English TEAS

Clause vs phrase

, break down the words into the parts of speech to help you decide. If there is a subject and a verb with a predicate, it is a clause. If there is a noun but no verb or a verb but no noun and does not have a predicate, it is a phrase

Point of View

- 1st person -second person -third person

Example of nominalization?

- He had a negative reaction to the doctors prescription -he had come to a realization that this was not the right path for him

Subject Verb agrreement

- In the present tense, singular verbs end in the suffix s; plural verbs do not. -Subject verb agreement simply means the subject and verb must agree in number. This means both need to be singular or both need to be plural. -When each or every precedes two [or more] singular nouns joined by and, you have a singular subject -Two [or more] singular nouns joined by and make a plural subject- -Use caution with these three conjunctions: either ... or, neither ... nor, and not only ... but also

pronoun antecedent

- President Lincoln is the ANTECEDENT for the pronoun his. An antecedent is a word for which a pronoun stands. ( ante = "before") The pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number. Rule: A singular pronoun must replace a singular noun; a plural pronoun must replace a plural noun. The word that refers back to the pronoun - must agree in number -use pronoun only when the antecedent is clear. - The senator stated that the each citizen is to become involved in his or her local political organization -the antecedent- citizen-is singular so the pronouns h

More rules ob subject verb agreement

- When and or or nor used to connect multiple subjects - a singular verb is required neither mark nor nancy enjoys-- shopping - when an and is used to connect multiple subjects- a plural verb is required mark and anthony both enjoy shopping

Clause

- a group of word that are related and contains but subject and a verb - A clause is a group of related words containing a subject that tells readers what the sentence is about, and a verb that tells readers what the subject is doing.

Common Suffixes -IA, y- state or condition -ic, ical, ac - having to do it -ism- belief in -ology- study of - archaeology, bacteriology -or, er- one who takes part in- conductor, reporter, fighter

- amnesia, democracy endoscopic, physical, cardiac -nationalism, activism -

Passive verb

- comprised of be plus the plus principle that shifts the action of a sentence from the subject to the object of the sentence - the bone was chewed by the dog - active- the dog chewed the bone - was this, was seen, bla bla

Examples of indefinite pronouns

- everyone hhopes -any of us has -none of the students uses -anyone is welcome

Third Person singular

- her, his, hers, its

simple sentence

- independent -contains only one clause

example

- leaving behind the dog before the first test Best friend (this phrase acts as a noun) Needing help (this phrase acts as an adjective; see Adjectives and Adverbs) With the blue shirt (this prepositional phrase acts as an adjective; see Prepositions) For twenty days (this prepositional phrase acts as an adverb)

Where is the second person point of view used

- lett er, email, its like speaking directly to another person.

Remember that the subject is never part of a prepositional phrase. The subject of a verb will never be part of a prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition [in, on, at, between, among, etc.] and ends with a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Look at these examples of prepositional phrases:

- preposition begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or gerund in the dirty bathtub on the bumpy road at home between us

Possesive pronoun

- shows possession automatically -has no apostrophe - adding apostrophe to theirs is always incorrect.

What happens if one quote exits inside another

- single quotation marks are used inside to desginate the inside quote. otherwise , the quotation mark should be double in pairs. -Alex said- after babysitting my sister all afternoon, I hope that i never have to sing ' the wheels on the bus again"

4 words ending in ceed

- succeed -exceed -proceed -emceed

Context clues page 188

- surrounding unfamiliar words that can help in understanding the meaning of the unfamiliar word.

Second person

- text is written from second point of view. -refers to the reader using the pronoun you -too informal for academic writing, it may have other uses - may sound accusational depending on the text.

synonym antonym comparison - used in the sentence that helps give the meaning to the unfamiliar word

- the opthalmologist or eye doctor prescribed eye drops -unlike the sophosticated life in in the city, the life in scottsville was a quaint experience -mary is wealthy and generous as is his father, who is a philanthropist

What happens to the subject verb agreement when the subject comes after the verb

- there is a man in the house - there are men in the house -over the hills is an enormous cloud

example of complex sentence

- when this happens, i am going to release all my angers

second person point of view example

- you have failed to realize the significance of obtaining a driver license is a rite of passage in our culture

Second person singular

- your, yours

Definition- definition given in the sentence Description- description given in the sentence Example- given in the sentence

--in his wood working, he used a type of file known as a rasp. - Allan is a malcontent, constantly changing his jobs, moving to different cities and trading in cards. He comples and expresses dissatisfaction with every aspect of life -the menu listed such delicacies as frog legs, octopi and chocolate flavored warms

if the word ends in a silent e and the added suffix begins with a vowel = then revmove the letting E when adding the suffix

-Age- ing=== aging enforce- ing - enforcing true-ism - truism

if the word ends in Y preceded by a consonant, change the Y to an I before adding the suffix

-carry-ed - carried glory- ous - glorious hurry-- hurried magnify- magnified necessary-ly- necessarily satisfy- satisfied silly- silliest victory- victorious charity- charitable

compound sentence

-contains two or more independent clause joined together with coordinating conjunctions or semicolon.

All, some non, either ,neither can be

-either plural or singular -depending on the context -check what they are referring to is singular or plural. Cake is singular and pieces - plural -Either or neither always singular, only time they will take plural if the second noun, the noun closer to the verb. is plural - all of the cake has not been eaten -some of the pieces have been eaten. neither the cats nor the dog is here either the cats or the dog is guilty neither the cat nor the dogs are guilty either the cat or the dogs are guilty

third person point of view

-generally considered the most formal writing style -reference the thoughts or actions of other characters. can offer more generalized perspective trhough the use of pronouns such as eceryone or indirect noun such as people.

NOminalization

-nominalization or nominalisation is the use of a word which is not a noun (e.g. a verb, an adjective or an adverb) as a noun, or as the head of a noun phrase, with or without morphological transformation. -sounds vague -- use active verb instead

WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT SIMPLE SENTENCES HAVE

-prepositions, adjectives, adverbs,

Independent -

-that can stand on its worn and give a complete meaning -must not contain any dependent clause

contrast- unfamiliar word contrasted to known words explanation - the unfamiliar word is defined in the sentence through an explanation of an situation

-the instructor will often deviate from the subject rather than remain in the focused on the subject he introduced at the beginning -he was awarded a degree posthumously, he died a month before graduation

What causes a sentence to become a complex sentence

-two or more dependent clause

first person point of view

-view that the narrator is a character within the story. - in nonfiction- the charactor is the author and in fiction- the narrator may be any character in the story. -prounds- I me, we Us , our is used -effective way to communicate a story about oneself or ones personal feelings and attitudes toward a subject.

c. Complex-

1 dependent and 1 independent. independent clause joined by one of more dependent clause. Always have a relative pronoun or subordinator. When a subordinator begins the sentence, a comma is needed after dependent clause. However, if independent clause comes first, no comma is needed. i. although she rarely brings the ball back, my dog loves to play fetch. ii. My dog loves to play fetch although she never brings the ball back.

inDIrect dialogue - tells about what someone said

= Aisha says that he hasn't finished studying for the exam and it begins in an hour

Example of simple sentence

=i am going away from this noisy crowded cafeteria. Dont cry over the exam LAST period.

Periodic sentence

A periodic sentence has the main clause or predicate at the end. This is used for emphasis and can be persuasive by putting reasons for something at the beginning before the final point is made. It can also create suspense or interest for the reader.

Common roots Arch - ruler - audio - sound bio- life - biology chrom- color - monochrome geo- earth - geology

ARCH - archenemy, tetrarch, ,hierarchical Audio- audiovisual, audiocassette.

Direct dialogue - tells exactly what someone says rather then telling about it page 182

Aisha said " I haven't finished eating and the exam starts in 5 minutes."

Adverb ---.

An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs..

IF the word ends in Y preceded by a vowel- keep the Y when adding the suffix

Annoy- ing - buy er convey- er delay-ed employ-ed enjoy-ed journey-ed pay-able -survey-or

IE words I before E except for C or words that sound like a as in the words neighbor and weigh

Believe friend grievance niece siege

Simple vs complete subject

COmplete subject- The complete subject is who or what is doing the verb plus all of the modifiers [descriptive words] that go with it. Read the sentence below: Big hair monster Simple subject- only the monster without the modifier

EI words

Ceiling Conceit conceive neighbor receipt receive reign sleigh veil weigh

How to punctuate a complex sentence correctly

Complex sentences follow two common patterns: Main Clause + Ø + Subordinate Clause. Nicky shook her head and sighed Ø as she puzzled over the algebra problem. Subordinate Clause + , + Main Clause. When the doorbell rang, Nicky slammed shut her textbook and rose to pay for her pizza.

These indefinite pronouns are always singular [even when they seem plural

Each, either, neither Anyone, anybody, anything Everyone, everybody, everything No one, nobody, nothing Someone, somebody, something

first job of subordinating conjunction

First, it provides a necessary transition between the two ideas in the sentence. This transition will indicate a time, place, or cause and effect relationship. Here are some examples: Louisa will wash the sink full of her dirty dishes once<<< her roommate Shane cleans his stubble and globs of shaving cream from the bathroom sink. We looked on top of the refrigerator, where <<<<Jenny will often hide a bag of chocolate chip cookies. Because<<< her teeth were chattering in fear, Lynda clenched her jaw muscle while waiting for her turn to audition.

if the word ends in a silent E and the added suffix begins with a consonant- then keep the letter E when adding the suffix

Hate--ful Awe- ful

cumulative sentnece exampel

He might consider paying the higher fees at a private university, if the teacher/student ratio is small, the teachers are highly qualified, and the job placement rate is high. Florida is a great vacation spot for families, with Disney World, Universal Studios, and Sea World.

First person point of view example

I appreciate the opportunities i have had to visit the campus of many fine universities over the last few years, and I look forward to visiting many more in the future .

Subject

In a sentence, every verb must have a subject. If the verb expresses action—like sneeze, jump, bark, or study—the subject is who or what does the verb. Take a look at this example - never part of an prepositional phrase

Sometimes the subject comes after the verb

In a small house adjacent to our backyard lives a family with ten noisy children. Lives is the action verb in this sentence, but it is not the house or the backyard that is doing the living. Instead, it is the family with ten noisy children. Family, then, is the subject of this sentence, even though it comes after the verb. Take a look at another example: Around the peach trees are several buzzing bumblebees. Are is the linking verb in this sentence. The word trees, however, is not the subject because trees is within the prepositional phrase around the peach trees. The subject in this sentence, bumblebees, follows the verb rather than coming before it

examples of periodic sentence

In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued. With low taxes, beautiful views and a mild climate, this city is a great place to live. Positive thinking, by helping us stay focused and maintaining a good attitude, is important for a happy life.

Third person example

Mary appreciates the the opportunity he has to visit the campus and he looks forward to visiting many more in the future - people sometimes fails to realize the significance of obtaining a driver license as a rite of passage in our culture

Sometimes a prepositional phrase appears to be either the subject itself or part of the subject. Read the example that follow

Neither of these boys wants to try a piece of pineapple pizza. In this sentence, the boys seem to be the ones who do not want the pizza, but because they are part of a prepositional phrase, of these boys, they are not the subject. Neither is the actual subject. Take a look at another example: My dog, along with her seven puppies, has chewed all of the stuffing out of the sofa cushions. Here, both my dog and her seven puppies are chewing on the sofa, but because the puppies are part of the prepositional phrase along with her seven puppies, the only word that counts as the subject is dog.

Preposition

Prepositions are the words that indicate location. Usually, prepositions show this location in the physical world. Check out the three examples below: On, beside , near the puppy is (on) the floor. The dog is near the couch. http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/preposition.htm

Third person

Their, Theirs

Common prefixes Un- not re- again IN - not Dis- not

Unavailable, unarmed, unattractive - reacquaint, readjust -invisible, inaccurate - disorganized, disagreeable

Example of direct object?

Zippy and Maurice played soccer with a grapefruit pulled from a backyard tree. Zippy, Maurice = subjects; played = verb. Zippy and Maurice played what? Soccer = direct object. Zippy accidentally kicked Maurice in the shin. Zippy = subject; kicked = verb. Zippy kicked who? Maurice = direct object. Sometimes direct objects are single words like soccer and Maurice; other times they are phrases or clauses. The formula nevertheless works the same. Sylina hates biting her fingernails. Sylina = subject; hates = verb. Sylina hates what? Biting her fingernails [a gerund phrase] = direct object.

Coordinating conjunctions

a conjunction placed between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of equal rank, e.g., and, but, or. --> FANBOYS- for, and, nor, but, or yet, so. Joins two independent clauses together <3

Subordinating conjunctions

a conjunction that introduces a subordinate clause, e.g., although, because. The subordinate conjunction has two jobs. Joins two independent clauses to make a complex sentence

Adjective

a descriptive word that modifies a noun or pronoun

Article-

a word that is used to limit a noun, either indefinite (a and an ) or definite( the)

words ending with cede

accede antecede concede intercede recede retrocede recede

Accept avail depend profit enjoy retrieve believe love desire

acceptable available dependable profitable enjoyable Retrievable believable lovable Desirable

if the word is a complete word then

add able

Linking verbs

am, is, are, was, were, seem, and become, among others. Linking verbs connect the subject to something that is said about the subject. Take a look at this example: Ron's bathroom is a disaster. Bathroom is the subject. Is connects the subject to something that is said about it, that the bathroom is a disaster. Here is another example:

Exception words IE

ancient conscience efficient policies species science society sufficient

if the word has one syllable and ends with a consonant vowel consonant pattern, then the double he final consonant before adding a suffix that begins with a vowel

bag- age - baggage bar- ed - barred bed get rub run sag shut sit

Example of clause

because she smiled at him. she is hungry

Dependent clause

clause that is dependent or incomplete because of the addition of subordinating conjunctions -simple structure cannot have dependent clause -need only a subject and a verb to to be complete

compel control corral excel occur forget omt refer prefer allot

compelling controlling corralling excellence occurrence forgetting omitted referred preferred allotted

if the last word is E

drop e before adding able

exception for the EI words

either foreign height leisure neither protein seize weird

Frolic ing mimic ed panic ed colic y shellac

frolicking mimicked panicked colicky shellacked

Example of compound sentence

i enjoy watching gold matches on TV, especially n Sunday near the end of the tournaments, but I also like to play golf with friends at out local nine hole course. - this compound sentence is just two simple sentences joined togher with coordinating conjunctions( but ) --- notice the subjects and verbs of the sentences- i like- i enjoy -- are conjugated properly.

A phrase

is a collection of words that may have nouns or verbals, but it does not have a subject doing a verb =no subject verb agreement

Second Job of subordinating conjunction

is to reduce the importance of one clause so that a reader understands which of the two ideas is more important. The more important idea belongs in the main clause, the less important in the clause introduced by the subordinate conjunction. As Samson blew out the birthday candles atop the cake, he burned the tip of his nose on a stubborn flame. Burning his nose > blowing out candles. Ronnie begins to sneeze violently whenever he opens the door to greet a fresh spring day. Sneezing violently > opening the door. Even though Dana persevered at the calculus exam, she was only adding another F beside her name in Dr. Armour's grade book.

Example of adverb

kindly, slowly, --- The puppy looks very cute. Very is the adverb that is modifying the adjective cute.

Object pronouns

me us you him, her, it them whom - Subject pronounds- I u he she we they After I give my dog Oreo a scoop of peanut butter, she always kisses me with her sticky tongue. She = subject; kisses = verb. She kisses who? Me = direct object. Because Jo had skipped Mr. Duncan's class five times in a row, she ducked out of sight whenever she spotted him on campus. She = subject; spotted = verb. She spotted who? Him = direct object.

example pronoun antecedent

mom went to the store before I could tell her to buy ingredients for my favorite dish, her special spicy soup.

First person Singular

my, mine

First person plural

our, ours

1 word ending in cede

supersede

5. Direct object-

the noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb, answers the question- whom or what -subject + verb + what /who = direct object - only action verbs can have direct object.

object of the preposition

the noun, pronoun phrase or clause to which the preposition refers. To complete the phrase, the preposition usually teams up with a noun, pronoun, or gerund, or the object of the preposition. Here are some examples: At = preposition; noon = noun or the object of the preposition. Behind them Behind = preposition; them = pronoun or the object of the preposition. Without sneezing Without = preposition; sneezing = gerund or the object of the preposition. At = preposition; the, kitchen = modifiers; counter = noun or the object of the preposition. Between = preposition; us = pronoun or the object of the preposition; only = modifier.

Example of adjectives

the puppy looks cute - The noun puppy is being described by the adjective cute-

If the word ends in C and suffix begins with I, E , Y is added -

then the letter K should be inserted following the letter C

A loose sentence (also called a cumulative sentence) is a

type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases. I went to the movies yesterday, bought candy, and shopped at the mall.

Active verbs -

verbs that show actions performed by the subject of the sentence - He reacted negatively to the doctors prescription -my aunt stated that the red vehicle hit the black one

a. Simple- just contains one main clause, one independent clause. b. Compound- 2 or more independent clause. the independent clauses are joined together by coordinating conjunction- which is followed by after the comma. For,And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So i. FANBOYS. ii. May signal compound verb- or compound subject in other type of sentences. iii. My Dog fetch and sleeps often—sleeps often doesnot stand alone- so it is part of a simple sentence but they are not compound sentence.

when a sentence have two or more

second person plural

you, yours