English is Excruciating

modality

degree of certainty employed in offering the argument I am virtually certain that my argument is correct.

Rhetorical Appeals

ethos, logos, pathos i know lots about backpacking, going on my own trip would look impressive for colleges, i love backpacking and will be sad if i cant go

Bandwagon Appeal/Ad Populum fallacy

everyone is doing it so you should too using celebrities to endorse products

rebuttal

exceptions to the initial claim sometimes when the sky is covered with clouds we do not percieve it to be blue

PASTA

(Purpose; Author's Bias; Subject; Tone; Audience) prevent kids from doing drugs, he is a high school administrator, warning, high school kids

SOAPSTone

(Speaker, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, Subject, Tone) Abe, memorial of a battle, people who just lost lots of loved ones, mourn loss but keep moving to end the war, the loss at Antietam, polite/hopeful

Form

*** the way a poem is structured using different lines, indenting certain lines, etc.

Sound

**** the flow of poetry, its rhythm/melody

Counterargument Thesis

****viewpoint that opposes your main argument Arguing that I should study for exams: but I would be enjoying my weekend more if I were not studying for exams, so therefore I shouldn't

claim

A statement that something is so. The sky is blue.

Cumulative Sentence

An independent clause followed by a series of subordinate constructions (phrases or clauses) that gather details about a person, place, event, or idea I was in trouble, with the police searching for me, with a broken arm, with nowhere to hide the stolen jewel and nobody to help me, my capture seemed immanent.

Native American Origin Stories The tone of the piece (or parts of it) is one of...

Appreciation for Nature

AEC (Assertion, Evidence, Commentary)

Assertion: Statement of opinion, interpretation, or judgment that supports the thesis, Evidence:Statistics, examples, paraphrased information, facts, details, and/or direct quotes that provide specific support for the assertion, Commentary: Explain and/or interpret evidence, Make the connection between evidence and assertion and/or thesis statement

Ben Franklin from Autobiography & Poor Richard's Almanac The speaker's attitude is best described as one of ...

At first hatred towards the Indians, but it gradually becomes less severe although she never outright admits that she has grown to hate them less as she is realizing they are not all bad.

Mary Rowlandson from A Narrative of the Captivity The speaker's attitude is best described as one of ...

At first hatred towards the Indians, but it gradually becomes less severe although she never outright admits that she has grown to hate them less as she is realizing they are not all bad.

Toulmin Model

Claim: A statement that something is so. Data: The backing for the claim. Warrant: The link between the claim and the grounds. Backing: Support for the warrant. Modality: The degree of certainty employed in offering the argument. Rebuttal: Exceptions to the initial claim.

The Scarlet Letter The authors uses (this certain image) for the purpose of... The scarlet A

Creating a strong visual image that represents sin and shame. Throughout the book the scarlet A is very prominent and is representative of one of the main themes of the book: public shame.

Sherman Alexie, "Superman and Me" The tone of the piece (or parts of it) is one of...

Desperation, but he is still hopeful

Emily Dickinson The syntax of lines _____ to _____ serves to ... Much Sense - the starkest Madness 'Tis the Majority

Emphasis the juxtaposition between sense and madness.

Henry David Thoreau from Walden and Civil Disobedience Which of the following would the author be LEAST likely to encourage?

Excessive materialism

Patrick Henry, "Speech to the Second Virginia Convention" The primary rhetorical function of lines--- "____" is to ... "No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as well as abilities, of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the House"

Flatter the audience, and to try to make sure that even though he is saying something that goes against their beliefs he does not offend them.

Arthur Miller, "Why I Wrote the Crucible" In paragraph __ the author employs which of the following rhetorical strategies ... "Buzzing his truculent sidewalk brawler's snarl through the hairs in his nose, squinting through his cat's eyes and sneering like a villain"

Imagery with the purpose of emphasizing how terrible this man was as he talks about he fear he invoked in people.

Classical Oratory

Introduction (exordium) Statement of Facts (narratio) Division (partitio) Proof (confirmatio) Refutation (refutatio) Conclusion (peroratio)

Anne Bradstreet selections The quotation "_____" signals a shift from ... Adieu, Adieu, all's vanity.

Mourning over the loss of her house and all her belongings to being okay with it because it was all just material things and still being very grateful for what she has.

The Crucible Which of the following would the author be LEAST likely to encourage?

Not thinking critically about issues before dealing out punishment to people, especially when it affects them so severely.

Into the Wild The primary rhetorical function of lines--- "____" is to ... "It is the experiences, the memories, the great triumphant joy of living to the fullest extent in which real meaning is found. God it's great to be alive! Thank you. Thank you."

Show the character and spirit of McCandless to give further insight into his character.

Louise Erdrich poem The shift in point of view has the effect of ... I told myself that I would starve before I took food from his hands but I did not starve.

Showing the point Erdrich is trying to make, which was that the Indians were actually not terrible to Rowlandson and that they did some nice things for her.

Purpose

The goal of your writing/speech, what you are trying to convince people to get a puppy, to be allowed to go on a trip, to pass a law

Thomas Jefferson, "The Declaration of Independence" The theme of the third paragraph is ...

The wrongs that Britain has done to America.

Compound Sentence

Two independent clauses That was a simple sentence, and this is a compound sentence.

Ralph Waldo Emerson from Self Reliance and Nature The primary rhetorical function of lines--- "____" is to ... "A man should learn to detect and watch that gleam of light which flashes across his mind from within"

Use a strong metaphorical visual image to illustrate one of his main topics: the way we should listen to our true selves.

Either/or fallacy or the false dilemma

When something is presented as you can only have one outcome or the other when that is not true You can either get straight A+s in highs school or you can not get into college and be homeless.

Induction

a conclusion reached through reasoning All of the people at the party knew John, and Jack was at the party, so therefore Jack knew John.

Straw man

a person simply ignores a person's actual position and substitutes a distorted, exaggerated or misrepresented version of that position Person argues that we should have a small amount homework because it gives us extra practice with the material: "So you think we should give students hours and hours of homework so they can't have social lives or sleep?"

Periodic Sentence

a sentence that, by leaving the completion of its main clause to the end, produces an effect of suspense Unable to join the others at the dance because of my sprained ankle, I went to a movie.

Syntax

a set of rules in a language. It dictates how words from different parts of speech are put together in order to convey a complete thought, how the sentence is put together complex, simple, compound sentences, where the clauses are placed, etc.

Thesis

a statement in a non-fiction or a fiction work that a writer intends to support and prove, clear indicators as to which directions writers will follow in their work Our English exam should be cancelled because it causes stress, we are all inevitably going to fail, and these note cards and the essay are taking too long.

Concession

acknowledging the points made by the opposing view, shows you are a mature thinker and have looked at it from all angles, I understand your brother is very annoying, but you still have to love him because he is family

Tone

an attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience. Tone is generally conveyed through the choice of words or the viewpoint of a writer on a particular subject hopeful, aggressive, apologetic, etc.

Complex Sentence

an independent clause with at least one dependent clause While those were other types of sentences, this is a complex sentence.

Faulty Analogy

assuming that because two things are alike in one or more respects, they are necessarily alike in some other respect The sun is yellow and is made of fire; bananas are also yellow and therefore also made of fire.

data

backing for the claim I loom up at the sky often, and when it is not covered with clouds it is blue.

Closed Thesis Statements

broad enough in scope, yet specific enough to be unified and to perform as a substantial generalization of your essay The media plays a very influential role in criminal court trials because of their access to the people, their bias, and because of the special privileges.

Redirection

changing the focus I know that we don't have enough money to fund this program I am proposing, but lets talk about where it is going to be set up

context

circumstances surrounding any writing situation and includes purpose, audience, and focus Common Sense context: make people in support of going to war with Britain to people who have been oppressed by Britian

Ad hominem fallacy

claim or argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant fact about the author of or the person presenting the claim or argument arguing about gun control: "your point is wrong because your sweater is ugly"

Rogerian Arguments

conflict solving technique based on finding common ground instead of polarizing debate I want to go be outside, you want to go to a concert, we go to a concert in an outdoor amphitheater.

Fallacies of Relevance

fallacy where the info you present is not relevant and weakens your argument arguing about abortion: "Obama care is not working"

metonymy

figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words and sword to military force.

Literacy Narrative

first-hand narrative about reading or composing (or teaching reading and composing) in any form or context. description of what it was like to write a novel, write a letter, teach someone to read

Imperative Sentence

gives a command with an understood you Cancel the exam.

Figurative language

go beyond the real meanings of the words to make a comparison and give the readers a new insight into the content of their works Held back from adventure by her obligations to go to school like a bird in a cage.

logos

going on my own trip would look impressive for colleges

refutation/ refutatio

highlight the weaknesses in your argument to your audience to let them know you have considered all points of view

Ethos

i know lots about backpacking

pathos

i love backpacking and will be sad if i cant go

Staking a claim

indicate something as your own This desk is my desk and I am the only one who can sit here.

Fallacies of Insufficiency

insufficient evidence of presented for a claim You should take this pill because it is good for you.

introduction/exordium

introduce topic, establish credibility

claims of value

involve judgments, appraisals, and evaluations, based on your values/biases "it is better to..., it is unethical that..., it is wrong to..., ...is more beautiful than....

Red herring

irrelevant topic introduced in an argument to divert the attention of listeners or readers from the original issue talking about how I never turn in my homework on time: "I read this really awesome quote by Ben Franklin this morning"

Walt Whitman I Hear America Signing The tone of the piece (or parts of it) is one of...

joy and content

warrant

link between claim and grounds By looking up at the sky and seeing that it is blue, I am finding evidence that the sky is blue.

Mood

literary element that evokes certain feelings or vibes in readers through words and descriptions. Usually, mood is referred to as the atmosphere of a literary piece sad, angry, happy, etc.

Outliers One prominent stylistic characteristic of the piece is the use of...

lots of appeals to logos

Balanced Sentence

made up of two parts that are roughly equal in length, importance, and grammatical structure I love to bike, and I also love to walk.

confirmation/confirmatio

make your argument. In the proof section, you want to construct logical arguments that your audience can understand and follow

Hasty generalization

making a hasty conclusion without considering all of the variables She does not know the words to the National Anthem so she must be a communist who hates America.

Connotation

meaning implied by a word that it does not specifically mean criticism has a negative connotation even though it just means feedback

Deduction

method of reasoning from the general to the specific. Also called deductive reasoning and top-down logic Everything made of copper conducts electricity. (Premise) This wire is made of copper. (Premise) This wire will conduct electricity. (Conclusion)

Simple Sentence

only one independent clause This is a simple sentence.

claims of policy

provide a solution or another series of questions in response to the claims of fact, how a person who has been found guilty should be punished

Interrogative Sentence

question Why am I doing this?

Rhetorical triangle/ Aristotelian Triangle

relationship between logos, ethos, and pathos, all influenced by the context pathos: I'm lonely and need a puppy, ethos: I have done my research about having a pet, logos: the puppy could guard our house while we are gone

Rhyme

repetition of similar sounding words occurring at the end of lines in poems or songs the cat in the hat

Joy Harjo, "Remember" The author uses a pattern of organization best described as ...

repitition

Syllogism

starts an argument with a reference to something general and from this it draws conclusion about something more specific All people are going to die eventually, I am a person; I will die eventually.

Enthymeme

statement in which the writer or the speaker omits one of the major or minor premises, does not clearly pronounce it, or keeps this premise implied I was hungry, but then I ate food. : eating food decreases hunger is implied

narration/ narratario

statement of facts is the background information needed to get your audience up to speed on the history of your issue

Declarative Sentence

statements made that provide some type of information I hate this English exam.

rhetorical modes

strategy--a way or method of presenting a subject—through writing or speech "argument" and "cause and effect."

Meter

stressed and unstressed syllabic pattern in a verse or within the lines of a poem, gives poetry a rhythmical and melodious sound Shake spear, Dickinson, etc.

Diction

style of speaking or writing determined by the choice of words by a speaker or a writer things like the word choice

conclusion/ peroration

sum up your argument as forcefully and as memorably as possible

backing

support for the warrant If I see something, I can usually be certain that it is correct.

Persona

the aspects of a person, true or pretended, that are presented to others North Korean leaders presenting themselves as God-like and all powerful

rhetorical situation

the context of a rhetorical event that consists of an issue, an audience, and a set of constraints Thomas Paine writing about why we should go to war in a pamphlet aimed to be able to be read and understood by all Americans.

Audience

the people for whom the text is intended My dad's speech about not doing drugs at prom is intended for high school students, some of whom he knows are at high risk of this

speaker

the person who wrote the text Malcolm Glad well wrote Outliers

Circular Reasoning

the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with, when your claim is the same as your evidence Exams cause stress because exams are stressful.

occasion

the situation that caused someone to write the speech/piece of writing A memorial held after the battle of Antietam during the civil war; Lincoln's Gettysburg Address

subject

the topic being discussed in the text Gettysburg Address; how many people died and how awful it was

Antithesis

two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect, usually using parallel structure Money is the root of all evils: poverty is the fruit of all goodness.

Juxtaposition

two or more ideas, places, characters and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a poem for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts She was intelligent, hardworking, and driven, but her brother was lazy and stupid.

Imagery

use figurative language to represent objects, actions and ideas in such a way that it appeals to our physical senses In the dark, threatening woods with cold wind whipped across my face and an I heard the low, roaring growl of a mountain lion near by.

zeugma

using one word to modify two other words, in two different ways She broke his car and his heart

open thesis statement

very basic and general opinion without going into detail, secondary topics, or supporting reasons for your assertion The media plays too influential a role in criminal court trials.

Counterargument

viewpoint that opposed main argument, shows that you have considered other points of view and makes you seem more fair (ethos) Here's why I should go backpacking, but here are the potential dangers also

Post Hoc ergo Propter Hoc Fallacy

when it is concluded that one event causes another simply because the proposed cause occurred before the proposed effect, after this, therefore because of this My dog died after taking my English exam, so that proves that my English exam killed my dog along with my desire to learn.

Fallacies of Accuracy

when the facts you use to support your argument are not correct Guns need to be banned because over 75% of deaths occur because of people murdering others with these weapons.

Claims of Fact

whether something is true or untrue, but there must always be the potential for controversy, conflict and conversion A person being innocent or guilty