist that you take one side or the other. - compound-complex sentence The first milestone in lighting may have occurred when early man lit a torch from his cooking fire. - complex sentence He went up the stairs, and there he confronted the thief. - compound sentence While I was standing in the doorway, I was protected from the rain. - complex Informality is sometimes fine; however, it can be carried too far. - compound They were lovely people, the kind you might meet anywhere. - complex I love this study, and I am going to continue in it. - compound

Choose whether the verb in the sentence below is *transitive, intransitive, or linking.*

The cold wind blew across the prairie. ~type of verb: intransitive The snow covered the stacks of hay bales. ~type of verb: transitive The old barn timbers creaked under a weight of snow. ~type of verb: intransitive The winter scene was mysterious. ~type of verb: linking

T/F: Adjectives modify nouns, pronouns, and other adjectives. T/F: The suffixes -al, -ly, and -ous , when added to nouns, turn those nouns into adjectives.

false true

What is the main purpose of proofreading a paper?

The main purpose of proofreading a paper is to find errors in mechanics and sentence structure.

auxiliary

The tables above show that words such as will, shall, have, and the "be verbs" are used in conjunction with the principal parts to communicate tense. Some of the twenty-three auxiliaries are verbs in their own right and can be used alone as predicates. The first fourteen fall into this group: am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being (the verb to be) have, has, had (the verb to have) do, does, did (the verb to do). The other auxiliaries can be used only as auxiliaries and are called *modals*: can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might. must. Certain auxiliaries can combine together and "stack" on the main verb to form a verb phrase. EX: Dorothy should certainly have been found by now. Notice that three auxiliaries should, have, and been work together with the main verb found to create the complete verb phrase.

difficult verbs

Three sets of verbs seem to cause problems in usage for some speakers and writers. They are: -lie and lay -sit and set -rise and raise To understand these verbs better, you need to remember that some verbs indicate action that must be received; these verbs are called transitive verbs. Others verbs do not indicate action because they are not action verbs or because they do not require a receiver. These verbs are called intransitive, not transitive. The dictionary indicates v.t. for verb transitive or v.i. for verb intransitive. Infinitive Form / Present Participle / Past Participle / Present Participle / Past Participle v.i. to lie / lie(s) / lay / lying / lain v.t. to lay / lay (s) / laid / laying / laid v.i. to sit / sit(s) / sat / sitting / sat v.t. to set / set(s) / set / setting / set v.i. to rise /rise(s) / rose / rising / risen v.t. to raise / raise(s) / raised / raising / raised The confusion with lie and lay results from the fact that the past tense of lie and the present tense of lay are the same form--lay. *Intransitive* / *Transitive*(must have direct object) Forms of lie / Forms of lay Today I lie in bed. / Today I lay the book down. Yesterday I lay there. / Yesterday I laid the book down. I have lain in bed a week. / I have laid every book in place. Forms of sit / Forms of set I sit down to eat. / I usually set that book on the shelf. We sat on the sofa. / You set it on the floor. He has sat in that chair for years. / You have set that book there for the last time. Forms of rise / Forms of raise My mother rises at dawn. / I raise my right hand when I swear to tell the truth. Yesterday, she rose later. / The boys raised their hands. The price has risen. / He has raised the flag in honor of the veterans. The key to avoiding confusion is *remembering which verb is transitive and which is intransitive. *This means that *you raise, set, or lay things to or in their proper places; however, you must lie, or sit, or rise somewhere or sometime.* EX: Mr. Gray _____ his hat in the place where Don usually ___. -Mary ___ down because her temperature had _____. -Sally ___ the food on the counter to cool while she ______ the blinds. -laid; sat -lay; risen -set; raised

mechanics

Using *italics*: ~Italics are used with the titles of long works. ~Foreign words not in mainstream use in the English language (these words are indicated in many dictionaries with an asterisk (*). EX: corpus juris, corrida ~names of ships, trains, aircraft, and titles of famous paintings ~Words, letters, or figures used as such and words used as words are italicized. EX: The articles are *a, an,* and *the.* - In England, a run in a stocking is called a *ladder.* - In the English language a *q* is never used without a *u* in a word. - You have four *and's* in one sentence, - My social security number has three *7's* in it. Using *quotation marks*: ~Titles of short works ~poetry, short stories, short plays, and chapter titles in books *Abbreviations* ~When writing a formal essay generally avoid abbreviations, with a few will-known exceptions: Mr., Messrs., Mrs., Mmes., Dr., and St. (for saint, not street) These titles are spelled out when they are not followed by a proper name. ~The title Honorable may be abbreviated to Hon. only if the first name or initials are used ~In an essay the names of states, countries, months, days of the week, the words Road, Park, Street, or Company are abbreviated when they are part of a name, not otherwise. Using abbreviations in an address on an envelope is acceptable. ~Avoid the use of the abbreviation for and, the ampersand (&) ~Avoid abbreviations of people's first names such as Wm., Jas., Chas., Geo., and any other first name abbreviation. Spell out such proper names. ~Acronyms may be used instead of writing out the entire title of an organization if the acronym is explained the first time it is used. GOP means Grand Old Party but refers to the Republican Party. ~After proper names, titles earned or awarded are expressed in abbreviations: Jr., Sr., Esq., and degrees such as Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy), M.A. (Master of Arts), M.D.(Doctor of Medicine), R.N.(Registered Nurse), D.O. (Doctor of Osteopathy), P.A. (Physician's Assistant). ~Abbreviations may be used with dates or numerals: A.D. (anno Domini or "in the year of our Lord") B.C. (before Christ) A.M. and P.M. or a.m. and p.m., No. and $. ~The following sentence situations allow for abbreviations: The manuscript was dated to 783 B.C. He was to arrive at 10:30 A.M. The detective found the gun in room No. 266. I received a check for $585.00 ~Some Latin abbreviations are used in formal writing, but one never makes a mistake by spelling out such expressions: e.g. (for example) viz. (namely) i.e. (that is) cf. (compare) etc. (and so forth) *Using Numbers* ~Numbers that can be expressed in one word (including hyphenated words) are written out unless a series of numbers is to be used, and/or if some of the numbers require two or three words. In such cases use Arabic numerals for all of the numbers EX: The house was 75 feet long and 30 feet wide; the lot upon which it sat was 205 feet wide and 80 feet deep. ~Ordinal numbers (those numbers which express position and end in -st, -rd, end, -th) may be written out or expressed in figures. However, such endings should not be added to the day of the month when the year follows. EX: Acceptable: January first; the eighteenth of June, or the 18th of June Unacceptable: January first, 1897; June 18th, 1978 ~Use figures for street numbers, pages, decimals, percentages, and for the hour of the day when used with A.M. or P.M. EX: 148 Westwood Drive; 232 Fancher Boulevard The plane leaves at 4:55 P.M. Canyon Savings pays 5 1/2 percent compounded daily. The poem may be found on page 97. The coat cost $79.95. *Capitalization* ~Capitalize proper nouns, which include names of specific people, places, regions, days of the week, historical periods, months (but not seasons), ships, organizations, and religions ~Copyrighted names of products should also be capitalized, however, in some cases a proper name has become a generic term EX: India rubber, guinea pig, osterizer, vulcanize, pasteurized ~Titles are capitalized only when used with names: EX: Captain Roberts, Nurse Renwick, Dean Joshua ~Names indicating family relationship when they are not accompanied by a *possessive* are capitalized: Mother made the pie. EXCEPTIONS: my mother, his father, etc. ~Points of the compass are capitalized when referring to a place: the Southwest, the Near East... ~Always capitalize the names of languages and of specific classes: Humanities 101, Freshman Composition II...

T/F: All adverbs end in -ly. T/F: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. T/F: Adverbs ending in -ly indicate how or how much. T/F: Adverbs tell when, where, how, and why.

false true true true

Which type of pronoun is italicized below?

When she came in to see a spilt soda pop on the papers she was grading, Mrs. Shore shrieked, "*Whose* drink is this?!" - interrogative When Ian proudly retrieved his Calculus 2 homework and saw that it was covered with glue and glitter, he was horrified. His mind raced as he wondered who could be guilty of this sabotage. Suddenly, he knew. It could be *nobody* else but Melissa, his two year-old sister. - indefinite When Amanda picked up Rosario's cell phone by accident, Rosario kindly said, "I think *that* is mine." - demonstrative Seth Earwig, *who* was a self-proclaimed expert, continued his career as an alligator wrestler until he was eaten one November morning. - relative

acronym

a composite of a larger term, created by using only the first letter of the most important words in that term EX: COBOL = COmmon Business Oriented Language (a computer term) FORTRAN = FORmula TRANslation in data processing laser = Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation radar = RAdio Detecting And Ranging RSVP = Respondez S'il Vous Plait--French for "Please respond" scuba = Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus TVA = Tennessee Valley Authority ZIP = Zone Improvement Program--for speeding the mail NOT: Mr., Mrs., Sat., Feb., Dr., Hon., and the like.

topic sentence

a sentence that states the main idea or subject of a paragraph

coherence

a single idea expressed in a logical, organized way

conjunction

a word which links words, phrases, or clauses of the same type One group of conjunctions are called the *coordinating conjunction* which includes: and, but, or, for, nor, yet, and sometimes so. These conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses of same type. *Subordinating conjunctions* include: after, although, when, where, while, since, because, until, and many others--are used to connect subordinate clauses to main clauses

Select all that apply. Which sentence elements can be used as modifiers?

adjective infinitive participle adverb

principal parts of a verb

all forms of a verb (both regular and irregular) are made from these forms 1. *present part* : is used with will and shall to form the future tenses. *Present* + will or shall = *future tense* write + will or shall = will write walk +will or shall = will walk 2. The *present participle part* is used with a "be verb" to form the progressive tense. *Present participle* + "be verb" = *progressive tense* writing + "be verb" = is writing, are writing, etc. walking + "be verb" = is walking, are writing, etc. 3. *past part* : is used by itself to form the simple past tense. 4. The past participle part is *used with the auxiliaries* "have, has, or had" to form the present perfect and past perfect tenses. The past participle is also used with a "be verb" to form the passive voice. *Past participle* + have, has, or had = *past/present perfect tense* written + have, has, or had = has/had/have written talked + have, has, or had = has/had/have talked *Past participle* +"be verb"= *past/present perfect tense* written + "be verb" = is/was/has been written played + "be verb" = is/was/has been played

unity

all sentences in a paragraph pointing towards one idea

direct object and the subject complement

answer the questions What? or Who(m)? after the verb -A direct object is a noun or noun substitute that comes after an action verb -a subject complement may also be a noun or noun substitute (predicate noun), or it may be an adjective (predicate adjective). Subject complements follow linking verbs.

prepositions

are function words that do not have inflections. They show the relationship between the object of the preposition, usually a noun or pronoun, and some other word in the sentence. A prepositional phrase always begins with the preposition and ends with the object; it may have many modifiers in between. COMMON PREPOSITIONAL WORDS against, before, down, on, to, about, behind, during, over, until, above, between, except, out, up, across, beside, for, onto, unto, along, besides, from, of, upon, as, but, in, off, under, at, below, into, since, underneath, around, beneath, inside, through, with, among, by, like, throughout, within, amid, concerning, near, toward, without, after A prepositional phrase is *almost always used as a modifier*--either an *adjective phrase* modifying a noun or pronoun or an *adverb phrase* modifying a verb or an adjective. A prepositional phrase usually follows the word it modifies. ex: The tiny mouse crept (*through* the round hole) (*in* the wall). The example above contains both kinds of phrases. "Through the round hole" is an adverb phrase describing where the mouse crept. "In the wall" is an adjective phrase describing which hole the mouse crept through.

noun

are naming words such as car, horse, school, Frank, Colorado River, safety, and love--words that we use primarily to stand for things, animals, places, people, and ideas. The tangible objects are called concrete nouns. Thought processes, ideas, or other intangible things, including hatred, sovereignty, and devotion are called abstract nouns. Nouns normally have a separate form for the singular and for the plural. They also take inflectional endings for showing ownership or possession.

verbs

are words that by their inflections (endings) show time or tense. The 6 tenses are: present, past, future, preset perfect, past perfect, future perfect (described in definition of "terms") Verbs form the tenses listed above using the four principal parts. Verbs are classified as regular or irregular by the way they form their principle parts. -Regular verbs form their past and past participle by adding *-d, -red, or -t to the present part.* -Irregular verbs have no pattern or set inflections for forming their past and past participles. Be is the most irregular form in the language and has eight forms: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been.

T/F: Unity refers to sentences logically following each other in a paragraph.

false; coherence

The predicate of the topic sentence, which indicates what will be said about the topic, is called the _____.

controlling idea

A modifier is a word or group of words that ________ another word or group of words.

describes

Which of the following is not one of the eight parts of speech?

direct object other options: adjective adverb conjunction interjection preposition pronoun (above) verb (above)

linking verbs

do not show action, but instead, link the subject with a modifier in the predicate which describes or renames the subject. These verbs are called linking verbs and the words which they link to the subject are called subject complements (also called predicate nouns/adjectives). EX: Doris is a cosmetologist. ("Is" links "Doris," the subject, to the predicate noun "cosmetologist.") Doris is very busy. ("Is" links "Doris," the subject, to the predicate adjective "busy.") common ones: become, seem, appear, remain, stay, turn, prove, grown, emerge, continue, get, smell, taste, sound, look, feel

T/F: A complex sentence combines two independent clauses.

false

T/F: A coordinating conjunction introduces a subordinate clause.

false

T/F: A topic sentence needs to be specific.

false

T/F: A subject complement cannot be a noun substitute. The direct object comes after a(n) _____ The objective complement comes ____ the direct object.

false action after

What part of speech is the italicized word in the sentence below? Four *score* and seven years ago, our forefathers brought *forth* *upon* this continent a new nation conceived in *liberty* and dedicated to the proposition *that* all men are created equal.

score - noun forth - adverb upon - preposition liberty - noun that - pronoun

Select all that apply. Which kinds of shifting upset the viewpoint in an essay?

shift in number shift in person shift in tense

interjection

sudden feeling. Any part of speech may be used as an interjection. Ouch! Oh! Stop! Wait! (verbs) Great! (adjective) No! (adverb) But! (conjunction) Ugh! Yow! Eek! (words representing sounds) An interjection may be a single word or a phrase. In either case, an interjection is punctuated like a sentence.

proper manuscript

the correct form of a written assignment

jargon

the language of a particular group, profession, or activity EX: 1. construction - footing, stem wall, monolithic pour, mud, rebar, etc.. 2. chefs - hors d'oeuvres (or dervz), bouillon, chef's salad, entree, etc.. 3. firefighting - catching a plug, turnouts, stinger, fog hog, surround and drown a fully-involved, etc.. 4. medicine - heterotropia, stethoscope, heterotropia, morbilli rubeola, halitosis, etc.. 5. geology - igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic, dome mountain, barometer, etc.. 6. biology - invertebrates --> arthropods, arachnids, crustaceans, centipedes and millipedes vertebrates --> birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, mammals 7. literature - personification, onomatopoeia, foreshadowing, plot, dramatic conflict, theme, character delineation, immediacy, atmosphere, a point of view, limited focus, unity, etc.. 8. music - soprano, mezzo soprano, contralto, alto, tenor, second tenor, baritone, bass, etc..

controlling idea

the part of the topic sentence indicating what the paragraph will say about the topic

T/F: A generality cannot prove a generality.

true

T/F: A pronoun is a noun substitute.

true

T/F: A semicolon is necessary in a compound sentence if a coordinating conjunction is not used.

true

T/F: A simple sentence can have a compound subject.

true

T/F: Every sentence after the topic sentence should support it.

true

T/F: Many of the parts of speech may be used as interjections.

true

T/F: Scientific words often come from Greek or Latin.

true

T/F: The place to do your organizational thinking in writing is in the outline stage.

true

T/F: The present tense of lay is the same as the past tense of lie.

true

T/F: Transitional devices are used to produce coherence.

true

T/F: Transitive active and transitive passive sentences both have a receiver of the action. T/F: A sentence containing an intransitive verb has a indirect object. In the _____ voice the subject acts, but in the _____ voice, the subject receives the action.

true false active; passive