English Unit 5

calm

Upon the lapping seashore amidst the fading lightThe hatted lady sat upon an old bench and breathed. What word best describes the tone in the poem?

It makes each couplet a separate unit, so the reader can pause and think before going on to the next one

"There Will Come Soft Rains" consists of six two-line rhyming couplets. What effect does this arrangement of rhyme and meter have on the poem?

People who believe safety is more important than freedom don't deserve freedom or safety

"Those, who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety, deserve neither liberty nor safety." What does this mean?

argument

A statement put forth and supported by evidence;a set of statements designed to persuade the reader to agree with an author's position

equal opportunity for all, jobs for those who can work, and security for those who need it

According to FDR, what basic things do the American people expect?

attitude

As an element of literature, which word is a synonym for tone?

personification

Deep beneath my blankets that nightMy guilt yelled at me until I wept. What poetic device does the poet use in the second line?

by looking for charged language, "I" statements, calls to action, or strong arguments.

How can you identify a speaker's viewpoint?

The author chooses stirring words and phrases that trigger the feelings of readers.

How does an author evoke the emotions of readers?

the words "rumble" and "thump" sound like the noises of wheels and drums.

How does onomatopoeia strengthen the impact of "Beat! Beat! Drums!"?

freedom of speech, freedom from want, freedom to worship, and freedom form fear

What are the Four Freedoms FDR highlights in his speech?

Critical listeners must evaluate the reasons and evidence to be sure they are valid, sufficient, and relevant in supporting a claim.

What do listeners need to consider when critically evaluating a speaker's argument or position?

appropriations and authorization for to manufacture munitions and appropriations and authorizations to carry out plans for war

What does FDR ask Congress for?

warfare, death

What is "Beat! Beat! Drums!" about?

a work that is the basis for important ideas and that influences later works

What is a seminal work?

safety, welfare, freedom, and progress of all men and women

What is the "over-all strategic concept" Churchill feels should be focused on?

It connotes the youthful naïveté of these soldiers

What is the connotative meaning of the phrase "little souls" in Stanza 2?

It suggests that no soldier escapes the hell of war

What is the connotative meaning of the phrase "little souls" in Stanza 2?

giving congress information on the state of the union

What is the constitutional duty that FDR is fulfilling?

A writer's unique and personal style or means of expression

What is the definition of voice as used in writing?

preventing war

What is the primary purpose of the United Nations organization?

AABBA

What is the rhyme scheme for the first stanza of "In Flanders Fields"?

free verse

What is the rhyme scheme of "Come Up From The Fields Father"?

ABABCDCD

What is the rhyme scheme of each stanza in "Dulce et Decorum Est"?

onomatopoeia

What poetic device is used in the following line from "Beat! Beat! Drums!"? So fierce you whirr and pound you drums—so shrill you bugles blow.

Does word choice or sentence structure reveal the author's attitude toward the subject of the text or its readers?

What question can readers ask to determine whether language affects tone?

Read carefully and critically to find the claim, which is the idea, opinion, or assertion behind the argument. Then evaluate the claim to see if it is credible, accurate, and supported by relevant evidence.

What should you look for when reading an argument or opinion piece?

to warn America and the world about the threat that the Soviet Union and the rise of communism posed to freedom and peace

What was one of Churchill's purposes for writing "The Sinews of Peace"?

war and tyranny

Which two concepts does Churchill cit as a threat to security?

poverty and privation

While governments are concerned with war and tyranny, what does Churchill identify as the prime cause of worry and anxiety for the people?

the horrifying effect that war has on all it touches

In "Beat! Beat! Drums!" Whitman repeatedly shows the drums making people unable to do their jobs: students are unable to study, lawyers are unable to argue in court, and so on. Read the line from the third stanza. Make even the trestles to shake the dead where they lie awaiting the hearses. What does the figurative image of drum beats shaking the dead—who lie and wait as if they were awake—represent?

the government

In "Come Up From The Fields Father," who is the letter from?

By using language that emphasizes rights, dignity, justice, and morality, Roosevelt suggests that America should help nations where these are threatened

In "Four Freedoms Speech," how does Roosevelt develop his idea about the country's obligation to other democracies?

daughter

Who calls father up from the fields in "Come Up From the Fields Father"?

a group of politicians

Who is FDR speaking to in his "Four Freedoms" speech?

to demonstrate that the ideas aren't just the author's opinion but are factually convincing

Why do writers provide evidence to support the big ideas they wish to convey to audiences?

because America's security has never been threatened before

Why does FDR say that he's addressing Congress at "a moment unprecedented in the history of the Union"?

a letter has arrived

Why does father need to come up from the field in "Come Up From The Fields Father"?

It creates the feeling that the deadly weapons are mocking their victims

In Wilfred Owen's poem "Dulce et Decorum Est," the speaker describes "the hoots of the gas shells," as if the gas shells are human beings capable of calling out. What effect does this personification have on the description?

the beating drum, a blowing bugle

In the first stanza of "Beat! Beat! Drums!" what sounds "burst like a ruthless force" into the church and the school?

Understanding the allusions and sources in a seminal work leads to a deeper understanding of the work itself and an appreciation for the works that it builds upon.

Why is it important to understand the allusions and sources in a seminal work?

allusion

a brief reference to a significant literary, historical, or cultural person, place, event, or statement used to make an idea more easily understood

relative clause

a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun

Synecdoche

a figure of speech in which a part represents a whole or a whole represents a part

synecdoche

a figure of speech in which a part represents a whole or a whole represents a part

simile

a figure of speech that compares two things, usually using the words like or as

metaphor

a figure of speech that compares two unlike things, without using the word like or as

oxymoron

a figure of speech that includes pairs of words that contradict each other

idiom

a group of words that does not actually mean what it says; a phrase or saying particular to a certain place, time, or group of people that is not meant to be understood literally

clause

a group of words that has a subject and a verb

independent clause

a group of words that has a subject and a verb and can stand alone as a sentence

dependent clause

a group of words that has a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone as a sentence

ethos

a mode of persuasion in which the language and descriptions used are intended to convince an audience that an author is credible and trustworthy; ethics

pathos

a mode of persuasion in which the language and descriptions used by an author appeal to an audience's emotions

logos

a mode of persuasion in which the language and descriptions used by an author appeal to an audience's sense of reason and logic

apostrophe

a poetic device in which the author addresses a person not present or a nonhuman entity

adverb phrase

a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb; a type of dependent clause; introduced by subordinating conjunctions; answers one of these questions about the word it modifies: how, where, when, why, under what conditions, or to what extent

relative pronoun

a pronoun that relates a relative clause to the noun or pronoun the clause modifies; a type of dependent clause; functions as an adjective in a sentence; sometimes called an adjective clause

evidence

a specific detail, such as a fact or expert opinion, that supports a reason

paradox

a statement or situation that appears to be a contradiction but that reveals a surprising or unexpected truth

sufficient

adequate, enough

claim

an idea, opinion, or assertion presented in an argument

seminal works

an important work from which other works develop or grow; often contain direct references to the people, events, and sources that sparked their own creation; many times they contain allusions

hyperbole

an intentional exaggeration for emphasis or comic effect

relevant

closely connected or appropriate to the matter at hand; having direct bearing on or connection to the topic or matter at hand

imagery

descriptive or figurative language that creates a mental picture for readers

critical listening

examining and evaluating content while listening; you are collecting, processing, and analyzing information

valid

founded on fact or evidence

to warn his audience of a new and growing danger to world peace and freedom

from "The Sinews of Peace" We welcome Russia to her rightful place among the leading nations of the world. We welcome her flag upon the seas. Above all, we welcome constant, frequent and growing contacts between the Russian people and our own people on both sides of the Atlantic. It is my duty however, for I am sure you would wish me to state the facts as I see them to you, to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Question 1 Read the passage from "The Sinews of Peace." What is Churchill trying to accomplish in the passage?

He feels it is the duty of the victorious democracies to keep the world safe in the future

from "The Sinews of Peace" When I stand here this quiet afternoon I shudder to visualise what is actually happening to millions now and what is going to happen in this period when famine stalks the earth. None can compute what has been called "the unestimated sum of human pain." Our supreme task and duty is to guard the homes of the common people from the horrors and miseries of another war. We are all agreed on that. Question 1 Read the passage from "The Sinews of Peace." What viewpoint does Churchill express in the passage?

personification

giving human qualities to something that is not human

appeals

language choices that authors deliberately use that appeal to their audience in different ways

birds, spring, and tree

n the poem "There Will Come Soft Rains," who doesn't care about war?

a child loses his father, a soldier loses his squad, and a mother loses her son

n the poem "War is Kind," what three events occur that the poet responds with, "Do not weep. War is kind"?

rhetorical device

technique that a writer or speaker uses to make a point; includes techniques such as parallel structure, allusion, repetition, figurative language, imagery, refrain, quotation, and first-person-plural mode of address

mood

the emotional atmosphere of a piece of writing

repetition

the emphasis of a word or phrase by repeating it several times throughout a work

symbolism

the literary technique of using something to stand for or represent another idea

reasons

the points that explain why the author is making a certain claim

alliteration

the repetition of beginning consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables

rhetorical devices

the specific techniques an author or speaker uses to have a particular effect on an audience. Authors use rhetorical devices to influence and manipulate their audience to agree with their position, adopt their point of view, or act in a certain way;a technique that a writer or speaker uses to make a point; includes techniques such as parallel structure, allusion, repetition, figurative language, imagery, refrain, quotation, and first-person plural mode of address

onomatopoeia

the use of words that imitate sounds, such as buzz, clang, boom, and clang

credible

trustworthy and reliable

ethos, logos, pathos

what are the three typical rhetoric appeal choices?

to inform, entertain, inspire, and persuade.

why do authors use rhetoric?

charged language

words intended to provoke an emotional response, frequently used in argument and persuasive writing; phrases that indicate the speaker's opinion or position

1) the word choice marks a shift toward a darker tone after the peaceful description of the farm 2) The word choice helps portray the mood of the new character, the mother. 3) The word choice suggests that the letter will bring bad news.

Read the line from "Come Up from the Fields Father." Fast as she can she hurries, something ominous, her steps trembling, How does Whitman's decision to use the word ominous affect the poem?

the place is a cemetery

Read the lines from "In Flanders Fields." In Flanders fields the poppies blowBetween the crosses, row on row... What does the description of poppies and rows of crosses tell you about the setting of the poem?

the duty to keep fighting and the pride of the nation

Read the lines from "In Flanders Fields." To you from falling hands we throwThe torch; be your to hold it high. The speaker is not literally throwing a torch. Figuratively, what does the speaker mean the torch to stand for?

joy

Read the lines from the poem. Hands raised high in the tossingCaps floating high in the skyTeeth exposed in wide wonderAnd paired beacons of lighted exclamation. What emotion are these lines meant to evoke?

to convince the audience that fighting dictatorship is the right thing to do

Read the sentence from "Four Freedoms Speech." Third, by an impressive expression of the public will and without regard to partisanship, we are committed to the proposition that principles of morality and considerations for our own security will never permit us to acquiesce in a peace dictated by aggressors and sponsored by appeasers. What is the purpose of the sentence?

If the United States aids its allies, the United States will keep control of the process

Read the sentence from "The Four Freedoms." Taking counsel of expert military and naval authorities, considering what is best for our own security, we are free to decide how much should be kept here and how much should be sent abroad to our friends who by their determined and heroic resistance are giving us time in which to make ready our own defense. What viewpoint is Roosevelt expressing in the sentence?

The repeated sputter of the s sound summons up the sound of the mother exclaiming helplessly about the letter and the similar sounds of the lines help the lines hold together as a unit

Read these lines from "Come Up from the Fields Father" by Walt Whitman. O this is not our son's writing, yet his name is sign'd,O a strange hand writes for our dear son, O strickenmother's soul! What impact does alliteration have on these lines?

to gain the audience's interest in the topic and to choose language that will persuade the audience

Read these lines from "Come Up from the Fields Father" by Walt Whitman. O this is not our son's writing, yet his name is sign'd,O a strange hand writes for our dear son, O strickenmother's soul! What impact does alliteration have on these lines?

The words marched and boots, along with the reference to "gas-shells dropping," indicate that the poem takes place during WWI and is set near a battlefield

Read these lines from "Dulce et Decorum Est" by Wilfred Owen. Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots,But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hootsOf gas-shells dropping softly behind. How do these lines evoke a sense of the time and place in which this poem is set?

Taxes may be raised to meet an extraordinary need, but they must be applied fairly

Read this passage from "Four Freedoms Speech" by Franklin D. Roosevelt. A part of the sacrifice means the payment of more money in taxes. In my Budget Message I shall recommend that a greater portion of this great defense program be paid for from taxation than we are paying today. No person should try, or be allowed, to get rich out of this program; and the principle of tax payments in accordance with ability to pay should be constantly before our eyes to guide our legislation. Based on this passage, what is Roosevelt's view on taxes?

By using musical imagery, Roosevelt condemns the emptiness of the efforts made by those who support appeasement

Read this passage from "Four Freedoms Speech" by Franklin D. Roosevelt. As a nation, we may take pride in the fact that we are soft-hearted; but we cannot afford to be soft-headed. We must always be wary of those who with sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal preach the "ism" of appeasement. How does Roosevelt's use of rhetoric in this excerpt advance his viewpoint?

soldiers who died fighting a war

Reread the second stanza of "In Flanders Fields". Who is the speaker?

It develops a soothing tone, as the alliteration provides a soft rhythm

Reread these lines from the poem: There will come soft rains and the smell of the ground,And swallows circling with their shimmering sound; What is the effect of the figurative language on the tone of the poem?

From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent

Select the sentence in which Churchill uses a metaphor to describe a major new development in international relations.