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English II Sem 1 - (EN201

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Which event is part of the exposition in "Cinderella"?

An invitation to the prince's ball arrives.

How do the details in this passage support the authors' purpose?

The details about sugar's dependency on slavery help inform readers about why sugar was inexpensive.

What are the best questions to ask to determine the author's viewpoint? Select three options.

What is the author's tone? What atmosphere does the author create? What is the author's purpose for writing the text?

What can a writer describe about two characters to help develop their personalities?

their communication

The ________ of a story can be applied to other works of literature or to life.

theme

Ruth is writing an essay about the reasons for changing a folk tale from a dark, grotesque story to a story that is appropriate for children. Which statements best describe the structure Ruth should use? Select two options.

Ruth should use the problem-solution structure to show why the dark stories are problematic and how changing them solves the problem. Ruth should give examples of the problems that dark stories can cause for younger audiences and the changes that can solve the problem.

Which pieces of evidence are most likely empirical? Select two options.

a historical study showing that Indian workers were paid low wages research showing that planters encouraged rivalry between workers

What is rising action in a story?

a series of events that lead to the climax

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. The Hindu writings tell us of a religion in which fire was extremely important. People believed that the gods gave fire to human beings. Yet fire was also a way for humans to reach the gods. By placing offerings in a special fire, a priest could turn them into smoke and send them on to the gods. Five ingredients were selected for this special burning: milk, cheese, butter, honey, and sugar cane. Which inference does this passage support?

Hindu people must have valued the five substances they used as sacrifices.

Which inference does this passage support?

Hindu people must have valued the five substances they used as sacrifices.

Which inference does this passage support?

Hindus who lived in ancient times believed that sugar had powerful properties.

Which element of a text best helps the reader determine the central idea?

key details

Vivid imagery is often used to help the reader

form a mental picture.

What is the purpose of this section of text?

to provide the history of sugar cane use

Which quotation from a Shakespearean sonnet is a couplet?

"And yet by heaven, I think my love as rare, / As any she belied with false compare."

What evidence from the passage supports the inference that sugar was expensive and not available to everyone?

"cooks working for the wealthiest people"

Read the two passages from Sugar Changed the World. The abolitionists were brilliant. They created the most effective public relations campaign in history, inventing techniques that we use to this day. When he spoke, Clarkson brandished whips and handcuffs used on slaves; he published testimonials from sailors and ship doctors who described the atrocities and punishments on slave ships. When Olaudah Equiano published his memoir, he educated his readers about the horrors of the slave trade. And then, when the English began to understand what slavery really was, Clarkson and others organized what we would call a boycott of "the blood-sweetened beverage." Slave labor was valuable because it produced cheap sugar that everyone wanted to buy. But if people stopped buying that sugar, the whole slave system would collapse. In the years leading up to the American Revolution, the women of New England refused to buy English products and English tea. The loss of income made London rescind some of the taxes it had imposed on America. Now this same tactic—boycotting—was used to fight slavery. Some 400,000 English people stopped buying the sugar that slaves grew and harvested. Instead, they bought loaves of sugar that carried a label that said, "Produced by the labor of FREEMEN"—the sugar came from India. Back in England, Clarkson and his friends saw their chance: France was no longer in the midst of a revolution, and Napoleon's sugar dreams had failed. England now had no excuse; the abolitionists would force their countrymen to face the question: Was England a nation built on Christian beliefs or on treating people as property? In 1806, the antislavery forces brought a new bill before Parliament that would limit British involvement in the slave trade. Some of the most powerful testimony in favor of the bill came from former army officers who had been to the Caribbean and had seen the courage of the former slaves and the horrors of slavery. The slaves spoke through the testimony of the very men who had gone to fight them. One member of Parliament told his colleagues of the tortures he had seen in the islands. Slavery was not an abstraction, an economic force, a counter in the game of world politics—it was the suffering of men and women. Members of Parliament were being confronted with the reality of slavery, just as audiences at Clarkson's lectures were when he showed shackles and whips. While Parliament debated the new bill, Clarkson and his allies went on lecturing, talking, changing minds all across England. They succeeded. Newspapers reported that even in Bristol, a port city with a harbor filled with slave ships, "the popular sentiment has been very strongly expressed against the continuance of that traffick in human flesh." William Wilberforce, another leader of the abolitionist cause, felt the new mood in his country. "God can turn the hearts of men," he marveled. Many members of Parliament recognized the same change in the "sense of the nation." In 1807 a bill to ban all English involvement in slave trading passed the House of Commons, then the House of Lords. At precisely noon on March 25, King George III signed the law. Which claim do both passages support?

Abolitionists used powerful speeches and presentations to engage people and persuade them to join the abolitionists' cause.

Which statement best summarizes this passage?

Islam spread widely through invading armies and voluntary conversion.

How does the photograph help the reader understand the text?

It shows how enslaved people were exposed to the outside elements and weather.

Which two factors combine to form an author's purpose for writing a text?

audience and message

What is the central claim of this passage?

The joys of sugar were the result of the suffering of enslaved African people.

How do the authors use English history to support the claim that many people joined the antislavery movement for moral reasons?

The authors provide a primary-source quotation from a British abolitionist named William Wilberforce.

What evidence do the authors include to support the central idea of this passage?

The burning of certificates and the repeal of the Black Act show that the Indians reclaimed their power.

How does the evidence support the central idea that Gandhi decided it was time to replace violence with nonviolent protest?

The evidence shows how Gandhi experimented with ways to assert one's dignity and be free.

Which event is part of the rising action in "Little Snow White"?

The queen learns that she is not the fairest of them all.

Which inference does this passage best support?

Traders brought not only sugar but also other valuable items to Europe.

Which question does this passage answer most effectively?

Why did Africans leave the plantations to farm elsewhere?

What is an author's claim?

an opinion or viewpoint in a persuasive text

How does the authors' choice of hungry to describe the mills best support the claim?

by showing the relentless pace that enslaved people had to keep during the harvest

What details from a story best help develop the theme?

character motivation and plot

The reason a character thinks, feels, or acts a specific way is called

character motivation.

Which of these are part of a basic plot structure? Select three options.

exposition climax falling action

By making inferences based on analysis of a character, the reader is able to determine a character's

motivation.

What is the best definition of the term values?

principles or standards of behavior

Read the excerpt from Abra's narrative. I fell asleep to the sound of the dog snoring at my feet. The next day, I woke up to discover it had worked its way up the bed to tuck its head under my arm. When my mother put down a dish of food for the dog, it looked at me as if to ask me if I thought it should eat. It became clear to all of us that this new, unexpected addition to the household would become my dog, so I'd have to think up a name for it. What is the logical structure Abra uses for her narrative?

the chronological order

Which goal does this passage best address?

the goal of explaining to readers how Indians were taken advantage of

Which goal does this passage address?

the goal of explaining why the majority of Indians stayed in the colonies

Which is the best definition of the word tone?

the narrator's attitude toward the subject matter and audience

What are the main purposes of a travelogue? Select three options.

to inform readers about a place, landscape, or culture to persuade readers to visit a certain location to entertain readers with stories of a journey

Read the example sentence and study the chart of word parts. Javed constantly tries to aggrandize his family, always depicting them as heroes. What is the definition of aggrandize?

to make appear larger in status

Imagery and repetition are aspects of

word choice.

Read the excerpt from Julius Caesar, act 1, scene 2. CASSIUS. 'Tis just; And it is very much lamented, Brutus,60 That you have no such mirrors as will turn Your hidden worthiness into your eye, That you might see your shadow. I have heard Where many of the best respect in Rome— Except immortal Caesar—speaking of Brutus,65 And groaning underneath this age's yoke, Have wished that noble Brutus had his eyes. Which summary of the passage is the most accurate?

Cassius says that it is too bad Brutus cannot see his hidden greatness and that he has heard many nobles speak of Brutus when complaining about the current government's problems.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. The Indian coolies and the ex-slaves, who resented these newcomers flooding into the colonies and driving down wages, were instant rivals. This was convenient for the planters—who were skilled at the game of divide and rule. The planters lumped their workers into two distinct but equally nasty stereotypes: Former slaves were described as lazy, whereas Indians were called meek, docile children. "You may have work and plenty of it for a black man and a coloured man, and they will not do it," claimed planter W. Alleyne Ireland. He conveniently ignored the fact that the ex-slaves wanted to work their own land, not labor for their former owners. The overseers praised the Indians' meekness but also held them in contempt. The Indian, one overseer claimed, "possesses the low, cringing and abject habit common to his nationality." What evidence do the authors include to support the central idea that Indian workers and formerly enslaved people became rivals?

D) logical evidence that Indian workers and formerly enslaved people did not get along with one another because wages went down

Read the excerpt from chapter 8 of The Travels of Marco Polo. You may take it for a fact that the people of this country live on dates and salt fish, of which they enjoy abundant supplies. But admittedly there are some among them, men of wealth and consequence, who eat foods of better quality. Which statement best reflects the author's opinion about dates and salt fish?

Dates and salt fish are not high-quality foods.

Which statements best reflect the difference between a memoir and a biography? Select two options.

A memoir uses first-person point of view, while a biography uses third-person point of view. A memoir expresses the author's thoughts and feelings about events, while a biography is the story of someone's life as told by another person.

Which statement best describes the resolution of "Sleeping Beauty"?

The Queen throws herself into the pit of reptiles.

Which statement best shows how evidence related to historical events can support a claim?

Primary sources can include the exact words that witnesses used to testify at a trial.

Which technique gives the reader information from the past to help explain a character's actions and reactions in a narrative?

flashbacks

Read the sentence. When he gave his speech to younger audiences, Jake knew that it would be prudent to avoid sharing stories that might be considered inappropriate for children. Based on context clues in the passage, what is the most likely meaning of prudent? Select three options.

using good judgment being cautious ensuring appropriateness

What is the best definition of the term imagery?

vivid language that appeals to the senses

Read the excerpt from "Children of the Drug Wars." To permanently stem this flow of children, we must address the complex root causes of violence in Honduras, as well as the demand for illegal drugs in the United States that is fueling that violence. What device supports the author's purpose, which is to show what has led to the refugee crisis?

repetition

Read the excerpt from "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale." Despite difficult personal problems and meager financial support from 1805 to 1812, the brothers proved themselves to be innovative scholars in the new field of German philology by publishing articles and books on medieval literature. In fact, they would be surprised to learn that they are more famous today for their tales than for their superb philological studies, which include pioneering work on German sound shifts, and the founding of the voluminous German Dictionary in 1854. But it was their training in philology and the demands that they placed on themselves as researchers that assisted their collecting and editing the tales. Which idea does the author introduce first?

the brothers' ability to overcome difficulties to succeed as scholars

What is the central idea of a text?

the main point the author is trying to make

Read the excerpt from Maryam's personal narrative. The vertical garden that Mr. Lopez taught me how to build not only changed the way we eat, but it helped my family spend less on groceries. When the school board accepted my proposal to start a program to teach families to grow their own food, I knew just who to call to help me make it work. Working with Mr. Lopez helped me speak up about the things I believe in, and I hope that my ideas about helping our neighborhood have access to good food will result in a positive change. Which part of the narrative does this paragraph most likely come from?

the reflection

Read the excerpt from "The Story of a Warrior Queen." When Boadicea saw that all hope was gone, she called her daughters to her. "My children," she said sadly, as she took them by the hand and drew them towards her, "my children, it has not pleased the gods of battle to deliver us from the power of the Romans. But there is yet one way of escape." Tears were in her blue eyes as she kissed her daughters. She was no longer a queen of fury but a loving mother. Which archetype does Boadicea, the queen of the Britons, best represent?

the tragic heroine

Read the excerpt from "The Royal House of Thebes." Some hours later, Creon in the palace was startled by a shout, "Against your orders Polyneices has been buried." He hurried out to be confronted with the guards he had set on the dead body and with Antigone. "This girl buried him," they cried. "We saw her. A thick dust-storm gave her her chance. When it cleared, the body had been buried and the girl was making an offering to the dead." "You knew my edict?" Creon asked. "Yes," Antigone replied. "And you transgressed the law?" "Your law, but not the law of Justice who dwells with the gods," Antigone said. "The unwritten laws of heaven are not of today nor yesterday, but from all time." Which archetypes best describe Antigone? Select two options.

the tragic heroine the rebel

Read the sentence. The clouds gathering on the horizon were an inauspicious sign for the outdoor class, so rather than risk getting caught in a downpour, Dara decided to bring the class indoors. Based on context clues in the sentence, what is the most likely meaning of inauspicious?

unfavorable

How can a writer edit a narrative to include vivid imagery? Select three options.

use specific, strong verbs in place of general ones use descriptive words that appeal to the reader's senses use active voice to show instead of tell the reader

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Knowing that their slaves were likely to die by the time they reached their thirties, Louisiana sugar planters were extremely selective—they bought only healthy-looking young men in their late teens. On average, the men purchased in Louisiana were an inch taller than the people bought in the other slave states. Those teenagers made up seven to eight out of every ten slaves brought to America's sugar Hell. The others were younger teenage girls, around fifteen to sixteen years old. Their job, for the rest of their short lives, was to have children. Elizabeth Ross Hite knew that, for sure, "all de master wanted was fo' dem wimmen to hav children." Enslaved children would be put to work or sold. The overseer S.B. Raby explained, "Rachel had a 'fine boy' last Sunday. Our crop of negroes will I think make up any deficiencies there may be in the cane crop." That is, a master could sell any slaves who managed to live, if he needed more money than he could make from sugar. Jazz was born in Louisiana. Could it be that a population of teenagers, almost all of them male, were inspired to develop their own music as a way to speak, to compete, to announce who they were to the world? Bomba in Puerto Rico, Maculelê in Brazil, jazz in Louisiana—all gave people a chance to be alive, to be human, to have ideas, and dreams, and passions when their owners claimed they were just cogs in machinery built to produce sugar. How do the authors use historical evidence to support their claim in this passage?

They argue that extremely difficult conditions inspired enslaved young men to invent new forms of music.

Read the excerpts from "The Royal House of Thebes" and "The Story of a Warrior Queen." "We are women," she told her sister. "We must obey. We have no strength to defy the State." "Choose your own part," Antigone said. "I go to bury the brother I love." "You are not strong enough," Ismene cried. "Why, then when my strength fails," Antigone answered, "I will give up." She left her sister; Ismene dared not follow her. -"The Royal House of Thebes" Again and again the Romans were defeated, till it almost seemed as if the Britons really would succeed in driving them out of the country. Boadicea herself led the soldiers, encouraging them with her brave words. "It is better to die with honor than to live in slavery," she said. "I am a woman, but I would rather die than yield. Will you follow me, men?" and of course the men followed her gladly. -"The Story of a Warrior Queen" How are the themes presented in these two passages similar?

They both express the theme that women are as capable as men.

Read the excerpts from "The Royal House of Thebes" and "The Story of a Warrior Queen." Ismene weeping came from the palace to stand with her sister. "I helped do it," she said. But Antigone would not have that. "She had no share in it," she told Creon. And she bade her sister say no more. "Your choice was to live," she said, "mine to die." As she was led away to death, she spoke to the bystanders:— . . . Behold me, what I suffer Because I have upheld that which is high. -"The Royal House of Thebes" Then taking a golden cup in her hands, "Drink," she said gently. The eldest daughter obeyed proudly and gladly, but the younger one was afraid. "Must I, mother?" she asked timidly. "Yes, dear one," said Boadicea gently. "I too will drink, and we shall meet again." When the Roman soldiers burst in upon them, they found the great queen dead, with her daughters in her arms. She had poisoned both herself and them, rather than that they should fall again into the hands of the Romans. -"The Story of a Warrior Queen" What qualities of the tragic heroine do both of these passages reveal? Select three options.

They both show the main character sacrificing her life for her principles. They both show the main character experiencing a downfall and awaiting death. They both show moments in the main characters' experiences that evoke pity.

Which statements accurately define archetypes? Select three options.

They convey universal meanings and shared human experiences. They are universal symbols found in literature. They can include characters, plots, settings, objects, and themes.

What are the most likely meanings of the idiom "we'll cross that bridge when we come to it"? Select two options.

We are not going to do that yet. We will talk about that problem if and when it happens.

Which question should a reader ask to identify an author's purpose?

Why did the author write this text?

Which type of evidence would most likely include a testimonial?

anecdotal

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. The seeds for this system were sown in 1823 in the sugar colony of British Guiana—now Guyana—where John Gladstone, father of the future British prime minister William Gladstone, owned over a thousand slaves. John Smith, a young and idealistic English preacher who had recently come to the area, was becoming popular with those slaves. His inspiring sermons retold the story of Moses leading the Jews out of Egypt and to freedom. The sugar workers listened and understood: Smith was speaking not about the Bible, but about the present. That summer, after hearing one of Smith's sermons, over three thousand slaves grabbed their machetes, their long poles, and rose up against their masters. The governor of the colony rushed toward the burning plantations, where he met a group of armed slaves, and asked them what they wanted. "Our rights," came the reply. Here was Haiti—and for that matter America and France—all over again. The slaves insisted they were not property; like the Jews in Egypt, they were God's children, who were owed their basic human rights. The evidence of enslaved people's revolt and fight for freedom is

anecdotal, because it tells a narrative about enslaved people taking action for basic human rights.

Read the excerpt from "Children of the Drug Wars." To permanently stem this flow of children, we must address the complex root causes of violence in Honduras, as well as the demand for illegal drugs in the United States that is fueling that violence. The purpose of the underlined phrase in the excerpt is to show that the consequences of violence in Honduras and drug demand in the US

are continuous.

Read the excerpt from Julius Caesar, act 1, scene 2. FLAVIUS. It is no matter; let no images Be hung with Caesar's trophies. I'll about, And drive away the vulgar from the streets: So do you too where you perceive them thick.70 These growing feathers plucked from Caesar's wing Will make him fly an ordinary pitch, Who else would soar above the view of men And keep us all in servile fearfulness. [Exeunt] What does the symbol of growing feathers represent in this excerpt?

arrogance

Read the passage from Hans Christian Andersen's "The Princess and the Pea." Then [the Queen] took twenty mattresses and laid them on the pea, and then twenty eider-down beds on top of the mattresses. On this the princess had to lie all night. In the morning she was asked how she had slept. "Oh, very badly!" said she. "I have scarcely closed my eyes all night. Heaven only knows what was in the bed, but I was lying on something hard, so that I am black and blue all over my body. It's horrible!" Now they knew that she was a real princess because she had felt the pea right through the twenty mattresses and the twenty eider-down beds. Nobody but a real princess could be as sensitive as that. So the prince took her for his wife, for now he knew that he had a real princess; and the pea was put in the museum, where it may still be seen, if no one has stolen it. There, that is a true story. Which quotation from the passage encompasses the climax of the story?

"'Oh, very badly!' said she. 'I have scarcely closed my eyes all night.'"

Read the excerpt from "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale." Though it is impossible to clarify fully why certain tales were deleted or placed in footnotes in later editions, we do know that "Death and the Goose Boy" was omitted because of its baroque literary features; "The Strange Feast," because of its close resemblance to "Godfather Death"; "The Stepmother," because of its fragmentary nature and cruelty; and "The Faithful Animals," because it came from the Siddhi-Kür, a collection of Mongolian tales. From the first edition in 1812/1815 to the final one in 1857, the Grimms received numerous versions of tales already in their collection and new tales from strangers, friends, and colleagues, and they often decided to replace one tale with another version, to delete some of the tales, or to include variants in their footnotes. Which key details best support the main idea in this paragraph? Select three options.

"...'Death and the Goose Boy' was omitted because of its baroque literary features;" "'The Stepmother' [was omitted] because of its fragmentary nature and cruelty;" "...'The Faithful Animals' [was omitted] because it came from the Siddhi-Kür...."

Which details would best fit in a summary of this passage? Select two options.

"In India . . . it was used as an offering in religious and magical ceremonies" and "the first written record of sugar"

Read the excerpt from "The Crab That Played with the Sea." Then the little girl-daughter put up her little soft brown arms with the beautiful white shell bracelets and said, 'O Eldest Magician! when my father here talked to you at the Very Beginning, and I leaned upon his shoulder while the beasts were being taught their plays, one beast went away naughtily into the Sea before you had taught him his play. And the Eldest Magician said, 'How wise are little children who see and are silent! What was the beast like?' And the little girl-daughter said, 'He was round and he was flat; and his eyes grew upon stalks; and he walked sideways like this; and he was covered with strong armour upon his back.' And the Eldest Magician said, 'How wise are little children who speak truth! Now I know where Pau Amma went. Give me the paddle!' So he took the paddle; but there was no need to paddle, for the water flowed steadily past all the islands till they came to the place called Pusat Tasek—the Heart of the Sea—where the great hollow is that leads down to the heart of the world, and in that hollow grows the Wonderful Tree, Pauh Janggi, that bears the magic twin nuts. Then the Eldest Magician slid his arm up to the shoulder through the deep warm water, and under the roots of the Wonderful Tree he touched the broad back of Pau Amma the Crab. And Pau Amma settled down at the touch, and all the Sea rose up as water rises in a basin when you put your hand into it. 'Ah!' said the Eldest Magician. 'Now I know who has been playing with the Sea;' and he called out, 'What are you doing, Pau Amma?' And Pau Amma, deep down below, answered, 'Once a day and once a night I go out to look for my food. Once a day and once a night I return. Leave me alone.' Then the Eldest Magician said, 'Listen, Pau Amma. When you go out from your cave the waters of the Sea pour down into Pusat Tasek, and all the beaches of all the islands are left bare, and the little fish die, and Raja Moyang Kaban, the King of the Elephants, his legs are made muddy. When you come back and sit in Pusat Tasek, the waters of the Sea rise, and half the little islands are drowned, and the Man's house is flooded, and Raja Abdullah, the King of the Crocodiles, his mouth is filled with the salt water.' Which group of sentences from the excerpt best demonstrates the author's reason for writing?

"And the Eldest Magician said, 'How wise are little children who see and are silent! What was the beast like?' And the little girl-daughter said, 'He was round and he was flat; and his eyes grew upon stalks; and he walked sideways like this; and he was covered with strong armour upon his back.'" "And the Eldest Magician said, 'How wise are little children who speak truth! Now I know where Pau Amma went. Give me the paddle!'"

Which quotation from "Little Red Riding Hood" explains the theme?

"As long as I live, I will never by myself leave the path, to run into the wood, when my mother has forbidden me to do so."

Which quotations from chapter 7 of Night convey an atmosphere of panic? Select two options.

"Father! Father! Wake up. They're going to throw you outside." "And I started to hit him harder and harder."

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Slave owners fought back, arguing that owners should be able to list their slaves as property when they arrived in France and take them with them when they left. Though most parts of France agreed to this, lawmakers in Paris hesitated. Pierre Lemerre the Younger made the case for the slaves. "All men are equal," he insisted in 1716—exactly sixty years before the Declaration of Independence. To say that "all men are equal" in 1716, when slavery was flourishing in every corner of the world and most eastern Europeans themselves were farmers who could be sold along with the land they worked, was like announcing that there was a new sun in the sky. In the Age of Sugar, when slavery was more brutal than ever before, the idea that all humans are equal began to spread—toppling kings, overturning governments, transforming the entire world. Sugar was the connection, the tie, between slavery and freedom. In order to create sugar, Europeans and colonists in the Americas destroyed Africans, turned them into objects. Just at that very same moment, Europeans—at home and across the Atlantic—decided that they could no longer stand being objects themselves. They each needed to vote, to speak out, to challenge the rules of crowned kings and royal princes. How could that be? Why did people keep speaking of equality while profiting from slaves? In fact, the global hunger for slave-grown sugar led directly to the end of slavery. Following the strand of sugar and slavery leads directly into the tumult of the Age of Revolutions. For in North America, then England, France, Haiti, and once again North America, the Age of Sugar brought about the great, final clash between freedom and slavery. Which excerpt from the passage best states the authors' claim?

"Following the strand of sugar and slavery leads directly into the tumult of the Age of Revolutions."

Which excerpt from the passage best states the authors' claim?

"Following the strand of sugar and slavery leads directly into the tumult of the Age of Revolutions."

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. For an African, whether you were sent to the Caribbean or South America, you were now part of the sugar machine. And it did not much matter where your ship landed. You could be working the fertile fields of Brazil or the hills of Jamaica; the brutal cycle of making sugar was much the same. If the terrain was not too rocky or hilly, you might be part of a group of slaves who drove teams of oxen to draw plows across the fields. On rougher ground, you were sent out to clear a space five inches deep and five feet square. Then you dug holes for the cane shoots in the cleared squares. You needed to work quickly and without stopping. Overseers watched closely to make sure of that, beating slaves who did not carve out at least twenty-eight holes an hour on one French island. Which excerpt best states the author's claim?

"For an African, whether you were sent to the Caribbean or South America, you were now part of the sugar machine."

Which quotations from "The Crab That Played with the Sea" convey a comic tone? Select two options.

"He took the Elephant—All-the-Elephant-there-was—and said, 'Play at being an Elephant.'" "All-the-Cow-there-was . . . licked her tongue round a whole forest at a time."

Which sentences most likely belong in the resolution paragraph of a narrative? Select two options.

"I can replace the window," he said, putting his arm around my shoulders, "but I can't replace you." The audience stood up, cheering wildly, and I've never felt so relieved in my life.

Which sentences use description to develop the narrator's personality? Select three options.

"I remember that song, and it always makes me feel a little sad to hear it," I admitted to Rosie. I knelt down next to the woman's dog and said, "He's a beautiful dog. What's his name?" "You just say that because you're jealous," I said to Marty as I put my license back in my wallet.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. As a weeder, your job was to carefully pick away the undergrowth that could choke the cane stalks and stop them from growing tall enough, or that might attract vermin. Cleaning and weeding was done as many as three times while the cane grew, and it was some of the worst labor. A weeder spent ten to fourteen hours a day bent over with a hoe, digging out the unwanted growths at the base of the knobby cane stalks, ignoring the rats that might scuttle over his or her feet or the bladelike leaves that slashed at the worker's wrists and arms. Rats were everywhere—the records from one plantation in Jamaica report three thousand of them captured in just six months. Which excerpt from the passage best states the authors' claim?

"It was some of the worst labor."

Which excerpt from the passage best states the authors' claim?

"It was some of the worst labor."

Which sentence uses a narrative technique to develop a character?

"Maybe," Hannah smirked, "you could just tell her I'm a trapeze artist in my spare time."

Read the excerpt from chapter 7 of Night. A piece fell into our wagon. I decided not to move. Anyway, I knew that I would not be strong enough to fight off dozens of violent men! I saw, not far from me, an old man dragging himself on all fours. He had just detached himself from the struggling mob. He was holding one hand to his heart. At first I thought he had received a blow to his chest. Then I understood: he was hiding a piece of bread under his shirt. With lightning speed he pulled it out and put it to his mouth. His eyes lit up, a smile, like a grimace, illuminated his ashen face. And was immediately extinguished. A shadow had lain down beside him. And this shadow threw itself over him. Stunned by the blows, the old man was crying: "Meir, my little Meir! Don't you recognize me . . . You're killing your father . . . I have bread . . . for you too . . . for you too . . ." In this passage, the author suggests that cruelty can occur when people face horrible conditions. Which evidence best supports this viewpoint? Select two options.

"Meir, my little Meir! Don't you recognize me . . . You're killing your father . . . I have bread . . . for you too . . . for you too . . ." "A shadow had lain down beside him. And this shadow threw itself over him."

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. A stream of pale ash-colored syrup gushed out from the mills, bubbling white with foam. The liquid rushed down a wooden gutter directly into the boiling house, a building of massive furnaces and cauldrons, where the syrup was heated and strained and turned into crystals. A giant copper kettle—often about four feet across and three feet deep—waited for the pale river. This was the first in a series of ever-smaller cauldrons, and beneath each gaped what the Brazilians called the "great open mouths"—the huge furnaces that had to be constantly filled with the wood that workers had chopped down and hauled to be ready for this moment. The boiling house was as perilous as the mills, for if a person nodded off for a second, he or she could slip into a bubbling vat. Mammoth fires burned in the "mouths," clouds of steam billowed above the kettles, and the heat was so intense that the boiling houses had to be sprayed with water so they would not go up in flames. Then there was the smell, or rather, the stench of the boiling liquid. As the [sugar cane] juice boiled, a foul scum rose to the top—which a slave had to keep skimming off with a long-handled ladle. Over and over again the liquid had to be strained and purified, even as it kept boiling, boiling, boiling in the copper vats. Which text evidence best supports the authors' claim that sugar processing was a long and difficult process?

"Over and over again the liquid had to be strained and purified."

Read the excerpt from "The Crab That Played with the Sea." And Pau Amma? You can see when you go to the beach, how all Pau Amma's babies make little Pusat Taseks for themselves under every stone and bunch of weed on the sands; you can see them waving their little scissors; and in some parts of the world they truly live on the dry land and run up the palm trees and eat cocoa-nuts, exactly as the girl-daughter promised. But once a year all Pau Ammas must shake off their hard armour and be soft—to remind them of what the Eldest Magician could do. And so it isn't fair to kill or hunt Pau Amma's babies just because old Pau Amma was stupidly rude a very long time ago. Oh yes! And Pau Amma's babies hate being taken out of their little Pusat Taseks and brought home in pickle-bottles. That is why they nip you with their scissors, and it serves you right! Which evidence best supports the conclusion that the narrator is telling this story with a particular child in mind?

"Pau Amma's babies hate being taken out of their little Pusat Taseks and brought home in pickle-bottles. That is why they nip you with their scissors, and it serves you right!"

What evidence from the passage best supports the inference that Europe was dangerous for merchants to travel to before the 1100s?

"guaranteed the safety of any merchant"

Read the excerpt from "Children of the Drug Wars." By sending these children away, "you are handing them a death sentence," says José Arnulfo Ochoa Ochoa, an expert in Honduras with World Vision International, a Christian humanitarian aid group. This abrogates international conventions we have signed and undermines our credibility as a humane country. It would be a disgrace if this wealthy nation turned its back on the 52,000 children who have arrived since October, many of them legitimate refugees. Which phrase from the excerpt contains words with strong connotations that help describe the seriousness of the situation?

"handing them a death sentence"

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. If you walked down Beekman Street in New York in the 1750s, you would come to a general store owned by Gerard Beekman—his family gave the street its name. The products on his shelves showed many of the ways sugar was linking the world. Beekman and merchants like him shipped flour, bread, corn, salted beef, and wood to the Caribbean. They brought back sugar, rum, molasses, limes, cocoa, and ginger. Simple enough; but this trade up and down the Atlantic coast was part of a much larger world system. Textbooks talk about the Triangle Trade: Ships set out from Europe carrying fabrics, clothes, and simple manufactured goods to Africa, where they sold their cargoes and bought people. The enslaved people were shipped across the Atlantic to the islands, where they were sold for sugar. Then the ships brought sugar to North America, to be sold or turned into rum—which the captains brought back to Europe. But that neat triangle—already more of a rectangle—is completely misleading. Beekman's trade, for example, could cut out Europe entirely. British colonists' ships set out directly from New York and New England carrying the food and timber that the islands needed, trading them for sugar, which the merchants brought back up the coast. Then the colonists traded their sugar for English fabrics, clothes, and simple manufactured goods, or they took their rum directly to Africa to buy slaves—to sell to the sugar islands. English, North American, French, and Dutch ships competed to supply the Caribbean plantations and buy their sugar. And even all these boats filling the waters of the Atlantic were but one part of an even larger system of world trade. Africans who sold other Africans as slaves insisted on being paid in fabrics from India. Indeed, historians have discovered that some 35 percent of the cargo typically taken from Europe to Africa originally came from India. What could the Europeans use to buy Indian cloth? The Spanish shipped silver from the mines of Bolivia to Manila in the Philippines, and bought Asian products there. Any silver that English or French pirates could steal from the Spanish was also ideal for buying Asian cloth. So to get the fabrics that would buy the slaves that could be sold for sugar for the English to put into their tea, the Spanish shipped silver to the Philippines, and the French, English, and Dutch sailed east to India. What we call a triangle was really as round as the globe. Which evidence best supports the authors' claim and purpose?

"Simple enough; but this trade up and down the Atlantic coast was part of a much larger world system."

Which sentences show correct dialogue punctuation? Select three options.

"Thanks for helping me out, Grace," she mumbled. "Who took the last muffin? I was going to eat it this morning!" Anastasia groaned. "Don't worry, I'm not going to tell anyone. But it's not that big a deal," whispered Jayden.

Which quotation from "The Story of the Fisherman" in The Arabian Nights Entertainments supports the theme that cleverness trumps wrath?

"That vase could not contain one of your feet even, and how could your whole body go in? I cannot believe it unless I see you do the thing."

What evidence from the passage best supports the inference that white sugar was rarer and more valuable than brown sugar? Select two options.

"The kind of sugar easiest to produce from cane is dark" and "wanted it to be as pure, sweet, and white as possible"

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Cutting cane was hard work, but it was nothing like what came next: Piles of freshly cut cane had to be fed into the ever-turning mill wheels, until they were completely crushed. The owners insisted that during the work hours the grinding never stop, no matter what. The mills were most often tended by women who were doing dangerous work while getting almost no rest. That was a very bad combination. An ax was often propped up near the rollers so if a slave closed her eyes for a second while pushing the cane, her arm could be hacked off before she was pulled through the merciless grinders. Guests at sugar plantations often remarked on how many one-armed people they saw. Day after day, week after week, month after month, the cane was cut, hauled to the mill, and fed through the rollers. The mills kept going as long as there was cane to grind—the season varied between four and ten months, depending on the local growing conditions. A visitor who came to Brazil in 1630 described the scene: "People the color of the very night, working briskly and moaning at the same time without a moment of peace or rest, whoever sees all the confused and noisy machinery . . . will say that this indeed is the image of Hell." Which text evidence best supports the authors' claim that a frantic pace made working conditions even worse?

"The owners insisted that during the work hours the grinding never stop, no matter what."

Read the passage from Hans Christian Andersen's "The Princess and the Pea." Once upon a time there was a prince who wanted to marry a princess; but she would have to be a real princess. He travelled all over the world to find one, but nowhere could he get what he wanted. There were princesses enough, but it was difficult to find out whether they were real ones. There was always something about them that was not as it should be. So he came home again and was sad, for he would have liked very much to have a real princess. One evening a terrible storm came on; there was thunder and lightning, and the rain poured down in torrents. Suddenly a knocking was heard at the city gate, and the old king went to open it. It was a princess standing out there in front of the gate. But, good gracious! What a sight the rain and the wind had made her look. The water ran down from her hair and clothes; it ran down into the toes of her shoes and out again at the heels. And yet she said that she was a real princess. "Well, we'll soon find that out," thought the old queen. But she said nothing, went into the bed-room, took all the bedding off the bedstead, and laid a pea on the bottom; then she took twenty mattresses and laid them on the pea, and then twenty eider-down beds on top of the mattresses. Which quotation from the passage best supports the theme that looks can be deceiving?

"The water ran down from her hair and clothes; it ran down into the toes of her shoes and out again at the heels."

Which statement best supports the author's purpose in "Children of the Drug Wars," which is to persuade readers that the United States should do more to help immigrant children from Honduras?

"These children are facing threats similar to the forceful conscription of child soldiers by warlords in Sudan or during the civil war in Bosnia. Being forced to sell drugs by narcos is no different from being forced into military service."

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. The English public, now consuming some eighteen pounds of sugar a year, knew little about the lives of the enslaved Africans whose labor sweetened their meals. Worse yet, every Englishman who hammered the wood, sewed the sails, manufactured the rope for slave ships, or built the barrels to hold slave-harvested sugar made his money from the slave trade. The English were getting richer because Africans were being turned into property. Clarkson and others who believed as he did, who in the coming decades would be called abolitionists, realized that while that link gave the English a stake in slavery, it also gave the antislavery forces an opportunity. If they could reverse the flow—make the horrors of slavery visible to those who benefited from it—they might be able to end the vile practice forever. The abolitionists were brilliant. They created the most effective public relations campaign in history, inventing techniques that we use to this day. When he spoke, Clarkson brandished whips and handcuffs used on slaves; he published testimonials from sailors and ship doctors who described the atrocities and punishments on slave ships. When Olaudah Equiano published his memoir, he educated his readers about the horrors of the slave trade. And then, when the English began to understand what slavery really was, Clarkson and others organized what we would call a boycott of "the blood-sweetened beverage." Which excerpt from the passage best states the authors' claim?

"They created the most effective public relations campaign in history, inventing techniques that we use to this day."

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. No one interviewed the Africans who labored in the sugar fields to ask them about their hard labor. They were meant to work and die. But there is one way we can hear them. The Africans invented music, dances, and songs that carry on the pulse, the beat, of their lives. (To hear examples of music from the sugar lands, go to www.sugarchangedtheworld.com.) In Puerto Rico, bomba is a form of music and dance that the sugar workers invented. It is a kind of conversation in rhythm involving a woman, the man dancing with her, and the drummers who watch her and find the right rhythm for her movements. A master coming by would see dancing—no words of anger or rebellion. But as she moved and swayed, as the drummers "spoke" back in their beats, the workers were saying that they were not just labor, not just bodies born to work and die. Instead, they were alive and speaking to one another in movements and sounds that were all their own. In Cuba, sugar workers told their stories in the words and sounds of rumba. As one song said, "The boss does not want me to play the drum." Overseers feared the slaves were using drums to send messages and spread thoughts of rebellion. Similarly, in Brazil there is a dance called Maculelê, which some trace to the sugar fields. Maculelê is danced with sticks or sugar cane stalks, and it looks very much like training for combat. On many of the sugar islands, Africans created similar dances in which people spin, jump, and seem to menace each other, then, just on the beat, click sticks and twirl away. The dances were a way of imitating warfare without actually defying the master. Which text evidence best supports the authors' claim and purpose that enslaved people were more than mercilessly treated workers?

"They were not just labor, not just bodies born to work and die."

Read the passage from chapter 2 of Animal Farm. But at this moment the three cows, who had seemed uneasy for some time past, set up a loud lowing. They had not been milked for twenty-four hours, and their udders were almost bursting. After a little thought, the pigs sent for buckets and milked the cows fairly successfully, their trotters being well adapted to this task. Soon there were five buckets of frothing creamy milk at which many of the animals looked with considerable interest. "What is going to happen to all that milk?" said someone. "Jones used sometimes to mix some of it in our mash," said one of the hens. "Never mind the milk, comrades!" cried Napoleon, placing himself in front of the buckets. "That will be attended to. The harvest is more important. Comrade Snowball will lead the way. I shall follow in a few minutes. Forward, comrades! The hay is waiting." So the animals trooped down to the hayfield to begin the harvest, and when they came back in the evening it was noticed that the milk had disappeared. Which quotation from this passage is the best example of foreshadowing?

"When they came back in the evening it was noticed that the milk had disappeared."

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. In the 1100s, the richest Europeans slowly began to add more flavor to their food—because of a series of fairs and wars. A smart count in the Champagne region of France guaranteed the safety of any merchant coming to sell or trade at the markets in the lord's lands. Soon word spread, and the fairs flourished. Starting around 1150, the six Champagne fairs became the one place where Europeans could buy and sell products from the surrounding world—a first step in connecting them to the riches and tastes beyond. Fortress Europe was slowly opening up. What evidence from the passage best supports the inference that Europe was dangerous for merchants to travel to before the 1100s?

"because of a series of fairs and wars"

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. When knowledge of sugar was just beginning to spread from India, from Persia, from Greece, from the great school of Jundi Shapur, cooks working for the wealthiest people treated it as a spice, blending it with other tastes. They continued to do that for another thousand years. What evidence from the passage supports the inference that sugar was expensive and not available to everyone?

"cooks working for the wealthiest people"

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. But it is in India, where it was used as an offering in religious and magical ceremonies, that we have the first written record of sugar. Long before the first pyramids were built in Egypt, the ancient Sumerians traded with the people of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, who lived along the Indus River. Unfortunately, we are still not able to read the writings left behind from those ancient cities. So the first documents telling us about life in that region come from a much later period. These Hindu sacred teachings were probably first gathered together sometime between 1500 and 900 B.C., and were carefully memorized. Only hundreds of years later were they finally written down. The Hindu writings tell us of a religion in which fire was extremely important. People believed that the gods gave fire to human beings. Yet fire was also a way for humans to reach the gods. By placing offerings in a special fire, a priest could turn them into smoke and send them on to the gods. Five ingredients were selected for this special burning: milk, cheese, butter, honey, and sugar cane. Which details would best fit in a summary of this passage? Select two options.

"in India . . . it was used as an offering in religious and magical ceremonies" "the first written record of sugar"

What evidence from the passage best supports the inference that sugar cane had special significance in the ancient era? Select three options.

"sugar cane was now an ingredient in ceremonies involving fire", "Perhaps that transformation itself seemed magical", and "sugar cane is called ikshu, which means 'something that people want'"

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. On a plantation there were large groups of workers—between fifty and several hundred. The mill was right next to the crop, so that growing and grinding took place in the same spot. And all the work was governed by extremely tight, rigid discipline. The Muslims began to put together the rules for this new kind of farming. Both they and the Christians experimented with using their slaves to run the plantations. At first many of the slaves working sugar plantations in the Mediterranean were Russians, or anyone captured in war. But even all this careful organization did not solve the second problem with sugar. What evidence from the passage best supports the inference that making sugar was difficult? Select two options.

"the work was governed by extremely tight, rigid discipline" "careful organization did not solve the second problem with sugar"

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. With the rise of Islam, Egypt became the world's great sugar laboratory. The kind of sugar easiest to produce from cane is dark—the color comes from molasses, which also makes that form of sugar spicy and even bitter. What we call molasses is just a natural part of the first grinding of sugar cane into syrup. Sugar refiners drain out the dark molasses to use by itself and are left with relatively white sugar. The noble and wealthy, who could afford sugar, wanted it to be as pure, sweet, and white as possible. The Egyptians figured out how to meet that need. What evidence from the passage best supports the inference that white sugar was rarer and more valuable than brown sugar? Select two options.

"wanted it to be as pure, sweet, and white as possible" "The kind of sugar easiest to produce from cane is dark"

Read the excerpt from "The Crab That Played with the Sea." He went North, Best Beloved, and he found All-the-Elephant-there-was digging with his tusks and stamping with his feet in the nice new clean earth that had been made ready for him. 'Kun?' said All-the-Elephant-there-was, meaning, 'Is this right?' 'Payah kun,' said the Eldest Magician, meaning, 'That is quite right'; and he breathed upon the great rocks and lumps of earth that All-the-Elephant-there-was had thrown up, and they became the great Himalayan Mountains, and you can look them out on the map. He went East, and he found All-the-Cow-there-was feeding in the field that had been made ready for her, and she licked her tongue round a whole forest at a time, and swallowed it and sat down to chew her cud. 'Kun?' said All-the-Cow-there-was. 'Payah kun,' said the Eldest Magician; and he breathed upon the bare patch where she had eaten, and upon the place where she had sat down, and one became the great Indian Desert, and the other became the Desert of Sahara, and you can look them out on the map. Which details from the excerpt best support the conclusion that the narrator is speaking directly to a child? Select two options.

-the expression "Best Beloved" -the clause "you can look them out on the map"

Which statement best describes the rebel archetype?

A rebel archetype is someone who lives by his or her own moral code.

Read the excerpt from act 1, scene 3, of The Tragedy of Julius Caesar and the background information on the allusion it contains. CASSIUS. And why should Caesar be a tyrant then? Poor man, I know he would not be a wolf But that he sees the Romans are but sheep. He were no lion, were not Romans hinds. Those that with haste will make a mighty fire Begin it with weak straws. What trash is Rome? What rubbish, and what offal? when it serves For the base matter to illuminate So vile a thing as Caesar! But, O grief, Where hast thou led me? I perhaps speak this Before a willing bondman: then I know My answer must be made. But I am armed And dangers are to me indifferent. CASCA. You speak to Casca, and to such a man That is no fleering tell-tale. Hold, my hand. Be factious for redress of all these griefs And I will set this foot of mine as far As who goes farthest. CASSIUS. There's a bargain made. Now know you, Casca, I have moved already Some certain of the noblest-minded Romans To undergo with me an enterprise Of honourable dangerous consequence. And I do know by this, they stay for me In Pompey's Porch. For now this fearful night There is no stir or walking in the streets; And the complexion of the element In favour's like the work we have in hand, Most bloody, fiery, and most terrible. Background information: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, known in English as Pompey the Great, was a Roman general and political leader. Together with Caesar and Crassus, Pompey ruled as a member of the first Roman triumvirate. As a leader, Pompey was a capable administer and worked to help Rome grow and prosper. Among other projects, he built a large amphitheater in Rome. This amphitheater was named after him, and its annex became known as Pompey's Porch. During this time, Pompey married Caesar's daughter, Julia. After her death, however, Pompey and Caesar began to grow apart, and within a few years, Pompey sided with the senate against Caesar. War followed. In 48 BCE, Pompey's armies were defeated, and he was murdered by former allies who were afraid of Caesar's power. Which statement best explains the meaning added by the allusion in this excerpt?

Alluding to Pompey invokes the history of his opposition to Caesar, showing that the conspirators in the play are part of a longstanding battle against a tyrant.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. And yet, for all the hardships and prejudice, most Indians decided to stay in the colonies even after their contracts ended. By the end of the 1800s, only a quarter of the indentures sailed back to India after their five years were over. Sometimes this was because they were still too poor. Others told tales of returning only to be spurned by their villages for having broken caste or to be preyed upon by relatives who stole their money. Most of those who stayed in the New World, though, chose to do so because it offered a new life. And in the late 1800s, the authorities began to make a new offer to Indian workers. If they remained in the Caribbean, they could get a small plot of land of their own. After putting in their time in sugar, they could begin to farm for themselves. Which goal does this passage address?

A) the goal of explaining why the majority of Indians stayed in the colonies

Which claim do both passages support?

Abolitionists used powerful speeches and presentations to engage people and persuade them to join the abolitionists' cause.

Alexander the Great continued exploring even though his Greek soldiers quit.

Which statement best summarizes this passage?

Alexander the Great continued exploring even though his Greek soldiers quit.

Read the passage. Paul seems to know everyone in this town, and is always amenable to a chat when I run into him. Paul's father, a docile man, works with him at the bookstore. Which statement best explains the nuance between amenable and docile?

Amenable suggests that Paul is an open, social person, while docile implies that his father is kind but quiet.

Read the excerpt from "The Royal House of Thebes." Ismene weeping came from the palace to stand with her sister. "I helped do it," she said. But Antigone would not have that. "She had no share in it," she told Creon. And she bade her sister say no more. "Your choice was to live," she said, "mine to die." As she was led away to death, she spoke to the bystanders:— . . . Behold me, what I suffer Because I have upheld that which is high. How does the archetype of tragic heroine reveal the universal theme?

Antigone sacrifices herself for her beliefs, but will not sacrifice her sister as well. This reveals the universal theme of taking responsibility for one's actions.

Read the passage. When Norah finally got tickets to the concert, she asked me to go with her. I am an ardent fan of bluegrass music, so of course I said yes. Malinda said she would be willing to go, too. Which statement best explains the nuance between ardent and willing?

Ardent implies a deep desire for something, while willing implies simply a readiness to do something.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Since sugar had to pass through many hands before it reached the fairs, it was expensive and hard to get. King Henry III of England, for example, liked sugar. Yet there was little he could do to satisfy his craving. He wrote to one official in 1226 asking if he could possibly obtain three pounds of the precious substance—at a cost of about 450 modern dollars. He later appealed to a mayor, hoping he might be able to get four more pounds of the rare grains. And finally, by 1243, he managed to buy three hundred pounds. The fairs lasted until the 1300s, when Venice came to dominate European trade with the Muslim world. The Venetians greatly expanded the sugar trade, so much so that a hundred years after Henry III's reign, the English were able to buy thousands of pounds of the sweet stuff each year. Which inference does this passage support?

As sugar became increasingly available to the English, they wanted to acquire even more of it.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. On the day the coolies were to depart, each one was given a "tin ticket," an identification disk, hung around the neck or strapped to the arm. The enslaved Africans who were taken to the sugar plantations lost their names; they were meant to be pure property. The Indian indentures were lied to, they were tricked, they were no more than cheap labor to keep the plantations running—but they were still individuals. Each of their names was carefully recorded in account books. What claim do the authors make in this passage?

B) Indians retained some of their individuality by being able to keep their names.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. In the sugar colonies, the wounds of slavery were never far beneath the surface. The Africans who had worked in sugar quickly left the plantations and tried to farm or moved to nearby towns. As one planter said, it made no sense to believe that "the Negro would become a grateful and cheerful free laborer on the soil which had been watered by his tears in slavery." But what could the former slaves do? Every Indian who accepted the paltry wages specified in the indenture contract lowered the price an African could charge for his labor. Which question does this passage answer most effectively?

B) Why did Africans leave the plantations to farm elsewhere?

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Underneath the clash over rights, laws, and work rules, there was a deeper truth that the planters were sensing: The Age of Sugar was ending. On the one hand, the work on the plantations was now guided by a web of laws and rules that even an Indian coolie like Bechu could use to challenge the owners. Workers were individuals, not property. On the other hand, world sugar prices were plummeting. Owners no longer had the economic clout of being a mainstay of the economy. Instead, smaller plantations were going bankrupt. The old ways were simply not working anymore. Why were sugar prices falling? Because of competition from another part of the world. The evidence in this passage could best be described as

B) logical evidence showing that sugar farming was changing because of laws and low prices.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Indians were supposed to work seven hours each day, and to be paid a set fee for each day's work. But the planters instead preferred to pay by the "task''—they insisted that they wouldn't pay a worker until he had completed a specific job. Of course the owner would pick a job that took much more than seven hours, so a worker's day stretched from sunup to sundown. Bechu showed that this was illegal and unfair: "There are lots of indentured men who work by time and have drivers at their backs all day long." Yet, even then, they "do not earn'' the amount specified in their contracts. Several planters wrote back to the paper, furious at the suggestion that they were cheating the coolies. The letters were black with rage—at the Indian who dared to speak up and question the ethics of Englishmen. When a commission was convened in 1897 to investigate the conditions on the estates, Bechu—the Indian the planters hated—came before the judges to share his evidence. What is the authors' purpose in this passage?

B) to inform the reader about Bechu's role in proving that the plantation owners' tactics were illegal

Read the excerpt from "The Story of a Warrior Queen." At last the Roman leader was so downcast with his many defeats that he went himself to the British camp, bearing in his hand a green branch as a sign of peace. When Boadicea was told that an ambassador from the Romans wished to speak to her, she replied proudly, "My sword alone shall speak to the Romans." And when the Roman leader asked for peace, she answered, "You shall have peace, peace, but no submission. A British heart will choose death rather than lose liberty. There can be peace only if you promise to leave the country." Which action best supports the idea that Boadicea is a warrior?

Boadicea tells the Roman leader that she will speak with her sword.

Read the excerpt from "The Story of a Warrior Queen." After Boadicea had been so cruelly and unjustly treated, she burned with anger against the Romans. Her heart was full only of thoughts of revenge. She called her people together, and, standing on a mound of earth so that they could see and hear her, she made a speech to them. She told them first how shamefully the Romans had behaved to her, their Queen. Then, like Caractacus, she reminded them how their forefathers had fought against Julius Caesar, and had driven the Romans away for a time at least. "Is it not better to be poor and free than to have great wealth and be slaves?" she asked. "And the Romans take not only our freedom but our wealth. They want to make us both slaves and beggars. Let us rise. O brothers and sisters, let us rise, and drive these robbers out of our land! Let us kill them every one! Let us teach them that they are no better than hares and foxes, and no match for greyhounds! We will fight, and if we cannot conquer, then let us die—yes, every one of us—die rather than submit." How does the archetype presented in the excerpt support the universal theme of freedom above life?

Boadicea's warrior archetype leads her to fight the Romans and die if necessary.

Read the excerpt from chapter 8 of The Travels of Marco Polo and study the map. [This] is an island lying about 1,000 miles south of Socotra. The people are Saracens who worship Mahomet. They have four sheikhs—that is to say, four elders—who exercise authority over the whole island. You must know that this island is one of the biggest and best in the whole world. It is said to measure about 4,000 miles in circumference. The people live by trade and industry. More elephants are bred here than in any other province; and I assure you that not so many elephant tusks are sold in all the rest of the world put together as in this island and that of Zanzibar. Which labeled location is the place where more elephants are bred than anywhere else, according to the excerpt?

C - Madagascar

Read the excerpts from "The Royal House of Thebes" and "The Story of a Warrior Queen." Antigone and Ismene heard with horror what Creon had decided. To Ismene, shocking as it was, overwhelming her with anguish for the pitiful dead body and the lonely, homeless soul, it seemed, nevertheless, that nothing could be done except to acquiesce [to accept without protest]. She and Antigone were utterly alone. All Thebes was exulting that the man who had brought war upon them should be thus terribly punished. "We are women," she told her sister. "We must obey. We have no strength to defy the State." "Choose your own part," Antigone said. "I go to bury the brother I love." -"The Royal House of Thebes" "Is it not better to be poor and free than to have great wealth and be slaves?" she [Boadicea] asked. "And the Romans take not only our freedom but our wealth. They want to make us both slaves and beggars. Let us rise. O brothers and sisters, let us rise, and drive these robbers out of our land! Let us kill them every one! Let us teach them that they are no better than hares and foxes, and no match for greyhounds! We will fight, and if we cannot conquer, then let us die—yes, every one of us—die rather than submit." -"The Story of a Warrior Queen" How do the archetypes in these passages support the universal theme that one's values are worth risking one's life for?

Both Antigone and Boadicea are heroines who choose their values over their lives, knowing they may die in the process.

How do the authors develop the claim in the two passages?

Both passages support the claim that human rights became more important than property rights in the early 1800s.

Read the two passages from Sugar Changed the World. Slave owners fought back, arguing that owners should be able to list their slaves as property when they arrived in France and take them with them when they left. Though most parts of France agreed to this, lawmakers in Paris hesitated. Pierre Lemerre the Younger made the case for the slaves. "All men are equal," he insisted in 1716—exactly sixty years before the Declaration of Independence. To say that "all men are equal" in 1716, when slavery was flourishing in every corner of the world and most eastern Europeans themselves were farmers who could be sold along with the land they worked, was like announcing that there was a new sun in the sky. In the Age of Sugar, when slavery was more brutal than ever before, the idea that all humans are equal began to spread—toppling kings, overturning governments, transforming the entire world. Sugar was the connection, the tie, between slavery and freedom. Clarkson and others who believed as he did, who in the coming decades would be called abolitionists, realized that while that link gave the English a stake in slavery, it also gave the antislavery forces an opportunity. If they could reverse the flow—make the horrors of slavery visible to those who benefited from it—they might be able to end the vile practice forever. The abolitionists were brilliant. They created the most effective public relations campaign in history, inventing techniques that we use to this day. When he spoke, Clarkson brandished whips and handcuffs used on slaves; he published testimonials from sailors and ship doctors who described the atrocities and punishments on slave ships. When Olaudah Equiano published his memoir, he educated his readers about the horrors of the slave trade. And then, when the English began to understand what slavery really was, Clarkson and others organized what we would call a boycott of "the blood-sweetened beverage." Which statement best explains how the authors develop their claim across the two passages?

Both passages use evidence to show that knowledge of the extreme brutality of the sugar trade changed viewpoints about enslavement.

Read the two passages from Sugar Changed the World. Knowing that their slaves were likely to die by the time they reached their thirties, Louisiana sugar planters were extremely selective—they bought only healthy-looking young men in their late teens. On average, the men purchased in Louisiana were an inch taller than the people bought in the other slave states. Those teenagers made up seven to eight out of every ten slaves brought to America's sugar Hell. The others were younger teenage girls, around fifteen to sixteen years old. Their job, for the rest of their short lives, was to have children. Elizabeth Ross Hite knew that, for sure, "all de master wanted was fo' dem wimmen to hav children." Enslaved children would be put to work or sold. The overseer S.B. Raby explained, "Rachel had a 'fine boy' last Sunday. Our crop of negroes will I think make up any deficiencies there may be in the cane crop." That is, a master could sell any slaves who managed to live, if he needed more money than he could make from sugar. Jazz was born in Louisiana. Could it be that a population of teenagers, almost all of them male, were inspired to develop their own music as a way to speak, to compete, to announce who they were to the world? Bomba in Puerto Rico, Maculelê in Brazil, jazz in Louisiana—all gave people a chance to be alive, to be human, to have ideas, and dreams, and passions when their owners claimed they were just cogs in machinery built to produce sugar. The sugar workers in Hawaii were not enslaved—they chose to come. But they still lived hard lives: Hawai'i, Hawai'i I came seeing the dream But my tears now flow In the canefields When the Africans were brought to work in sugar, they had to form new families, learn new languages—they had to find ways to blend their new lives with what they recalled from their homelands. The holehole bushi hint at one way sugar workers have always found strength and comfort: My husband cuts the cane I carry the stalks from the field Together, the two of us We get by Which statement best explains how the authors develop their claim across the two passages?

Both passages use facts and details to support the claim that sugar workers in different places used music to express themselves and relieve the pressures of brutal work.

Read the passage from \Animal Farm. Boxer could not get beyond the letter D. He would trace out A, B, C, D, in the dust with his great hoof, and then would stand staring at the letters with his ears back, sometimes shaking his forelock, trying with all his might to remember what came next and never succeeding. On several occasions, indeed, he did learn E, F, G, H, but by the time he knew them, it was always discovered that he had forgotten A, B, C, and D. Finally he decided to be content with the first four letters, and used to write them out once or twice every day to refresh his memory. What is the central idea of this passage?

Boxer is unable to learn the alphabet.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Workers could not leave the plantation unless they had a pass. And if they did decide to explore on their own, without permission, they could be thrown in jail, sentenced to hard labor, or lose some of their hard-earned wages. A charge of "idling" in the fields could result in the loss of a whole week's wages. Worse, if they dared rebel or protest, their contract could be transferred to another estate. And there were still complaints of flogging or mysterious deaths. Life, as the historian Hugh Tinker noted, was like being a prisoner on parole. Which question does this passage answer most effectively?

C) What was life actually like for indentured Indians?

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Slave labor was valuable because it produced cheap sugar that everyone wanted to buy. But if people stopped buying that sugar, the whole slave system would collapse. In the years leading up to the American Revolution, the women of New England refused to buy English products and English tea. The loss of income made London rescind some of the taxes it had imposed on America. Now this same tactic—boycotting—was used to fight slavery. Some 400,000 English people stopped buying the sugar that slaves grew and harvested. Instead, they bought loaves of sugar that carried a label that said, "Produced by the labor of FREEMEN"—the sugar came from India. When the English looked at the sugar they used every day, Clarkson and the other abolitionists made them see the blood of the slaves who had created it. The very fact that slave-made sugar was so popular made it harder for the English to ignore the reality of slavery. Sugar was a bridge—like the sneakers and T-shirts and rugs that, today, we know are made by sweatshop labor. If you wanted the product, abolitionists forced you to think about how it was made. Slavery—a practice as ancient as human civilization—was becoming unacceptable, a form of inhumanity people could no longer tolerate. Which sentence best states the authors' claim in this passage?

Boycotting was an effective and persuasive tool in the fight against slavery.

Read the two excerpts from act 3, scene 2, of Julius Caesar. SECOND PLEBEIAN. Peace, silence! Brutus speaks. FIRST PLEBEIAN. Peace, ho! BRUTUS. Good countrymen, let me depart alone, And, for my sake, stay here with Antony. Do grace to Caesar's corpse, and grace his speech Tending to Caesar's glories, which Mark Antony, By our permission, is allowed to make. I do entreat you, not a man depart Save I alone till Antony have spoke. [Exit] SECOND PLEBEIAN. Most noble Caesar! We'll revenge his death. THIRD PLEBEIAN. O royal Caesar! ANTONY. Hear me with patience. ALL. Peace, ho! ANTONY. Moreover, he hath left you all his walks, His private arbours, and new-planted orchards, On this side Tiber. He hath left them you, And to your heirs for ever—common pleasures To walk abroad and recreate yourselves. Here was a Caesar. When comes such another? Which statement best compares the last remarks in the two monologues?

Brutus creates closure, whereas Antony stimulates anger.

Read the excerpt from act 2, scene 1, of The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. BRUTUS. It must be by his death: and for my part I know no personal cause to spurn at him But for the general. He would be crowned: How that might change his nature, there's the question. It is the bright day that brings forth the adder, And that craves wary walking. Crown him that, And then I grant we put a sting in him That at his will he may do danger with. Th' abuse of greatness is when it disjoins Remorse from power. And to speak truth of Caesar, I have not known when his affections swayed More than his reason. But 'tis a common proof That lowliness is young ambition's ladder, Whereto the climber-upward turns his face; But when he once attains the upmost round, He then unto the ladder turns his back, Looks in the clouds, scorning the base degrees By which he did ascend. So Caesar may. Then lest he may, prevent. And since the quarrel Will bear no colour for the thing he is, Fashion it thus: that what he is, augmented, Would run to these and these extremities; And therefore think him as a serpent's egg Which, hatched, would as his kind grow mischievous, And kill him in the shell. What moral dilemma does this excerpt express?

Brutus must decide whether to help in the plot to kill Caesar.

Read the excerpt from act 2, scene 1, of Julius Caesar. BRUTUS. Our course will seem too bloody, Caius Cassius, To cut the head off and then hack the limbs, Like wrath in death and envy afterwards— For Antony is but a limb of Caesar. Let us be sacrificers, but not butchers, Caius. We all stand up against the spirit of Caesar, And in the spirit of men there is no blood. O, that we then could come by Caesar's spirit, And not dismember Caesar! But, alas, Caesar must bleed for it. And, gentle friends, Let's kill him boldly, but not wrathfully. Let's carve him as a dish fit for the gods, Not hew him as a carcass fit for hounds. And let our hearts, as subtle masters do, Stir up their servants to an act of rage, And after seem to chide 'em. This shall make Our purpose necessary, and not envious; Which so appearing to the common eyes, We shall be called purgers, not murderers. And for Mark Antony, think not of him, For he can do no more than Caesar's arm When Caesar's head is off. Which statement best explains Brutus's motivation in this scene?

Brutus wants people to think of the conspirators as honorable, not evil.

Read the meanings of the word bolt, then read the sentence. Definition 1. n., a screw for fastening Definition 2. n., a strike of lightning Definition 3. n., a bar that slides to lock something Definition 4. n., a roll of fabric or wallpaper Please make sure you latch the bolt on the window when you close it tonight. What is the meaning of bolt as it is used in this sentence?

Definition 3

Read the meanings of the word fold, then read the sentence. Definition 1. n., a crease in fabric or a piece of paper Definition 2. v., to bend Definition 3. n., a group of people with common beliefs Definition 4. v., to incorporate one food ingredient into another When making cake batter, it is important to fold the flour into the butter before adding the rest of the ingredients. What is the meaning of fold as it is used in this sentence?

Definition 4

Read the passage from Animal Farm. But if there were hardships to be borne, they were partly offset by the fact that life nowadays had a greater dignity than it had had before. There were more songs, more speeches, more processions. Napoleon had commanded that once a week there should be held something called a Spontaneous Demonstration, the object of which was to celebrate the struggles and triumphs of Animal Farm. At the appointed time the animals would leave their work and march round the precincts of the farm in military formation, with the pigs leading, then the horses, then the cows, then the sheep, and then the poultry. The dogs flanked the procession and at the head of all marched Napoleon's black cockerel. Boxer and Clover always carried between them a green banner marked with the hoof and the horn and the caption, "Long live Comrade Napoleon!" Afterwards there were recitations of poems composed in Napoleon's honour, and a speech by Squealer giving particulars of the latest increases in the production of foodstuffs, and on occasion a shot was fired from the gun. The sheep were the greatest devotees of the Spontaneous Demonstration, and if anyone complained (as a few animals sometimes did, when no pigs or dogs were near) that they wasted time and meant a lot of standing about in the cold, the sheep were sure to silence him with a tremendous bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad!" But by and large the animals enjoyed these celebrations. They found it comforting to be reminded that, after all, they were truly their own masters and that the work they did was for their own benefit. So that, what with the songs, the processions, Squealer's lists of figures, the thunder of the gun, the crowing of the cockerel, and the fluttering of the flag, they were able to forget that their bellies were empty, at least part of the time. How does the use of repetition support the theme in this passage?

Dictatorships can use repeated rituals as a distraction from oppression.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Sugar was the connection, the tie, between slavery and freedom. In order to create sugar, Europeans and colonists in the Americas destroyed Africans, turned them into objects. Just at that very same moment, Europeans—at home and across the Atlantic—decided that they could no longer stand being objects themselves. They each needed to vote, to speak out, to challenge the rules of crowned kings and royal princes. How could that be? Why did people keep speaking of equality while profiting from slaves? In fact, the global hunger for slave-grown sugar led directly to the end of slavery. Following the strand of sugar and slavery leads directly into the tumult of the Age of Revolutions. For in North America, then England, France, Haiti, and once again North America, the Age of Sugar brought about the great, final clash between freedom and slavery. Which sentence best states the authors' claim in this passage?

Economic demand for sugar led to political pressure to end enslavement.

Which sentence best states the authors' claim in this passage?

Economic demand for sugar led to political pressure to end enslavement.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. After the Egyptians crushed cut cane and captured the juice, they boiled and strained the liquid, let it settle, then strained it again. The cane juice was now poured into molds with holes in the bottom, so that all the liquid could drain out, leaving only a powder. That powder was then mixed with milk and boiled again. After one round of these steps, the process was repeated all over again. As a result of all this effort and care, Egypt was known for the "whitest and purest" sugar. Which statement best summarizes this passage?

Egyptians created an innovative process for refining white sugar.

Read the excerpt from "The Royal House of Thebes." There were seven champions to attack the seven gates of Thebes, and seven others within as bold to defend them. Eteocles defended the gate which Polyneices attacked, and Antigone and Ismene within the palace waited to hear which had killed the other. But before any decisive combat had taken place, a youth in Thebes not yet grown to manhood had died for his country and in his death had shown himself the noblest of all. This was Creon's younger son, Menoeceus. How does the archetype presented in the excerpt support the universal theme of loyalty to one's country?

Eteocles defends Thebes against his own brother, proving his loyalty.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. The end of slavery was a great step for human rights. But what did it mean on the sugar plantations—which had depended on extremely cheap labor to keep up with the twenty-four-hour cycle from harvest to mill? In 1836, the same John Gladstone whose sugar estate had exhibited the chained body of the slave leader Quamina wrote to a shipping company. Gladstone asked it to provide a hundred workers (the slang name was "coolies") from India to labor on his plantations. Gladstone's first ships, the Whitby, carrying 249 passengers, and the Hesperus, carrying 244, sailed for Demerara in 1838. What evidence do the authors include to support the central idea that the sugar plantations' cheap labor source changed from enslaved people to indentured Indians?

Gladstone asked the shipping company to provide workers.

Which scenario is an example of a theme for a story?

Good always triumphs over evil in the end.

Read the passage from the old Chinese fairy-tale "The Favorite of Fortune and the Child of Ill Luck." But the beggar found his fortune, and at length became emperor. He returned and stood before his wife. She however, no longer recognized him: She only knew that he was the powerful emperor. He asked her how she were getting along. "Why do you ask me how I am getting along?" she replied. "I am too far beneath your notice." "And who may your husband be?" "My husband was a beggar. He went away to seek his fortune. That was eighteen years ago, and he has not yet returned." "And what have you done during all of those long years?" "I have been waiting for him to return." "Do you wish to marry someone else, seeing that he has been missing for so long?" "No, I will remain his wife until I die!" When the emperor saw how faithful his wife was, he told her who he was, had her clothed in magnificent garments, and took her with him to his imperial palace. Which theme is most likely conveyed in this passage?

Good things come to those who wait.

Read the excerpt from chapter 2 of Night. And so an hour or two passed. Another scream jolted us. The woman had broken free of her bonds and was shouting louder than before: "Look at the fire! Look at the flames! Flames everywhere . . ." Once again, the young men bound and gagged her. When they actually struck her, people shouted their approval: "Keep her quiet! Make that madwoman shut up. She's not the only one here . . ." She received several blows to the head, blows that could have been lethal. Her son was clinging desperately to her, not uttering a word. He was no longer crying. In this excerpt, the author shows how terrible conditions can cause people to be unsympathetic to the pain of others. How does the memoir genre enable the author to achieve this purpose?

He is able to share his observations about one event in depth.

Read the excerpt from "The Crab That Played with the Sea." Now, while the two were talking together, Pau Amma the Crab, who was next in the game, scuttled off sideways and stepped into the sea, saying to himself, 'I will play my play alone in the deep waters, and I will never be obedient to this son of Adam.' Nobody saw him go away except the little girl-daughter where she leaned on the Man's shoulder. And the play went on till there were no more Animals left without orders; and the Eldest Magician wiped the fine dust off his hands and walked about the world to see how the Animals were playing. Which conclusion about Pau Amma does this excerpt support?

He thinks he is better than other animals.

Read the definitions. rung \ ˈrəŋ \ [Middle English; Old English hrung or crossbar] noun 1. one of the crosspieces of a ladder 2. the cross supports on the underside of a chair 3. a level of hierarchy wrung \ˈrəŋ\ [Middle English; Old English wringan; German ringan, "to struggle"] transitive verb 1. past tense of the verb wring, meaning to squeeze or twist dry 2. past tense of the verb wring, meaning to extract or obtain by twisting and compressing 3. past tense of the verb wring, meaning to affect painfully Which sentences use wrung correctly? Choose two options.

He wrung as much water out of the towel as he could before hanging it up. When she heard the news, she wrung her hands in frustration.

Read Shakespeare's "Sonnet 130." My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red, than her lips red: If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. I have seen roses damask'd, red and white, But no such roses see I in her cheeks; And in some perfumes is there more delight Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. I love to hear her speak, yet well I know That music hath a far more pleasing sound: I grant I never saw a goddess go,— My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground: And yet by heaven, I think my love as rare, As any she belied with false compare. What is the central idea of the second quatrain?

His mistress's cheeks are not pink, and her breath is not sweet.

Which sentence most likely comes from a narrative essay?

I looked up at the audience and tried to swallow my fear, wiping my sweaty hands on my skirt.

Which statements describe iambic pentameter as it is used in Shakespearean sonnets? Select two options.

In a group of two syllables, the second is stressed. Each line contains five metrical feet.

What claim do the authors make in this passage?

Indians retained some of their individuality by being able to keep their names.

Read the excerpt from Enrique's Journey. Moreover, the Mara Salvatrucha street gangsters, some deported from Los Angeles, always prowl the train tops looking for sleepers. Many MS gangsters settle in Chiapas after committing crimes in the United States and being expelled to their home countries in Central America. The police in Chiapas are more forgiving of gangs than those in El Salvador or Honduras. How does the meaning of the underlined word, prowl, support the author's purpose in this excerpt? Select two options.

It indicates that the gangsters are looking for vulnerable people. It supports the idea that the gangsters are involved in criminal activities.

Read the poem "Sonnet in Primary Colors" by Rita Dove. This is for the woman with one black wing perched over her eyes: lovely Frida, erect among parrots, in the stern petticoats of the peasant, who painted herself a present— wildflowers entwining the plaster corset her spine resides in, that flaming pillar— this priestess in the romance of mirrors. Each night she lay down in pain and rose to the celluloid butterflies of her Beloved Dead, Lenin and Marx and Stalin arrayed at the footstead. And rose to her easel, the hundred dogs panting like children along the graveled walks of the garden, Diego's love a skull in the circular window of the thumbprint searing her immutable brow. How does this poem resemble an Elizabethan sonnet?

It contains exactly 14 lines

Read the excerpt from Enrique's Journey. Before the train leaves, the gangsters roam the Tapachula depot, eyeing which migrants are buying food and where they stash their cash afterward. They try to get friendly with the migrants, telling them they have already done the train ride. Maybe they can offer tips? Many of the gangsters wear white plastic rosaries around their necks so the migrants will be less suspicious. They ask, "Where are you from? Where are you going? Do you have any money?" How does the narrative technique of characterization support the author's purpose in this excerpt?

It helps create uneasiness.

How does character motivation affect a story's plot?

It helps move the plot forward.

Read the stanza from "Sonnet in Primary Colors" by Rita Dove. Each night she lay down in pain and rose to the celluloid butterflies of her Beloved Dead, Lenin and Marx and Stalin arrayed at the footstead. And rose to her easel, the hundred dogs panting like children along the graveled walks of the garden, Diego's love a skull in the circular window of the thumbprint searing her immutable brow. How does the underlined figurative language contribute to the meaning of the poem?

It indicates that the love Frida once felt has died.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Sugar is different from honey. It offers a stronger sweet flavor, and like steel or plastic, it had to be invented. In the Age of Sugar, Europeans bought a product made thousands of miles away that was less expensive than the honey from down the road. That was possible only because sugar set people in motion all across the world—millions of them as slaves, in chains; a few in search of their fortunes. A perfect taste made possible by the most brutal labor: That is the dark story of sugar. How does the comparison of sugar to honey reveal the authors' purpose?

It informs readers that there is a connection between slavery and sugar.

Read the excerpt from act 4, scene 3, of The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. [BRUTUS.] Messala, I have here receivèd letters, That young Octavius and Mark Antony Come down upon us with a mighty power, Bending their expedition toward Philippi. MESSALA. Myself have letters of the selfsame tenor. BRUTUS. With what addition? MESSALA. That by proscription and bills of outlawry, Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus Have put to death an hundred senators. BRUTUS. Therein our letters do not well agree. Mine speak of seventy senators that died By their proscriptions, Cicero being one. CASSIUS. Cicero one! MESSALA. Ay, Cicero is dead, And by that order of proscription. How does this interaction affect the plot?

It informs the audience about events that took place off stage.

How does the heading help the reader understand the central idea of this passage?

It informs the reader that the text will focus on a specific school.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. THE WORLD'S FIRST TRUE UNIVERSITY Today, few people have heard of Jundi Shapur. But in its time, it was an exceptional university. Jundi Shapur was built in what is now Iran sometime between the 400s and mid-500s A.D. We can only guess the dates, but we do know more about the school. It was the meeting place of the world's great minds. In 529, Christians closed the school of Athens—the last link to the academies of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The remaining Greek scholars moved to Jundi Shapur. Jews joined them, as did a group of Christians called Nestorians, who had their own ancient and scholarly traditions. Persians added their voices, and one of their learned doctors set off for what is now India, to gather and translate the wisdom of the Hindus. The school created the very first teaching hospital in the world, a place where the sick were treated and young doctors learned their craft, as well as a fine observatory to track the heavens. At Jundi Shapur the best scholars west of China all gathered to think and study together. By the 600s, the doctors at the school were writing about a medicine from India named sharkara or, as the Persians called it, shaker—sugar. Indeed, scholars at Jundi Shapur invented new and better ways to refine cane into sugar. Since the school had links with many of the great civilizations of Asia, the Mediterranean, and Europe, word of sugar and the experience of tasting its special sweetness began to spread. How does the heading help the reader understand the central idea of this passage?

It informs the reader that the text will focus on a specific school.

Read the excerpt from Luciana's personal narrative. When I was 14, my family moved from the city to a small town, where my mother got a job at the local university. By that time, I had already outgrown everyone my age. To make matters worse, when we moved, I discovered that all the kids in my neighborhood rode their bikes everywhere. I, however, had never even touched a bicycle, much less ridden one. My mother told me, "Luciana, if I had bought you a kid's bike, you would have outgrown it in five minutes. Maybe one of your classmates will teach you how to ride." I was mortified. How does this paragraph help develop the narrative? Select three options.

It introduces the characters of Luciana and her mother. It describes the setting where Luciana lives with her mother. It sets up Luciana's situation and the conflict she encounters.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Sugar is a taste we all want, a taste we all crave. People throughout the planet everywhere have been willing to do anything, anything at all, to get that touch of sweetness. We even know exactly how thrilling it was to taste sugar for the first time. When the Lewis and Clark Expedition met up with the Shoshone, who had little previous contact with Old World products, Sacagawea gave a tiny piece of sugar to a chief. He loved it, saying it was "the best thing he had ever tasted." Sugar created a hunger, a need, which swept from one corner of the world to another, bringing the most terrible misery and destruction, but then, too, the most inspiring ideas of liberty. Sugar changed the world. We begin that story with a man who could never know enough. How does the conclusion of the prologue support the authors' purpose? Select two options.

It introduces the topic that will be addressed next. It states why the topic is relevant to readers.

Read the excerpt from chapter 7 of Night. When at last a grayish light appeared on the horizon, it revealed a tangle of human shapes, heads sunk deeply between the shoulders, crouching, piled one on top of the other, like a cemetery covered with snow. In the early dawn light, I tried to distinguish between the living and those who were no more. But there was barely a difference. My gaze remained fixed on someone who, eyes wide open, stared into space. His colorless face was covered with a layer of frost and snow. Which statement best describes the atmosphere the author creates?

It is a nightmarish atmosphere.

Which statement defines denotation?

It is a word's dictionary meaning.

Read the excerpt from Mark Twain's memoir, Life on the Mississippi. I was quaking from head to foot, and I could have hung my hat on my eyes, they stuck out so far. What is the most likely meaning of the phrase "I could have hung my hat on my eyes, they stuck out so far" in this sentence?

It is hyperbole that means that the author's eyes were wide with fear.

How does the verb phrase "ran after" compare to "raced after"?

It is less vivid.

How does the heading serve the authors' purpose?

It lets the reader know that the authors are going to describe how honey relates to the story of sugar.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. Old Benjamin, the donkey, seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion. He did his work in the same slow obstinate way as he had done it in Jones's time, never shirking and never volunteering for extra work either. About the Rebellion and its results he would express no opinion. When asked whether he was not happier now that Jones was gone, he would say only "Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey," and the others had to be content with this cryptic answer. How does the central idea of this passage—that older generations are less excited about rebellion than younger ones—serve as social commentary?

It points out the overenthusiasm and zealousness of the younger generation.

Read the excerpt from "The Royal House of Thebes." Antigone and Ismene heard with horror what Creon had decided. To Ismene, shocking as it was, overwhelming her with anguish for the pitiful dead body and the lonely, homeless soul, it seemed, nevertheless, that nothing could be done except to acquiesce [to accept without protest]. She and Antigone were utterly alone. All Thebes was exulting that the man who had brought war upon them should be thus terribly punished. "We are women," she told her sister. "We must obey. We have no strength to defy the State." "Choose your own part," Antigone said. "I go to bury the brother I love." "You are not strong enough," Ismene cried. "Why, then when my strength fails," Antigone answered, "I will give up." She left her sister; Ismene dared not follow her. How does Antigone's action as a rebel reveal the universal theme?

It shows that she can break the rules for her principles, revealing that women are as capable as men.

How does the image most support the central idea of this text?

It shows the large numbers of workers and tasks required to refine sugar.

Read the passage and study the drawing from Sugar Changed the World. How does the image most support the central idea of this text?

It shows the large numbers of workers and tasks required to refine sugar.

Read the passage and study the drawing from Sugar Changed the World. 8703-03-02-07.jpg How does the image most support the central idea of this text?

It shows the large numbers of workers and tasks required to refine sugar.

Read the excerpt from act 5, scene 1, of Julius Caesar. MESSENGER. Prepare you, generals. The enemy comes on in gallant show. Their bloody sign of battle is hung out, And something to be done immediately. ANTONY. Octavius, lead your battle softly on, Upon the left hand of the even field. OCTAVIUS. Upon the right hand, I; keep thou the left. How does the use of the word gallant add to the meaning of the sentence?

It suggests that the enemy is courageous.

Which statement best describes the structure of this passage?

It uses a problem-and-solution structure to show how people got honey without searching for bees.

Its negative connotation indicates that enslaved people had to work like robots instead of human beings.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. They had just finished singing it for the third time when Squealer, attended by two dogs, approached them with the air of having something important to say. He announced that, by a special decree of Comrade Napoleon, "Beasts of England" had been abolished. From now onwards it was forbidden to sing it. The animals were taken aback. "Why?" cried Muriel. "It's no longer needed, comrade," said Squealer stiffly. "'Beasts of England' was the song of the Rebellion. But the Rebellion is now completed. The execution of the traitors this afternoon was the final act. The enemy both external and internal has been defeated. In 'Beasts of England' we expressed our longing for a better society in days to come. But that society has now been established. Clearly this song has no longer any purpose." Frightened though they were, some of the animals might possibly have protested, but at this moment the sheep set up their usual bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad," which went on for several minutes and put an end to the discussion. So "Beasts of England" was heard no more. In its place Minimus, the poet, had composed another song which began: Animal Farm, Animal Farm, Never through me shalt thou come to harm! and this was sung every Sunday morning after the hoisting of the flag. But somehow neither the words nor the tune ever seemed to the animals to come up to "Beasts of England." How does the introduction of Minimus the poet support the author's purpose?

Minimus represents the producers of state-approved songs and slogans in Stalin's era.

Read the excerpt from "The Royal House of Thebes." Some hours later, Creon in the palace was startled by a shout, "Against your orders Polyneices has been buried." He hurried out to be confronted with the guards he had set on the dead body and with Antigone. "This girl buried him," they cried. "We saw her. A thick dust-storm gave her her chance. When it cleared, the body had been buried and the girl was making an offering to the dead." "You knew my edict?" Creon asked. "Yes," Antigone replied. "And you transgressed the law?" "Your law, but not the law of Justice who dwells with the gods," Antigone said. "The unwritten laws of heaven are not of today nor yesterday, but from all time." Which universal theme is best represented in the excerpt?

Morality outweighs human laws.

Read the excerpts from "The Royal House of Thebes" and " The Story of a Warrior Queen." "You knew my edict?" Creon asked. "Yes," Antigone replied. "And you transgressed the law?" "Your law, but not the law of Justice who dwells with the gods," Antigone said. "The unwritten laws of heaven are not of today nor yesterday, but from all time." -"The Royal House of Thebes" But although the Romans were clever, they sometimes did stupid things. They thought very little of their own women, and they did not understand that many of the women of Britain were as brave and as wise as the men, and quite as difficult to conquer. -"The Story of a Warrior Queen" Which theme do the two passages have in common?

One must follow one's own moral code, no matter the price.

People are suffering under the current leadership.

Read the excerpt from Enrique's Journey. Hours later, the Red Cross asked Cancino if he could help an injured migrant. It was the same Honduran teenager. His right ribs were broken. His entire chest and face were badly bruised. He spoke slowly, in a whisper, clasping his chest. Two gangsters had overheard his description and kicked him mercilessly. "Next time, we kill you," the gangsters told him. The teenager, afraid for his life, asked to be deported. Read the excerpt from "Children of the Drug Wars." But, as I learned when I returned to Nueva Suyapa last month, a vast majority of child migrants are fleeing not poverty, but violence. How does the author use language in the excerpt from Enrique's Journey to support the author's purpose in the excerpt from "Children of the Drug Wars"?

She gives an account of actual violence inflicted on a teenager in Central America.

In Enrique's Journey, Sonia Nazario tells readers about Enrique's emotional journey as he tries to leave Honduras. Why does writing about this in the form of a biography support her purpose?

She is able to give an objective account about one part of Enrique's life.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Some of the enslaved took the next step. Running away from the sugar plantations, or attacking them in force, was another kind of statement. When the enslaved Africans could not stand their lives anymore, they risked everything to run or to fight. There was just one way for the owners to silence their workers: by making the price of flight or rebellion too high. Spreading terror was the job of the overseer. How does the author's use of the word silence affect the tone?

Silence has a negative connotation, indicating that the owners would not tolerate protests.

Read the passage from Animal Farm. "Comrades!" cried Squealer, making little nervous skips, "a most terrible thing has been discovered. Snowball has sold himself to Frederick of Pinchfield Farm, who is even now plotting to attack us and take our farm away from us! Snowball is to act as his guide when the attack begins. But there is worse than that. We had thought that Snowball's rebellion was caused simply by his vanity and ambition. But we were wrong, comrades. Do you know what the real reason was? Snowball was in league with Jones from the very start! He was Jones's secret agent all the time. It has all been proved by documents which he left behind him and which we have only just discovered. To my mind this explains a great deal, comrades. Did we not see for ourselves how he attempted—fortunately without success—to get us defeated and destroyed at the Battle of the Cowshed?" The animals were stupefied. This was a wickedness far outdoing Snowball's destruction of the windmill. But it was some minutes before they could fully take it in. They all remembered, or thought they remembered, how they had seen Snowball charging ahead of them at the Battle of the Cowshed, how he had rallied and encouraged them at every turn, and how he had not paused for an instant even when the pellets from Jones's gun had wounded his back. At first it was a little difficult to see how this fitted in with his being on Jones's side. Even Boxer, who seldom asked questions, was puzzled. He lay down, tucked his fore hoofs beneath him, shut his eyes, and with a hard effort managed to formulate his thoughts. "I do not believe that," he said. "Snowball fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed. I saw him myself. Did we not give him 'Animal Hero, First Class,' immediately afterwards?" "That was our mistake, comrade. For we know now—it is all written down in the secret documents that we have found—that in reality he was trying to lure us to our doom." Which statement best explains the passage's connection to life in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin?

Squealer's false claim that he has documents to prove that Snowball is a traitor reflects lies used to control people.

What claim do the authors make in this passage?

Sugar plantations were violent systems, but sugar also led some people to reject slavery.

Read the two passages from Sugar Changed the World. By the late 1700s, Saint Domingue (what is now Haiti) was the world center of sugar. So many sugar plantations dotted the landscape that slaves called commanders managed other slaves. On the night of August 14, 1791, commanders from the richest sugar plantations in Saint Domingue gathered in a place called Alligator Woods and swore a solemn oath. They would rise up against their white owners, "and listen to the voice of liberty which speaks in the hearts of all of us." That voice told them to destroy everything related to sugar. Sugar made the Africans slaves, so sugar must be wiped off the island, now a vast sugar factory to the world. By the end of August, the French colony was in flames. So many cane fields were on fire that the air was filled with "a rain of fire composed of burning bits of cane-straw which whirled like thick snow." Smashing mills, destroying warehouses, setting fields on fire, the freedom fighters demolished some one thousand plantations—and that was just in the first two months of their revolution. The fight against sugar and chains soon had a leader, Toussaint, who called himself "L'Ouverture"—the opening. Toussaint was making a space, an opening, for people to be free. When the Haitians defeated the French armies, Napoleon lost control of the world's most productive sugar islands and with it his dream of great sugar profits. As a result, Napoleon had no use for the land in North America he had so recently obtained from Spain. Napoleon did, though, need money to pay for his wars. That is why he sold the vast Louisiana Territory to Jefferson for the bargain price of just fifteen million dollars. What textbooks call the Louisiana Purchase should really be named the Sugar Purchase. Americans obtained the middle part of what would become their nation because the Haitians achieved their freedom. Which claim do both passages support?

Sugar was such a powerful economic force that it led to significant political changes.

Read the excerpt from "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale." All of the tales in the first edition bear the marks of their diverse storytellers who believed in the magic, superstitions, and miraculous transformations of the tales. It may be difficult for us to understand why this is the case, but for the storytellers and writers of these tales, the stories contained truths about the living conditions of their times. The tales in the first edition were collected not from peasants, as is commonly believed, but mainly from literate people whom the Grimms came to know quite well. Evidence shows that these people often obtained their tales from illiterate or anonymous informants. Even if they did not know their informants, the Grimms came to trust almost everyone who contributed to their collection. It is this mutual trust that marks the tales as something special and endows them with a certain humanity, what Germans call Menschlichkeit, and it is this mutual trust among folklorists in the nineteenth century that marks it as the golden age of folk and fairy tales. The tales in the first edition set a certain standard that collectors began to follow and still follow even today. What is the central idea of this excerpt?

The Grimms collected stories about real living conditions from people they trusted.

Read the excerpt from "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale." In contrast to the final 1857 edition, most of the tales in the first edition are shorter and sparser. They have a rawness that was later to be refined. For example, "Rapunzel" is embellished a great deal in the final edition: First Edition Once upon a time there lived a husband and wife who had been wishing for a child for many years, but it had all been in vain. Finally, the woman became pregnant. Now, in the back of their house the couple had a small window that overlooked a fairy's garden filled with all kinds of flowers and herbs. But nobody ever dared to enter it. Seventh Edition Once upon a time there was a husband and wife who for quite some time had been wishing in vain for a child. Finally, the dear Lord gave the wife a sign of hope that their wish would be fulfilled. Now, in the back of their house the couple had a small window that overlooked a splendid garden filled with the most beautiful flowers and herbs. The garden, however, was surrounded by a high wall, and nobody dared enter it because it belonged to a sorceress, who was very powerful and feared by all. Which idea does the author develop with the text example cited in the excerpt?

The Grimms embellished stories with more details in their final editions.

Read the excerpt from "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale." The stories the Brothers Grimm first collected are brusque, blunt, absurd, comical, and tragic, and are not, strictly speaking, "fairy tales." In fact, the Grimms never intended the tales to be read by children. The tales are about children and families and how they reacted to the difficult conditions under which they lived. The Grimms thought the stories and their morals emanated naturally from the German people in an oral tradition, and they wanted to preserve them before the tales were lost forever. In gathering the tales, the Grimms made a unique contribution to folklore, and their Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Children and Household Tales) is even listed by UNESCO in its Memory of the World Registry. It was in large part their first edition, published in two volumes in 1812 and 1815, that inspired folklorists in Europe and Great Britain to gather tales from their oral traditions to preserve as part of their cultural heritage. Which details best support the central idea of the excerpt? Select three options.

The Grimms wanted to preserve German tales before the stories disappeared. The stories and their morals come from the oral tradition of the German people. The original stories told of the difficult lives of children and families.

What is the authors' claim in this passage?

The Indians' demonstration and act of resistance was a successful strategy to change laws.

Read the excerpt from "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale." What compelled the Grimms to concentrate on old German epics, tales, and literature was a belief that the most natural and pure forms of culture—those which held the community together—were linguistic and based in history. According to them, modern literature, even though it might be remarkably rich, was artificial and thus could not express the genuine essence of Volk culture that emanated naturally from experience and bound the people together. Therefore, all their efforts went toward uncovering stories from the past. Which statement best describes the way the author unfolds ideas in this paragraph?

The author gives supporting details first and concludes with the main idea.

Read the excerpt from chapter 8 of The Travels of Marco Polo. Hormuz is a great and splendid city on the sea, governed by a malik and with several cities and towns in subjection to it. The people are Saracens who worship Mahomet. The climate is excessively hot—so hot that the houses are fitted with ventilators to catch the wind. The ventilators are set to face the quarter from which the wind blows and let it blow into the house. This they do because they cannot endure the over-powering heat. Which statement best explains the author's perspective about living in Hormuz?

The author is impressed by the hot climate and the people's response to it.

Read the excerpt from chapter 8 of The Travels of Marco Polo. I should add that ships cannot sail to the other islands that lie farther south, beyond Madagascar and Zanzibar, because the current sets so strongly towards the south that they would have little chance of returning. Therefore they do not venture to go. You may note that ships coming from Maabar to this island make the voyage in twenty days, whereas the return trip takes them all of three months; and this is due to the continual southward set of the current. It flows in the same direction the all time—southward, ever southward. These more southerly islands, which men do not willingly visit because of this southward drift, are very numerous, and it is said that they are inhabited by gryphon birds, which make their appearance here at certain seasons of the year. What indicates that the author's purpose is to inform readers about travel south of Madagascar and Zanzibar?

The author shares facts and specific details about the difficulty of sailing in the region.

Read the excerpt from an essay about fairy tales. The Grimms' fairy tales address the experiences of people who are living in difficult situations. For example, there is the story of Rapunzel. There is also the story of Hansel and Gretel, who had to escape their house in order to find food and were locked out. Which revision would best help the author support the thesis more effectively?

The author should explain how Rapunzel's story fits into the thesis.

Read the excerpt from chapter 8 of The Travels of Marco Polo. This province produces great quantities of excellent white incense, and also dates in great abundance. No grain is grown here except rice, and not much of that; but it is imported from abroad at a big profit. Fish is plentiful, notably tunnies of large size, which are so abundant that two of them can be bought for a Venetian groat. The staple diet consists of rice, meat, and fish. . . . As for the incense of which I have spoken, which grows here in such profusion, the lord buys it for 10 gold bezants a cantar and then sells it to foreign merchants and others for 40 bezants a cantar. The lord of Shihr does this on behalf of the sultan of the province of Aden. For the sultan of Aden has incense bought up throughout his dominions at the price of 10 bezants and afterwards sold at 40 from which he derives an immense profit. Which detail best indicates the author's opinion of the incense that this province produces?

The author uses the word "excellent" to describe the incense grown in the province.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Then Gandhi invited each person in the theater to join him in an exceptional oath, a pledge not to register, not to accept the government's rules, even if that resulted in severe punishment. Gandhi insisted that every person weigh the commitment and make a personal choice. "Every individual," he explained, must make the oath him- or herself, facing not to his neighbor, but his God. Nor should it be taken in order to gain power over anybody but oneself, for the power of an oath is defined by what one man can promise to do, and what he is willing to suffer: insult, incarceration, hard labor, flogging, fine, deportation, and even death. Everyone in the audience raised his or her hand. Gandhi bound the crowd together to follow a new path, which he called Satyagraha—which means "truth with force," or "firmness." It is also called "love-force." While the goal of violence is to defeat and vanquish the enemy, the goal of Satyagraha is to convince or convert the opponent. "He must be weaned from error by patience and sympathy." A person who believes in Satyagraha will not fight physically, but instead resists through his or her own inner courage, knowing he might be jailed or beaten. Which statement best describes the authors' purpose in this passage?

The authors want to persuade readers that Gandhi had a strong influence on the Indian workers.

Which statement about Dhofar from chapter 8 of The Travels of Marco Polo shows an objective perspective?

The city has many other cities and towns under its sway."

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. In the 1400s, Spain and Portugal were competing to explore down the coast of Africa and find a sea route to Asia. That way, they could have the prized Asian spices they wanted without having to pay high prices to Venetian and Muslim middlemen. Spanish and Portuguese sailors searching for that sea route conquered the Canary Islands and the Azores. Soon they began building Muslim-style sugar plantations on the islands, some of them staffed by slaves purchased from nearby Africa. One sailor came to know these islands particularly well because he traded in "white gold"—sugar. And then, as he set off on his second voyage across the sea to what he thought was Asia, he carried sugar cane plants from Gomera, one of the Canary Islands, with him on his ship. His name was Christopher Columbus. How do the details in the passage most support the central idea?

The details describe how Spanish and Portuguese explorations helped expand the sugar trade.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. The vast Muslim world was wonderful for the growth of knowledge. The Greeks had developed a level of practical experience and technical understanding a thousand years more advanced than anyone else nearby. The Muslims began to translate some of these ancient Greek texts. From India, Muslims learned of the zero, which allowed them to invent what we still call "Arabic" numerals. And because the Koran, the sacred book of Islam, is written in Arabic, scholars throughout the Muslim world learned to read Arabic and to share their knowledge. The Muslims swept past Jundi Shapur and learned the secrets of sugar. As they conquered lands around the Mediterranean Sea, they spread word of how to grow, mill, and refine the sweet reed. How do the details in the passage support the central idea?

The details describe the important role Muslims played in spreading knowledge throughout the world.

How do the details in this passage support the central idea?

The details provide examples of how France gradually became a place for worldwide trade.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. In the 1100s, the richest Europeans slowly began to add more flavor to their food—because of a series of fairs and wars. A smart count in the Champagne region of France guaranteed the safety of any merchant coming to sell or trade at the markets in the lord's lands. Soon word spread, and the fairs flourished. Starting around 1150, the six Champagne fairs became the one place where Europeans could buy and sell products from the surrounding world—a first step in connecting them to the riches and tastes beyond. Fortress Europe was slowly opening up. How do the details in this passage support the central idea?

The details provide examples of how France gradually became a place for worldwide trade.

Read the excerpt from Kaydee's personal narrative. "What are you doing, Kaydee?" Aunt Mary shrieked. "You're going to set the house on fire!" I couldn't help but roll my eyes. I struck another match. "Aunt Mary, I'm just trying to get the stove started. Calm down. The starter is broken again, and I just have to light the gas." Aunt Mary wrung her hands and paced back and forth in front of the door to the kitchen, up and down the hall, unable to be in the same room with a lit match. How does the dialogue develop the characters in this paragraph? Select two options.

The dialogue shows that Aunt Mary is afraid of fire. The dialogue shows that Kaydee is a calm person.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Mohandas K. Gandhi (later known as the Mahatma or Great One) was born in India to a traditional Hindu family. When he was given the opportunity to study law in England, he faced the same problem as the indentured sugar workers: He would lose caste if he crossed the black water. His family arranged a special ceremony that allowed him to make the trip without giving up his place in society. Thus, in 1894, freshly educated in England, Gandhi made a second journey. He began practicing law in Natal, a region in what is now South Africa. He moved there because many Indians were already in Natal, laboring as indentured sugar workers. One day, Gandhi later explained, "a man in tattered clothes, headgear in hand, two front teeth broken and his mouth bleeding, stood before me trembling and weeping." The indentured worker, whose name was Balasumdaram, had been badly beaten by his employer. Gandhi knew that Balasumdaram was trapped. For no matter how poorly he had been treated by his boss, if he left the plantation, he could be prosecuted and jailed. Gandhi saw indenture for what it was: "almost as bad as slavery. Like the slave the indentured labourer was the property of his master." How does the evidence most support the central idea that Gandhi recognized indentured servants' brutal treatment?

The evidence details how Gandhi saw a man who had been beaten and knew that the man could not leave.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Gandhi began to see that there was a way for the indentured Indians to strengthen themselves without having to rely on machetes and guns. Freedom, he realized, did not come only from rising up against oppressors or tyrants. It could also be found in oneself. The mere fact that the sugar masters treated their workers as some form of property did not mean the Indians had to accept that definition. In fact, it was up to them to claim, to assert, their own worth, their own value. A man who had his inner, personal dignity was free—no matter how a boss tried to bully him. Gandhi's years in South Africa became a laboratory, as he experimented with how to be a truthful, free person. Finally, he was ready to put his ideas into practice. How does the evidence support the central idea that Gandhi decided it was time to replace violence with nonviolent protest?

The evidence shows how Gandhi experimented with ways to assert one's dignity and be free.

Read the excerpt from Enrique's Journey. Two gangsters had overheard his description and kicked him mercilessly. "Next time, we kill you," the gangsters told him. The teenager, afraid for his life, asked to be deported. Read the excerpt from "Children of the Drug Wars." We should also make it easier for children to apply as refugees when they are still in Central America, as we have done for people in Iraq, Cuba, countries in the former Soviet Union, Vietnam and Haiti. Those who showed a well-founded fear of persecution wouldn't have to make the perilous journey north alone. How do details from the excerpts support the purpose of advocating for children from Central America?

The excerpt from Enrique's Journey tells a story about what happened to one victim, and "Children of the Drug Wars" uses words that create an emotional response to persuade readers to take action.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. The fairs were very well organized. They featured covered galleries so that merchants could buy and sell even if rain came drumming down; cellars were so large, they resembled underground cities. At the fairs, merchants could trust the weights and measures, and a strict order prevailed for how things were to be sold. For the first twelve days one could sell only woven cloth—which is what the traders from northern Europe brought. Then the "sergeants" of the fair would walk through the streets crying, "Pack up, pack up" and all the cloth must be put away. Now the leather traders, who came from as far as Spain, and the fur merchants, whose goods might come from Russia, filled the tables with piles of hides and pelts. Which statement is an objective summary of the passage?

The fairs had detailed, specific rules about what merchants could sell and how they could sell it.

Read the excerpt from "Children of the Drug Wars." The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees recently interviewed 404 children who had arrived in the United States from Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico; 58 percent said their primary reason for leaving was violence. (A similar survey in 2006, of Central American children coming into Mexico, found that only 13 percent were fleeing violence.) They aren't just going to the United States: Less conflicted countries in Central America had a 712 percent increase in asylum claims between 2008 and 2013. Read the excerpt from Enrique's Journey. Enrique allows himself to doze only on trains farther north, where the gangsters no longer control the tops of the trains. There, he jams his body into the crevice on top of a hopper, next to the trapdoors used to fill the car. Or he waits until the train rounds a curve, giving him a good view of all of the cars. He spots a boxcar with its door open. When the train slows, he jumps off and races to the boxcar, jumping inside for a quick nap. What technique does the author use in each excerpt to support her purpose?

The first excerpt uses facts and statistics, and the second excerpt is told as a story.

Read the excerpts from "The Royal House of Thebes" and "The Story of a Warrior Queen." "We are women," she told her sister. "We must obey. We have no strength to defy the State." "Choose your own part," Antigone said. "I go to bury the brother I love." "You are not strong enough," Ismene cried. "Why, then when my strength fails," Antigone answered, "I will give up." She left her sister; Ismene dared not follow her. —"The Royal House of Thebes" Again and again the Romans were defeated, till it almost seemed as if the Britons really would succeed in driving them out of the country. Boadicea herself led the soldiers, encouraging them with her brave words. "It is better to die with honor than to live in slavery," she said. "I am a woman, but I would rather die than yield. Will you follow me, men?" and of course the men followed her gladly. —"The Story of a Warrior Queen" How are the archetypes presented in these two passages different?

The first passage shows Antigone as a rebel, and the second passage shows Boadicea as a warrior.

Read the passage and study the image from Sugar Changed the World. Cutting cane was hard work, but it was nothing like what came next: Piles of freshly cut cane had to be fed into the ever-turning mill wheels, until they were completely crushed. The owners insisted that during the work hours the grinding never stop, no matter what. The mills were most often tended by women who were doing dangerous work while getting almost no rest. That was a very bad combination. An ax was often propped up near the rollers so if a slave closed her eyes for a second while pushing the cane, her arm could be hacked off before she was pulled through the merciless grinders. Guests at sugar plantations often remarked on how many one-armed people they saw. Day after day, week after week, month after month, the cane was cut, hauled to the mill, and fed through the rollers. The mills kept going as long as there was cane to grind—the season varied between four and ten months, depending on the local growing conditions. A visitor who came to Brazil in 1630 described the scene: "People the color of the very night, working briskly and moaning at the same time without a moment of peace or rest, whoever sees all the confused and noisy machinery . . . will say that this indeed is the image of Hell." In this illustration by William Clark, sugar cane is fed into a mill to be ground. How does the illustration help the reader understand the text?

The illustration depicts the people, equipment, and oxen required to manufacture sugar.

Read the passage and study the image from Sugar Changed the World. Slaves were given long, sharp machetes, which would be their equipment—but for some also their weapons—until the harvest was done. The cutters worked brutal, seemingly endless shifts during the harvest—for the hungry mills crushed cane from four in the afternoon to ten the next morning, stopping only in the midday heat. Slaves had to make sure there was just enough cane to feed the turning wheels during every one of those eighteen hours. They worked in teams, a man slashing the cane, a woman binding every twelve stalks into a bundle. According to one report from 1689, each pair of workers was expected to cut and bind 4,200 stalks a day. Exactly how much they cut depended on how much their mill could handle—the cutting must never get a day ahead of the grinding, for then the sugar cane would dry up. In this illustration by William Clark, enslaved people cut sugar cane. How does the illustration best help the reader understand the text?

The illustration helps the reader recognize how teams cut and bundled sugar cane.

Read the passage and study the image from Sugar Changed the World. Caption: Based on drawings from around 7000 BCE, this image depicts rock climbers finding honey in cliffs. This is the earliest known form of honey collecting. (Eva Crane, World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting). . . . A rock drawing in Spain from about 7000 B.C. shows a man who has climbed a hillside, found a crevice holding a hive, and is reaching in to grab the honey. Indeed, a lucky wanderer in just about any part of Europe, Africa, or Asia that wasn't covered with ice could stumble on a hive and—at the risk of some stings—come away with a treat. (People in the Americas had no bees, so used syrups made from maple trees, agave cactus, or mashed fruits for their sweeteners.) Then someone figured out that you didn't have to be lucky. You could hollow out a log near bees, and they would make it their home. You could "keep" bees—you didn't have to find them. How does the image support the text?

The image shows how ancient people collected honey before beekeeping began.

Read the passage and study the image from Sugar Changed the World. 8703-03-01-15.png Caption: Based on drawings from around 7000 BCE, this image depicts rock climbers finding honey in cliffs. This is the earliest known form of honey collecting. (Eva Crane, World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting). . . . A rock drawing in Spain from about 7000 B.C. shows a man who has climbed a hillside, found a crevice holding a hive, and is reaching in to grab the honey. Indeed, a lucky wanderer in just about any part of Europe, Africa, or Asia that wasn't covered with ice could stumble on a hive and—at the risk of some stings—come away with a treat. (People in the Americas had no bees, so used syrups made from maple trees, agave cactus, or mashed fruits for their sweeteners.) Then someone figured out that you didn't have to be lucky. You could hollow out a log near bees, and they would make it their home. You could "keep" bees—you didn't have to find them. How does the image support the text?

The image shows how ancient people collected honey before beekeeping began.

How does the image best support the text?

The image shows what a sugar plantation looked like and what brutal work enslaved people endured.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Seeing the fortunes being made in sugar, the French started their own scramble to turn the half of the island of Hispaniola that they controlled (which is now Haiti), as well as Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana (along the South American coast near Dutch Guiana), into their own sugar colonies, which were filled with hundreds of thousands more African slaves. By 1753, British ships were taking an average of 34,250 slaves from Africa every year, and by 1768, that number had reached 53,100. The sugar that piled up on the docks near the plantations was something new in the world: pure sweetness, pure pleasure, so cheap that common people could afford it. Scientists have shown that people all over the world must learn to like salty tastes, sour tastes, mixed tastes. But from the moment we are born, we crave sweetness. Cane sugar was the first product in human history that perfectly satisfied that desire. And the bitter lives of the enslaved Africans produced so much sugar that pure sweetness began to spread around the world. What is the central claim of this passage?

The joys of sugar were the result of the suffering of enslaved African people.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. You could date a great change in the world to a visit one Madame Villeneuve made to France in 1714. That year, Pauline, an enslaved woman from the Caribbean, arrived in France as the personal servant of her mistress. When Madame Villeneuve set off from the coast to visit Paris, she left Pauline in a convent. The young woman spent her time studying with the nuns and went so far in her training that she asked to become a nun herself and remain in the convent. The nuns agreed, which enraged Madame Villeneuve. She rushed to a judge, demanding to have her property back. Was Pauline a free woman, a bride of Christ, or an item to be bought, sold, and warehoused when she was not in use? Twenty-three years earlier, King Louis XIV had issued a set of rules that defined slavery as legal in the French sugar islands. But when two slaves managed to reach France, he freed them—saying they became free "as soon as they [touched] the soil" of France. The judges sided with Pauline—she was real to them, human, not a piece of property. For Pauline's judges, as for King Louis, slavery far off across the seas was completely different from enslaved individuals in France. What claim do the authors make in this passage?

The judges' freeing of Pauline would have a significant effect on how people viewed involuntary servitude.

What claim do the authors make in this passage?

The judges' freeing of Pauline would have a significant effect on how people viewed involuntary servitude.

Read the excerpt from chapter 8 of The Travels of Marco Polo and study the map. The city stands at the mouth or entrance of the gulf of Kalhat, so that no ship can enter or leave the gulf except by leave of its rulers. The malik of this city thus has a powerful hold over the sultan of Kerman, to whom he is subject. For sometimes the sultan imposes some due on the malik of Hormuz or one of his brethren, and they refuse to pay it, and the sultan sends an army to enforce payment. How does the map help the reader understand the passage?

The map helps the reader understand Kalhat's location on the Gulf of Kalhat.

Read the passage and study the map from Sugar Changed the World. If you walked down Beekman Street in New York in the 1750s, you would come to a general store owned by Gerard Beekman—his family gave the street its name. The products on his shelves showed many of the ways sugar was linking the world. Beekman and merchants like him shipped flour, bread, corn, salted beef, and wood to the Caribbean. They brought back sugar, rum, molasses, limes, cocoa, and ginger. Simple enough; but this trade up and down the Atlantic coast was part of a much larger world system. Textbooks talk about the Triangle Trade: Ships set out from Europe carrying fabrics, clothes, and simple manufactured goods to Africa, where they sold their cargoes and bought people. The enslaved people were shipped across the Atlantic to the islands, where they were sold for sugar. Then the ships brought sugar to North America, to be sold or turned into rum—which the captains brought back to Europe. But that neat triangle—already more of a rectangle—is completely misleading. Beekman's trade, for example, could cut out Europe entirely. British colonists' ships set out directly from New York and New England carrying the food and timber that the islands needed, trading them for sugar, which the merchants brought back up the coast. Then the colonists traded their sugar for English fabrics, clothes, and simple manufactured goods, or they took their rum directly to Africa to buy slaves—to sell to the sugar islands. English, North American, French, and Dutch ships competed to supply the Caribbean plantations and buy their sugar. And even all these boats filling the waters of the Atlantic were but one part of an even larger system of world trade. Africans who sold other Africans as slaves insisted on being paid in fabrics from India. Indeed, historians have discovered that some 35 percent of the cargo typically taken from Europe to Africa originally came from India. What could the Europeans use to buy Indian cloth? The Spanish shipped silver from the mines of Bolivia to Manila in the Philippines, and bought Asian products there. Any silver that English or French pirates could steal from the Spanish was also ideal for buying Asian cloth. So to get the fabrics that would buy the slaves that could be sold for sugar for the English to put into their tea, the Spanish shipped silver to the Philippines, and the French, English, and Dutch sailed east to India. What we call a triangle was really as round as the globe. 8703-03-03-22.jpg This map shows how the Triangle Trade has traditionally been depicted. Which statement best explains how the map supports the text?

The map shows a common and simplistic presentation of how sugar-related trade worked.

Read the excerpt from "The Story of a Warrior Queen." Then these cruel, wicked men laughed at her [Boadicea]. And because she was a woman and had, they thought, no one to protect her, they beat her with rods and were rude to her daughters. But although the Romans were clever, they sometimes did stupid things. They thought very little of their own women, and they did not understand that many of the women of Britain were as brave and as wise as the men, and quite as difficult to conquer. What qualities of the villain support the universal theme that women are as capable as men? Select two options.

The men oppose Boadicea without realizing how tough she is. The men's cruel attitude at home makes them misjudge Boadicea.

Read the definitions. com = with ple = to complete pli = to be courteous, to comply with -ment = an action or object Which sentence uses the underlined word correctly?

The necklace was a perfect complement to her outfit.

Read the excerpt from chapter 6 of Animal Farm. All that year the animals worked like slaves. But they were happy in their work; they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything that they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who would come after them, and not for a pack of idle, thieving human beings. What statement best explains how the pacing reveals character in this passage?

The passage describes a year in which the animals work extremely hard but feel a sense of accomplishment.

Which central ideas are developed in chapters 3 and 4 of Animal Farm? Select two options.

The pigs use language and propaganda as tools. Only the pigs are able to learn to read and write

Read the excerpt from chapter 6 of Animal Farm. Afterwards Squealer made a round of the farm and set the animals' minds at rest. He assured them that the resolution against engaging in trade and using money had never been passed, or even suggested. It was pure imagination, probably traceable in the beginning to lies circulated by Snowball. A few animals still felt faintly doubtful, but Squealer asked them shrewdly, "Are you certain that this is not something that you have dreamed, comrades? Have you any record of such a resolution? Is it written down anywhere?" Which statement best explains how the pacing in this passage helps reveal Squealer's character?

The slowing pace shows how Squealer controls the animals with propaganda.

Read the excerpt from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Why then, O brawling love! O loving hate! O anything, of nothing first create! O heavy lightness! serious vanity! Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms! Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health! Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is This love feel I, that feel no love in this. What does the speaker's use of oxymorons suggest about love?

The speaker is suggesting that love is confusing and encompasses everything all at once.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. In the 1930s, reporters spread out across the American South to capture the voices of history. Some African Americans who had been born as slaves were still alive, and could describe how they had lived sixty years earlier. Through their words we can finally begin to hear about sugar slavery from those who lived it. Ellen Betts, who grew up as a slave on a sugar plantation in Louisiana, recalled that they worked "hour in, hour out, the sugar cane fields sure stretch from one end of the earth to the other." Ceceil George remembered that she "come up in hard times—slavery times." "Every body worked, young, an ole', if yo' could carry two or three sugar cane yo' worked. Sunday, Monday, it all de same . . . it like a heathen part o' de country." She meant that in other states slaves got Sunday off to worship God. Not in Louisiana: There, sugar was god, and work was the only religion. How do the historical details in this passage support the authors' claim?

The text includes parts of primary-source interviews with enslaved people to illustrate the difficulty of life on a sugar plantation in Louisiana.

Read the excerpt from chapter 10 of Animal Farm. But the luxuries of which Snowball had once taught the animals to dream, the stalls with electric light and hot and cold water, and the three-day week, were no longer talked about. Napoleon had denounced such ideas as contrary to the spirit of Animalism. The truest happiness, he said, lay in working hard and living frugally. How does Orwell use irony in this excerpt?

The text shows that the animals expected a different outcome than the reality they are facing.

Read the excerpt from chapter 7 of Night. We received no food. We lived on snow; it took the place of bread. The days resembled the nights, and the nights left in our souls the dregs of their darkness. The train rolled slowly, often halted for a few hours, and continued. It never stopped snowing. We remained lying on the floor for days and nights, one on top of the other, never uttering a word. We were nothing but frozen bodies. Our eyes closed, we merely waited for the next stop, to unload our dead. How do the underlined words and phrases affect the tone of the excerpt? Select two options.

They demonstrate the despair of the situation. They reflect an attitude of being resigned to one's fate.

Read the passage from "The Crab That Played with the Sea." 'Ah!' said the Eldest Magician. 'Now I know who has been playing with the Sea;' and he called out, 'What are you doing, Pau Amma?' And Pau Amma, deep down below, answered, 'Once a day and once a night I go out to look for my food. Once a day and once a night I return. Leave me alone.' Then the Eldest Magician said, 'Listen, Pau Amma. When you go out from your cave the waters of the Sea pour down into Pusat Tasek, and all the beaches of all the islands are left bare, and the little fish die, and Raja Moyang Kaban, the King of the Elephants, his legs are made muddy. When you come back and sit in Pusat Tasek, the waters of the Sea rise, and half the little islands are drowned, and the Man's house is flooded, and Raja Abdullah, the King of the Crocodiles, his mouth is filled with the salt water.' How do the underlined words in the passage create meaning?

They describe Pau Amma's impact on the sea and the animals.

Read the excerpt from Enrique's Journey. The train passes into northern Chiapas. Enrique sees men with hoes tending their corn and women inside their kitchens patting tortillas into shape. Cowboys ride past and smile. Fieldworkers wave their machetes and cheer the migrants on: "Qué bueno!" Mountains draw closer. Plantain fields soften into cow pastures. Enrique's train slows to a crawl. Monarch butterflies flutter alongside, overtaking his car. How do the underlined phrases support the author's purpose?

They show that the worst part of the train ride may be over.

How do the authors use historical evidence to support their claim in this passage?

They use primary-source quotations to show that enslaved people in Saint Domingue were willing to destroy property to gain their freedom.

Read the excerpt from Mohini's essay about the Grimm brothers. When the Grimm brothers first published their collection of folk tales, they stuck to one rule: they wanted to save stories from the past, which had only been spread by word of mouth. They wanted to use details from the changing lives of the average German family to show how the German culture evolved. They also wanted to show how storytelling makes strong connections in a community and is the sign of a civilized people. Their collection of tales was a gift to the German people. They had no idea that these tales would take on a life of their own, becoming a standard source for folklorists from other nations and ensuring their popularity throughout the world to this day. Which evaluation of her essay is most accurate?

This paragraph supports the main idea by giving reasons for the Grimms' determination to collect oral tales and give them to the German people.

Read the excerpt from "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale." Though brusque and raw, the Grimms' tales of the first edition still resonate with us today because they indicate how we can transform ourselves and our conditions to live in a better world. As philologists, collectors, translators, researchers, editors, and mediators, the Grimms worked in the hope that their tales would benefit us in unimaginable ways, and, indeed, it is this hope that can still be felt when we read and listen to their tales. Which statement best explains the structure of this passage?

This passage restates the thesis that the first edition is influential and sums up the supporting evidence.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. The traders who came up from Italy offered items they had bought [from] Muslims, which were not available in Europe: fruits such as oranges, apricots, and figs; dyes such as cochineal, which produces a rich red; rare fabrics such as cotton and raw silk. Many of the fabrics that we know of today came to Europe via the Muslims, and their names still show their origins: damask from Damascus, muslin from Mosul, gauzes from Gaza. Which inference does this passage best support?

Traders brought not only sugar but also other valuable items to Europe.

Study the anti-smoking poster created by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Which statement best evaluates the purpose of using a baby in the photograph on the poster?

Using the baby plays into a human instinct to protect young children from harm.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. Sugar has left a bloody trail through human history. Sugar plantations from Africa to the Caribbean and Louisiana and as far as Hawaii are haunted by stories of brutality, torture, rape, and murder. When slaves rebelled, they often took gruesome revenge on their masters, only to face even more horrific reprisals when the owners and overseers regained control. Indenture was a step better than slavery, but masters did their best to intimidate workers to keep wages low and silence critics. Violence was the very soil from which sugar sprang. The only way to fight sugar masters, it seemed, was for the workers to be harder, tougher, and more willing to accept bloodshed than the owners. Gandhi began to see that there was a way for the indentured Indians to strengthen themselves without having to rely on machetes and guns. Freedom, he realized, did not come only from rising up against oppressors or tyrants. It could also be found in oneself. The mere fact that the sugar masters treated their workers as some form of property did not mean the Indians had to accept that definition. In fact, it was up to them to claim, to assert, their own worth, their own value. A man who had his inner, personal dignity was free—no matter how a boss tried to bully him. Gandhi's years in South Africa became a laboratory, as he experimented with how to be a truthful, free person. Finally, he was ready to put his ideas into practice. Which statement best describes the claim the authors make in this passage?

Violent uprisings were common, but Gandhi worked to show that resistance could be nonviolent.

Which statement best describes the claim the authors make in this passage?

Violent uprisings were common, but Gandhi worked to show that resistance could be nonviolent.

Yael is writing an essay about the development of folk tales. Read the excerpt from her essay. Every culture throughout time has had its own folk tales, which were first transmitted from person to person with the technology available at the time. Folk tales began as an oral tradition. With the invention of written language, folk tales were recorded by community scribes, until 1450, when the printing press was invented. The result was a wider distribution of folk tales, which were collected in books. Based on the beginning of Yael's essay, how does the structure support her central idea?

Yael gives details in chronological order, which supports her central idea by showing development.

If the word rudiment is defined as a fundamental principle or skill, and the suffix -ary is defined as "of or relating to," what does the term rudimentary education mean?

a basic education

Which elements does strong narrative writing always contain? Check all that apply.

a description of events a clear point of view a connection to an outline

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. The year is 326 B.C. Alexander the Great stands at the Indus River in what is now Pakistan. For a decade he and his Greek soldiers have been battling their way across the known world, defeating even the mighty Persians, rulers of Asia. Alexander's string of victories only feeds his hunger to conquer all, to know all. But his men balk. Tired of fighting, homesick, they refuse to go on. Alexander realizes he cannot continue to conquer Asia, but he is too curious to stop exploring. He has already built a fleet of eight hundred ships, appointed his close friend Nearchus captain, and sent them to investigate the coast of lndia by sea. And it is Nearchus who stumbles upon the "sweet reed." The Greeks knew something of India (actually the Indian subcontinent, the area that today includes the nations of India and Pakistan) from the books of Herodotus, a writer who lived about a century earlier. He reported that when the Persian emperor Darius I invaded India around 510 B.C., his men found a sweet reed that produced honey. Which text features would be most helpful to support the central idea of the passage? Select two options.

a map of Alexander the Great's route and the site of the sugar cane discovery a timeline showing when Darius I and Alexander the Great learned of sugar cane

Which text features would be most helpful to support the central idea of the passage? Select two options.

a map showing the spread of Islam through much of the ancient world and a timeline showing the spread of Muhammad's teachings

Read the passage. The woman in the last apartment down the hall was somewhat of a misanthrope, according to most people in Keira's building. She almost never came out of her apartment, but when she did, she answered hellos with a glare, as if she were being insulted. Keira was sure that she could find a way to get to know the woman, if only she could figure out how to invite herself into the woman's apartment to chat. Based on inferences, what is the most likely meaning of misanthrope?

a person who hates or mistrusts other people

Which literary elements typically appear in a travelogue? Select three options.

a person's account of his or her experiences descriptions of sights, cultures, climates, and lands drawings, photographs, maps, or memorabilia

Read the sentence. The shopkeeper smiled at David as if he were just telling a joke, but his disparaging comments made David feel insulted and embarrassed. Based on context clues in the sentence, what is the most likely meaning of disparaging? Select two options.

belittling uncomplimentary

Read the passage. The man at the gas station gave me directions and then kept on chatting, telling me about the weather to come and places to stay nearby. His laconic wife simply nodded her head, occasionally correcting him on his lefts and rights and finally telling me I'd best be on my way if I wanted to reach town by sunset. Based on context clues in the passage, what is the most likely meaning of laconic? Select two options.

brief concise

Read the excerpt from Julius Caesar, act 1, scene 2. CASCA. Why, there was a crown offered him: and being offered him, he put it by with the back of his hand, thus; and then the people fell a-shouting.230 BRUTUS. What was the second noise for? CASCA. Why, for that too. CASSIUS. They shouted thrice. What was the last cry for? CASCA. Why, for that too. BRUTUS. Was the crown offered him thrice?235 CASCA. Ay, marry, was't; and he put it by thrice, every time gentler than other; and at every putting by, mine honest neighbours shouted. What kind of conflict does this passage best illustrate?

character vs. society

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. The leaders of the American Revolution kept close watch as the former slaves fought for their freedom in Haiti. But that fight split the Founding Fathers—who had their own conflicts about how to deal with slavery in the new United States. When John Adams was president, he sent guns and supplies to Toussaint to help in the struggle against the French. Thomas Jefferson, though, was terrified by the success of the Haitian revolution. When Thomas Jefferson succeeded Adams, he saw Haiti only as a threat. He expected ex-slaves from the island to spread into America, preaching freedom and rebellion to the slaves. "Unless something is done," he warned, "and soon done, we shall be the murderers of our own children . . . ; the revolutionary storm now sweeping the globe will be upon us." So he refused to recognize Haiti—America's only sister republic. In fact, it was not until 1862 that Abraham Lincoln, about to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, finally established relations with Haiti. Americans like Jefferson were proud of having fought for their freedom. But as long as they could still see Africans as property, they could not treat Haitians as equally brave and courageous human beings. For if Haitians could claim their freedom and be recognized by America, why couldn't slaves within the United States do the same thing? In this passage, how do the authors use historical details to support the claim that US political leaders' positions on slavery impacted the relations between the United States and Haiti? Select three options.

by quoting Thomas Jefferson's views on the dangers of enslaved Haitians rebelling by describing John Adams's actions to support Haiti in its fight against the French by illustrating Thomas Jefferson's view that the Haitian rebellion could lead to a rebellion of the enslaved in America

In this passage, how do the authors use historical details to support the claim that US political leaders' positions on slavery impacted the relations between the United States and Haiti? Select three options.

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. The sugar that piled up on the docks near the plantations was something new in the world: pure sweetness, pure pleasure, so cheap that common people could afford it. Scientists have shown that people all over the world must learn to like salty tastes, sour tastes, mixed tastes. But from the moment we are born, we crave sweetness. Cane sugar was the first product in human history that perfectly satisfied that desire. And the bitter lives of the enslaved Africans produced so much sugar that pure sweetness began to spread around the world. How do the authors support their claim and purpose with their choice of words?

by repeating the words pure, sweetness, and tastes

by using words with negative connotations, such as brutal

by using words with negative connotations, such as hacked and merciless

Read the chart. HOMOPHONE MEANING by beside or near buy to purchase something bye expression that is short for goodbye Choose the correct homophones to complete the sentence. Jiya went to the shop _____ the dentist's office to _____ materials for her project.

by, buy

cause and effect.

Read the excerpt from "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale." When Jacob (b. 1785) and Wilhelm (b. 1786) began collecting folk tales and songs at the beginning of the nineteenth century, they were precocious students at the University of Marburg, still in their teens. They grew up quite fast, plagued by money problems and caring for their siblings—their father died in 1796, leaving the once middle-class family in poverty. Their situation was further aggravated by the rampant Napoleonic Wars. Jacob interrupted his studies to serve the Hessian War Commission, although Wilhelm passed his law exams and found work as a low-paid librarian in the royal library. In 1807, Jacob lost his position with the War Commission, when the French occupied Kassel, but he was then hired as a librarian for the new King Jérome, Napoleon's brother, who now ruled Westphalia. Amidst all the upheavals, their mother died in 1808, and Jacob and Wilhelm became fully responsible for their three younger brothers and sister. Which structure is used in this excerpt?

chronological

Which words share a word root with educate? Select two options.

conduct deduction

In a narrative essay, a transitional word or phrase helps to

connect ideas.

Read the excerpt from "Children of the Drug Wars." This would allow life-or-death decisions to be made within hours by Homeland Security officials, even though studies have shown that border patrol agents fail to adequately screen Mexican children to see if they are being sexually exploited by traffickers or fear persecution, as the agents are supposed to do. Why would they start asking Central American children key questions needed to prove refugee status? The United States expects other countries to take in hundreds of thousands of refugees on humanitarian grounds. Countries neighboring Syria have absorbed nearly 3 million people. Jordan has accepted in two days what the United States has received in an entire month during the height of this immigration flow—more than 9,000 children in May. The United States should also increase to pre-9/11 levels the number of refugees we accept to 90,000 from the current 70,000 per year and, unlike in recent years, actually admit that many. Which elements of the excerpt indicate that it is an editorial? Select two options.

evidence to support an opinion words with strong connotations

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. The enslaved people on Saint Domingue were not merely fighting against the terrible conditions on the island. They were fighting for principles that they had learned from Europeans and Americans—from people similar to their own slave masters. The trio of great principles behind the French Revolution that began in 1789 consisted of "liberty, equality, fraternity" (brotherhood). As boats arrived in Saint Domingue from France, slaves learned that a revolution was going on in the name of human rights. Already, they'd been given a taste of great change because of a revolution closer to home. In 1779, a regiment of free blacks from Saint Domingue went to America to join in the fight for independence. They brought home with them the idea that "all men are created equal." Two years after the meeting in Alligator Woods, on August 29, 1793, the leading French official on Saint Domingue realized that there was no point in opposing Toussaint and his armies. The slaves had freed themselves. And the following February, Paris agreed. The ideal of brotherhood announced by the revolutionaries of Paris finally included the sugar workers of Saint Domingue. Which details do the authors include to support the claim in this passage? Select two options.

explanations of how revolutionary ideas spread to Saint Domingue examples of revolutionary ideas from other countries

Read the excerpt from " The Royal House of Thebes ." Antigone and Ismene heard with horror what Creon had decided. To Ismene, shocking as it was, overwhelming her with anguish for the pitiful dead body and the lonely, homeless soul, it seemed, nevertheless, that nothing could be done except to acquiesce [to accept without protest]. She and Antigone were utterly alone. All Thebes was exulting that the man who had brought war upon them should be thus terribly punished. "We are women," she told her sister. "We must obey. We have no strength to defy the State." "Choose your own part," Antigone said. "I go to bury the brother I love." "You are not strong enough," Ismene cried. "Why, then when my strength fails," Antigone answered, "I will give up." She left her sister; Ismene dared not follow her. What makes Antigone a rebel?

her decision to go bury her brother, with or without Ismene

Study the chart of prefixes. Which prefixes would most likely be used in a word where the definition involved something exaggerated? Select three options.

hyper- mega- ultra-

Which word contains both a prefix and a suffix?

reoriented

Which aspects of a story best help the reader understand the author's purpose? Select three options.

imagery repetition tone

Read the sentence from "The Crab That Played with the Sea." Now, while the two were talking together, Pau Amma the Crab, who was next in the game, scuttled off sideways and stepped into the sea, saying to himself, 'I will play my play alone in the deep waters, and I will never be obedient to this son of Adam.' The underlined words are an example of

imagery.

Read the passage. Hana's ambivalence about the trip was understandable. She wanted to visit her parents' country of birth, but she was worried that it would be difficult for her family to get back into the country when they came home. Based on context clues in the excerpt, what is the most likely meaning of ambivalence?

indecisiveness

Read the passage from "Cinderella" by the Brothers Grimm. The girl went out to her mother's grave every day and wept, and she remained pious and good. When winter came the snow spread a white cloth over the grave, and when the spring sun had removed it again, the man took himself another wife. This wife brought two daughters into the house with her. They were beautiful, with fair faces, but evil and dark hearts. Times soon grew very bad for the poor stepchild. . . . Now it happened that the king proclaimed a festival that was to last three days. All the beautiful young girls in the land were invited, so that his son could select a bride for himself. When the two stepsisters heard that they too had been invited, they were in high spirits. They called Cinderella, saying, "Comb our hair for us. Brush our shoes and fasten our buckles. We are going to the festival at the king's castle." Cinderella obeyed, but wept, because she too would have liked to go to the dance with them. She begged her stepmother to allow her to go. "You, Cinderella?" she said. "You, all covered with dust and dirt, and you want to go to the festival? You have neither clothes nor shoes, and yet you want to dance!" However, because Cinderella kept asking, the stepmother finally said, "I have scattered a bowl of lentils into the ashes for you. If you can pick them out again in two hours, then you may go with us." The stepmother is most likely motivated by

jealousy.

The evidence in this passage could best be described as

logical evidence showing that sugar farming was changing because of laws and low prices.

What evidence do the authors include to support the central idea that Indian workers and formerly enslaved people became rivals?

logical evidence that Indian workers and formerly enslaved people did not get along with one another because wages went down

Read the excerpt from The Travels of Marco Polo and study the map. When the traveler leaves Kuh-banan he goes for fully eight days through a desert. . . . After these eight days he reaches a province called Tun and Kain, where there are cities and towns in plenty. It is situated on the northern borders of Persia. There is an immense plain here, in which stands the Solitary Tree, which the Christians call the Dry Tree. Based on the excerpt and the map, what makes the journey to Kain difficult?

mountains and dry conditions

On what basis should a reader evaluate evidence for effectiveness? Select three options.

relevance to the central idea sufficiency to support the purpose credibility of the source

Read the sentence. The English poet and playwright William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in the mid-1500s. Which terms describe the underlined portion of the sentence? Select three options.

phrase restrictive appositive

Which punctuation serves to set dialogue apart from the rest of the text in a narrative?

quotation marks

Read the excerpt from chapter 7 of Night. Pressed tightly against one another, in an effort to resist the cold, our heads empty and heavy, our brains a whirlwind of decaying memories. Our minds numb with indifference. The most likely reason the author uses the word whirlwind in this excerpt is to show

rapid confusion.

Read the passage from "Little Red Riding Hood." In this older version of the story, she is called "Little Red- Cap." The grandmother lived out in the wood, half a league from the village, and just as Little Red-Cap entered the wood, a wolf met her. Little Red-Cap did not know what a wicked creature he was, and was not at all afraid of him. "Good day, Little Red-Cap," said he. "Thank you kindly, wolf." "Whither away so early, Little Red-Cap?" "To my grandmother's." "What have you got in your apron?" "Cake and wine; yesterday was baking-day, so poor sick grandmother is to have something good, to make her stronger." "Where does your grandmother live, Little Red-Cap?" "A good quarter of a league farther on in the wood; her house stands under the three large oak-trees, the nut-trees are just below; you surely must know it," replied Little Red-Cap. What element of a plot does this passage illustrate?

rising action

Read the sentence. When cotton clothing is permeated, or soaked through, with water, it stays wet and can freeze in cold weather. Based on context clues in the sentence, what is the most likely meaning of permeated?

saturated

Read the sentence. Lori is as strong as an ox, so I'm sure it will be no problem for her to help you bring those boxes up to the third floor. What type of figurative language is the phrase "as strong as an ox"?

simile

Read the example sentence. Since the taxis and buses were out of service, the tourist town decided to begin using rickshaws, which were inexpensive, relied primarily on physical strength, and led to a new source of employment. Based on the context, what is the meaning of rickshaws?

small vehicles pulled by one person on foot or on a bicycle

Read the excerpt from Takoda's narrative. The start of school on the reservation was always hectic. I couldn't hear myself think above the talking and laughing, and it didn't seem like any of us were ready to trade our summers for book reports and math worksheets. What started as a chorus of whispers from desk to desk cranked up to almost a roar, with no teacher in sight. When the door opened, all conversation stopped. A tall, bearded man strode into the room and slapped a lesson planner onto his desk. The entire class sucked in their breath, and I could hardly believe my eyes. It was my uncle Mahkah. Which elements of a personal narrative would make the most sense for Takoda to include next? Select two option

some dialogue that helps to develop the character of Uncle Mahkah a flashback to a previous interaction between Takoda and Uncle Mahkah

If biblio is a word root meaning "book," and phil means "love," what is the best definition of bibliophile in the sentence below? Elena was a bibliophile, so she amassed a library of thousands of books over the course of her life.

someone who adores books

According to the dictionary, -ment can refer to an action, a place, or a state resulting from an action. This definition is useful to know because -ment functions as a

suffix.

Read the passage from The Arabian Nights Entertainments. Sire, there was once upon a time a fisherman so old and so poor that he could scarcely manage to support his wife and three children. He went every day to fish very early, and each day he made a rule not to throw his nets more than four times. He started out one morning by moonlight and came to the sea-shore. He undressed and threw his nets, and as he was drawing them towards the bank he felt a great weight. He thought he had caught a large fish, and he felt very pleased. But a moment afterwards, seeing that instead of a fish he only had in his nets the carcase of an ass, he was much disappointed. Vexed with having such a bad haul, when he had mended his nets, which the carcase of the ass had broken in several places, he threw them a second time. In drawing them in he again felt a great weight, so that he thought they were full of fish. But he only found a large basket full of rubbish. He was much annoyed. "O Fortune," he cried, "do not trifle thus with me, a poor fisherman, who can hardly support his family!" So saying, he threw away the rubbish, and after having washed his nets clean of the dirt, he threw them for the third time. But he only drew in stones, shells, and mud. He was almost in despair. The main character's motivation is to

support his wife and three children.

Read the passage. The headmistress of the boarding school was a buttoned-up, austere woman with a tightly wound, slate-gray bun at the top of her head and clunky black shoes on her feet. She made sure that our uniforms were complete at inspection every morning, and if one of us dared to wear a warmer pair of socks than the thin, oatmeal-colored ones we were issued, there would be trouble. What does the use of the word austere imply?

that the headmistress is not a kind person

After the high point of a story, what leads to the conflict resolution?

the falling action

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. The arkatis (recruiters) who were hired by shipping companies were Indians themselves; they knew villagers would not want to cross the water. But they also knew where there were hungry, desperate people. So they fanned out to the countryside and began to look for strong men. Bharath, who was about to leave for Trinidad, later explained how that happened. His version of English is hard to understand, but it is how the Indians began to speak on the islands. "E no tell e I go chinedad you know . . . e no tell e no come back, e no greet mumma fadder again." ("He did not tell me I was going to Trinidad, you know. He didn't tell me I would never come back, or never see my mother and father again.") Which goal does this passage best address?

the goal of explaining to readers how Indians were taken advantage of

These three had elaborated old Major's teachings into a complete system of thought, to which they gave the name of Animalism. Several nights a week, after Mr. Jones was asleep, they held secret meetings in the barn and expounded the principles of Animalism to the others. At the beginning they met with much stupidity and apathy. Some of the animals talked of the duty of loyalty to Mr. Jones, whom they referred to as "Master," or made elementary remarks such as "Mr. Jones feeds us. If he were gone, we should starve to death." Others asked such questions as "Why should we care what happens after we are dead?" or "If this Rebellion is to happen anyway, what difference does it make whether we work for it or not?", and the pigs had great difficulty in making them see that this was contrary to the spirit of Animalism. The stupidest questions of all were asked by Mollie, the white mare. The very first question she asked Snowball was: "Will there still be sugar after the Rebellion?" Which details or events relating to the Russian Revolution does this passage most highlight? Select three options.

those who preferred life under the tsar plans to overthrow Tsar Nicholas II the development of communism

What is the purpose of dialogue in a narrative essay?

to develop characters by displaying their interactions

What is the purpose of the heading in this passage?

to distinguish who is telling the story

Read the excerpt from chapter 8 of The Travels of Marco Polo. Here again good incense grows in profusion—I will tell you how. It is produced by trees of no great size, like little fir trees. They are gashed with knives in various places, and out of these gashes oozes the incense. Some of it even oozes from the tree itself without any gashing, in consequence of the great heat that prevails. What is most likely the author's purpose for including this detail about Dhofar?

to educate readers about how incense is made in Dhofar

Read the excerpt from "The Crab That Played with the Sea." Before the High and Far-Off Times, O my Best Beloved, came the Time of the Very Beginnings; and that was in the days when the Eldest Magician was getting Things ready. First he got the Earth ready; then he got the Sea ready; and then he told all the Animals that they could come out and play. And the Animals said, 'O Eldest Magician, what shall we play at?' and he said, 'I will show you. He took the Elephant—All-the-Elephant-there-was—and said, 'Play at being an Elephant,' and All-the-Elephant-there-was played. He took the Beaver—All-the-Beaver-there-was—and said, 'Play at being a Beaver,' and All-the Beaver-there-was played. He took the Cow—All-the-Cow-there-was—and said, 'Play at being a Cow,' and All-the-Cow-there-was played. He took the Turtle—All-the-Turtle-there-was—and said, 'Play at being a Turtle,' and All-the-Turtle-there-was played. One by one he took all the beasts and birds and fishes and told them what to play at. Based on the details in the excerpt, what is its primary purpose?

to entertain

Read the excerpt from chapter 2 of Night. Lying down was not an option, nor could we all sit down. We decided to take turns sitting. There was little air. The lucky ones found themselves near a window; they could watch the blooming countryside flit by. After two days of travel, thirst became intolerable, as did the heat. What is the purpose of this passage?

to establish the setting as a moving train

Read the excerpt from "The Crab That Played with the Sea." And the Rat of the Moon stopped biting the line; and the Fisherman let his line down till it touched the Sea, and he pulled the whole deep Sea along, past the Island of Bintang, past Singapore, past Malacca, past Selangor, till the canoe whirled into the mouth of the Perak River again. 'Kun?' said the Fisherman of the Moon. 'Payah kun,' said the Eldest Magician. 'See now that you pull the Sea twice a day and twice a night for ever, so that the Malazy fishermen may be saved paddling. But be careful not to do it too hard, or I shall make a magic on you as I did to Pau Amma.' Then they all went up the Perak River and went to bed, Best Beloved. Based on the details in the excerpt, what is its primary purpose?

to explain to children that the moon causes the tides

Read the excerpt from chapter 8 of The Travels of Marco Polo. They have sheep here that have no ears, nor even ear-holes; but in the place where ears ought to be they have little horns. They are small creatures and very pretty. And here is something else that may strike you as marvelous: their domestic animals—sheep, oxen, camels, and little ponies—are fed on fish. They are reduced to this diet because in all this country and in all the surrounding regions there is no grass; but it is the driest place in the world. The fish on which these animals feed are very small and are caught in March, April, and May in quantities that are truly amazing. They are then dried and stored in the houses and given to the animals as food throughout the year. I can tell you further that the animals also eat them alive, as soon as they are drawn out of the water. Why does the author include information about the dry climate?

to explain why people in the region have to feed their animals fish

Read the excerpt from "Children of the Drug Wars." If many children don't meet strict asylum criteria but face significant dangers if they return, the United States should consider allowing them to stay using humanitarian parole procedures we have employed in the past, for Cambodians and Haitians. It may be possible to transfer children and resettle them in other safe countries willing to share the burden. What is the author's purpose in this excerpt?

to express an opinion about US asylum policies

Read the excerpt from chapter 8 of The Travels of Marco Polo. Many marketable commodities are produced here. And many ships come here laden with cloth of gold and various silken fabrics, and much else besides that I will not attempt to specify, and exchange them for local products. They arrive and depart with full cargoes and the merchants make a handsome profit on the transaction. Why does the author include information about trade in this text?

to illustrate the wealth and commercial success of the region

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. In the Age of Honey, people tasted the neighborhood where they lived. From a light orange-blossom flavor that is almost a perfume to dark buckwheat with a hint of soil and grain, honey tastes like local flowers. And that was only part of its appeal. Bees work very hard, and it is easy to see that a queen bee is surrounded by worker bees that protect and serve her. To the ancients, a beehive was perfect, for it brought a gift of sweetness to people while being a mirror of their lives—a king or queen served by loyal subjects. Which is the authors' purpose for writing this passage?

to inform readers about the cultural and historical significance of honey

What is the purpose of this text?

to inform readers about the grandfather's role in creating beet sugar

to inform the reader about the products and foods that a region offers

Read the excerpt from "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale." This first edition is wholly unlike the so-called definitive edition of 1857. In the process of publishing seven different editions over forty years, the Grimms made vast changes in the contents and style. The stories in the first edition are closer to the oral tradition than the tales of the final, which can be regarded more as a literary collection, because Wilhelm, the younger brother, continually honed the tales so that they would resonate with a growing literary public. Their books would become second in popularity only to the Bible in German-speaking lands. By the twentieth century, they would become the most famous collection of folk and fairy tales in the western world. What is the author's purpose in writing this paragraph?

to inform the reader of the reasons for the differences between editions

Read the excerpt from "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale." Between 1812 and 1857, seven editions of their tales appeared, each one different from the last, until the final, best-known version barely resembled the first. Given that the first edition has recently been honored in bicentenary celebrations throughout the world, it is perhaps a good time to reexamine what we think we know about the original tales of the Brothers Grimm. What is the author's purpose in writing this paragraph?

to inform the reader that the text will take a second look at the Grimms' original tales

Read the passage from Sugar Changed the World. The diamond and the house: two family treasures, two parts of the story of sugar. We realized that our two family stories—Marina's great-grandparents, brought to Guyana to replace slaves, and Marc's aunt's grandfather, helping to refine an alternative to that same sugar—were just the beginning of a much larger story about a remarkable substance. It is a story of the movement of millions of people, of fortunes made and lost, of brutality and delight—all because of tiny crystals stirred into our coffee, twirled on top of a cake. Sugar, we began to see, changed the world. What is the purpose of this passage?

to link the authors' families to sugar

What is the author's main purpose for writing the memoir Night?

to make people aware of the horrors of the Holocaust

What purposes does the prologue serve? Select three options.

to provide background information to discuss events leading up to what happens in the text to offer a perspective on events in the text

Read the excerpt from Enrique's Journey. Enrique puts Chiapas behind him. He still has far to go, but he has faced the beast eight times now, and he has lived through it. It is an achievement, and he is proud of it. The excerpt refers to Chiapas as "the beast." What is the purpose of using this metaphor in the excerpt?

to show how threatening travel through Chiapas is

Read the excerpt from chapter 7 of Night. One day when we had come to a stop, a worker took a piece of bread out of his bag and threw it into a wagon. There was a stampede. Dozens of starving men fought desperately over a few crumbs. The worker watched the spectacle with great interest. Years later, I witnessed a similar spectacle in Aden. Our ship's passengers amused themselves by throwing coins to the "natives," who dove to retrieve them. An elegant Parisian lady took great pleasure in this game. When I noticed two children desperately fighting in the water, one trying to strangle the other, I implored the lady: "Please, don't throw any more coins!" "Why not?" said she. "I like to give charity . . ." Based on the details in this excerpt, what is the author's primary purpose?

to show that cruel behavior is not limited to only one situation

Read the excerpt from "The Masque of the Red Death" by Edgar Allan Poe. But these other apartments were densely crowded, and in them beat feverishly the heart of life. And the revel went whirlingly on, until at length there commenced the sounding of midnight upon the clock. And then the music ceased, as I have told; and the evolutions of the waltzers were quieted; and there was an uneasy cessation of all things as before. But now there were twelve strokes to be sounded by the bell of the clock; and thus it happened, perhaps, that more of thought crept, with more of time, into the meditations of the thoughtful among those who reveled. And thus, too, it happened, perhaps, that before the last echoes of the last chime had utterly sunk into silence, there were many individuals in the crowd who had found leisure to become aware of the presence of a masked figure which had arrested the attention of no single individual before. And the rumor of this new presence having spread itself whisperingly around, there arose at length from the whole company a buzz, or murmur, expressive of disapprobation and surprise—then, finally, of terror, of horror, and of disgust. Based on the details in the excerpt, what is the primary purpose of this passage?

to thrill

Read the passage from a story in The Arabian Nights Entertainments. The fisherman was very unhappy. "What an unlucky man I am to have freed you! I implore you to spare my life." "I have told you," said the genius, "that it is impossible. Choose quickly; you are wasting time." The fisherman began to devise a plot. "Since I must die," he said, "before I choose the manner of my death, I conjure you on your honour to tell me if you really were in that vase?" "Yes, I was," answered the genius. "I really cannot believe it," said the fisherman. "That vase could not contain one of your feet even, and how could your whole body go in? I cannot believe it unless I see you do the thing." Then the genius began to change himself into smoke, which, as before, spread over the sea and the shore, and which, then collecting itself together, began to go back into the vase slowly and evenly till there was nothing left outside. Then a voice came from the vase which said to the fisherman, "Well, unbelieving fisherman, here I am in the vase; do you believe me now?" The fisherman's motivation is to

try to find a way to stay alive.

Read the excerpt from "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale." Turning to the tales of the first edition, a reader might notice that many of the stories such as "The Hand with the Knife," "How Some Children Played at Slaughtering," and "The Children of Famine," have nothing to do with fairies or happy endings. Instead, these are stark narratives about brutal living conditions in the nineteenth century. For instance, "The Children of Famine" begins this way: Once upon a time there was a woman with two daughters, and they had become so poor that they no longer had even a piece of bread to put in their mouths. Their hunger became so great that their mother became unhinged and desperate. Indeed, she said to her children, "I've got to kill you so that I can get something to eat." How does the author support the main idea in this paragraph?

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