English11A - 24 Logical Fallacies

Appeal to emotions

- fear, envy, hatred, pity, pride, and more. - occurs when emotion is used instead of a logical argument Examples: "I like pancakes" "So you hate waffles?"

Circular reasoning

A circular reasoning fallacy occurs when the evidence offered to support a claim is just a repetition of the claim itself. Circular reasoning is a form of informal logical fallacy where the error lies in the content of the argument, rather than its form. Example: She is nice because she's nice.

Fallacy of Composition

A fallacy of composition involves assuming that parts or members of a whole will have the same properties as the whole. This leads to wrong conclusions because what is true of the different parts is not necessarily true of the whole. Example: This house is made of bricks. A brick is light in weight. Therefore, this house is also light in weight.

Hasty Generalization

A hasty generalization fallacy is a claim made on the basis of insufficient evidence. Instead of looking into examples and evidence that are much more in line with the typical or average situation, you draw a conclusion about a large population using a small, unrepresentative sample. Example: humss student nasag-idan sang stem student Humss student: kalaw-ay gd ya sang batasan sang stem students ah

Non sequitor

A non sequitur fallacy is a statement or conclusion that does not follow logically from what preceded it. Non sequiturs can be responses that have nothing to do with the conversation or flawed conclusions "based" on what preceded them. Examples: "Gojo is alive" "Ace is dead" "Therefore, there is a new meta in LoL 13.20 patch"

Red Herring

A red herring fallacy is an attempt to redirect a conversation away from its original topic. A red herring is used by introducing an irrelevant piece of information that distracts the reader or listener. This can be intentional or unintentional. As a result, one can divert others' attention away from the original discussion topic or avoid answering a difficult question. Examples: Child: Ma, sino ba yung tatay ko? Mama: Nak gusto mo lugaw?

ad populum / appeal to popularity

Ad populum fallacy refers to a claim that something is true simply because that's what a large number of people believe. In other words, if many people believe something to be true, then it must be true. Example: You're at a bookstore browsing for books with a friend. Although you are an avid sci-fi reader, your friend picks up a memoir and tells you that you should read the book because it's a bestseller.

Ecological fallacy

An ecological fallacy is a logical error that occurs when the characteristics of a group are attributed to an individual. In other words, ecological fallacies assume what is true for a population is true for the individual members of that population. POV: you're racist and ethnocentrical bitch Examples: You hear a Japanese person say "kawaii" and suddenly you assumed that all of asia is rainbows and uwu (by asia i mean those ppl who only know China, Japan, and South Korea)

Either-or

An either-or fallacy occurs when someone claims there are only two possible options or sides in an argument when there are actually more. This is a manipulative method that forces others to accept the speaker's viewpoint as legitimate, feasible, or ethical. This type of black-and-white thinking often appears in political speeches, advertising, and everyday conversations. Example: "You can either go with me to the party tonight or sit at home alone and be bored all night."

Appeal to Authority

Appeal to authority fallacy refers to the use of an expert's opinion to back up an argument. Instead of justifying one's claim, a person cites an authority figure who is not qualified to make reliable claims about the topic at hand. Because people tend to believe experts, appeal to authority often imbues an argument with credibility. Example: "My favorite actor, who starred in that movie about a virus that turns people into zombies, said in an interview that genetically modified crops caused COVID-19. So I think that's what really happened."

Slippery Slope

Avoids engaging with the issue at hand ---- shifts attention to extreme hypotheticals. Example: Kung wla ka ballpen wla ka notes Kung wla ka notes wla ka may studyhan Kung wla ka studyhan d ka kagraduate Kung d ka kagraduate wla ka trabaho

Base Rate

Base rate fallacy is a flawed reasoning pattern that causes people to believe that statistics are not relevant to the problem or question at hand. This applies to situations where we need to estimate the likelihood of something, such as someone's occupation or favorite sport. Most people would be misguided by the personality description and not factor in that there are in fact more soccer players than golfers. Example: many people think that tossing a coin (where H represents heads, and T represents tails) and getting H T H T is more likely than getting H H H H or T T T T; however, all outcomes are equally likely because all coin tosses have 50/50 odds.

Straw Man

Straw man fallacy occurs when someone distorts their opponent's argument by oversimplifying or exaggerating it, for example, and then refutes this "new" version of the argument—called a straw man argument. Example: "I love pancakes" "So you hate waffles?"

Appeal to Pity

The appeal to pity fallacy occurs when someone attempts to persuade others by provoking feelings of guilt or pity. Instead of presenting factual information and evidence to support an argument, one may try to play on people's feelings. However, this is a manipulative tactic because feelings of pity are usually irrelevant to the point being made. Examples: "Could you please change my grade from D to C? I worked really hard for this assignment. I even pulled an all-nighter to finish on time, and my parents will be so disappointed!" POV: You're trying to convince Jesus to give you an eight hour long sleep a day but he said "sike bitch here's another five workload for you hope you live well"

Equivocation

The fallacy of equivocation occurs when a key term or phrase in an argument is used in an ambiguous way, with one meaning in one portion of the argument and then another meaning in another portion of the argument. Example: Noisy children are a real headache. Two aspirin will make a headache go away. Therefore, two aspirin will make noisy children go away.

False Dilemma

The false dilemma fallacy occurs when someone misrepresents an issue by offering only two options (when more exist) or by presenting the options as mutually exclusive (when they are not). Example: If we don't order pizza for dinner, we'll have to eat the week-old spaghetti in the fridge.

Genetic Fallacy

The genetic fallacy is the act of rejecting or accepting an argument on the basis of its origin rather than its content. Under the genetic fallacy, we judge a claim by paying too much attention to its source or history, even though this criticism is irrelevant to the truth of the claim. Examples: The Nazis were the first to research passive smoking and prohibit smoking in public. Therefore, a smoking ban is unacceptable.

Planning Fallacy

The planning fallacy describes our tendency to underestimate the amount of time it will take to complete a task, as well as the costs and risks associated with that task—even if it contradicts our experiences. Example: You are preparing for your upcoming midterm paper and set aside just one week to finish it. Although similar assignments in the past took you more time than expected, you feel confident that one week is enough time. However, as the days pass, you realize that the topic is rather complex and demands more research than anticipated. On top of that, you catch a cold and are less productive. With the deadline approaching, you struggle to finish your paper, realizing that your optimism caused you to miscalculate the time and effort needed for this assignment. POV: "Bwas lang ni" core and three shots sang coffee nga ginhimo nga tubig

Post hoc

The post hoc fallacy is the assumption that because one event preceded another event, they must be causally related. In other words, the first event must have caused the second. However, the chronological order of two events does not prove a cause-and-effect relationship between them. Examples: My computer crashed after I installed a new piece of editing software. I'm sure the software caused the crash. Meme: "I've connected the dots" "No you didn't" "I connected them"

Logical Fallacy

What is the meaning of logical fallacy? A logical fallacy is an argument that may sound convincing or true but is actually flawed. Logical fallacies are leaps of logic that lead us to an unsupported conclusion. People may commit a logical fallacy unintentionally, due to poor reasoning, or intentionally, in order to manipulate others.

sunk cost fallacy

a framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation POV: Genshin players who can't quit genshin because they've whaled several times to c6 r5 the characters.

ad hominem

exaggerating, misrepresenting, completely fabricating someone's argument

Begging the question

presented a circular argument in which the conclusion was included in the premise. How is it different in circular reasoning? -Begging the question is when use the point you're trying to prove the very same point - Rather than proving conclusion is true, it assumes it. - Can be cooked as a form of circular reasoning

No True Scotsman

someone is trying to defend the ingroup from criticism (ingroup bias) by excluding those members who don't agree with the ingroup. A: Filipinos sing really well B: I can't A: There is not a single Filipino who can't sing