Enlightenment
Adam Smith advocated
... ending mercantilism
The freeing of serfs in eighteenth-century Austria led to....
...alienation between the nobility and the monarch
Galileo believed that all aspects of nature could be described in terms of:
Mathematically
In the early sixteenth century, the standard explanation of the place of the earth in the heavens combined the work of:
Ptolemy and Aristotle
All of the following best describe Joseph II as an Enlightened Despot except:
TRUE: -Greatest ED -Reforms: abolished serfdom and feudal dues -Freedom of Religion and civic rights to Jews and Protestants -Reformed the judicial system and sought to make it equal for all citizens -Abolished torture and ended the death penalty -Expanded state schools -Established hospitals, insane asylums, poorhouses and oprhanages. The state provided food and medicine to the poor. -He made parks and gardens available to the public. -The empire declined after him
All of the following best describe Enlightened Despotism except:
...
All of the following best describe Frederick the Great except:
...
All of the following best explain "The Enlightenment" EXCEPT:
...
Which of the following accurately describes the different views of Montesquieu and Rousseau on the views of women?
...
Rousseau's influential novel Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes
... - proper child rearing - human education
He published On Crimes and Punishments, in which he applied critical analysis to the problem of making punishments both effective and just:
... Beccaria
Which of the following figures came closest to atheism in their religious thinking?
... Holbach
All of the following best describe Frederick the Great as an Enlightened Despot except:
... TRUE: -Considered French learning superior -Success through War - -War of Austrian Succession - 1740-1748 -Treat of Aix-La-Chapelle - After War of Austrian Succession - -Reforms: -"First servant of the state" -War caused him to improve society -His reforms were mostly intended to improve the state. -Allowed religious freedom, promoted education in schools and universities, codified and streamlined laws, Freed serfs on crown lands because he needed for the arm. Serfdom was in full force on noble estates. Improved state bureaucracy by requiring civil service exams, reduced censorship, abolished capital punishment, encouraged immigration and industrial and agricultural growth. -Junkers: Prussian Nobility -Middle class found difficult to advance
According to Smith's four-stage theory, human societies:
... move from barbarianism to civilazation
The German philosopher Immanuel Kant proclaimed the motto of the Enlightenment to be.....
..."Dare to Know"
The painting above represents which time period in history?
...**
The picture above best represents which of the following styles?
...**
Which time period is the architecture of the building in the above picture?
...**
All of the following were hallmarks of the reign of Frederick the Great EXCEPT:
...** -influenced by the enlightenment
Based upon your knowledge of the text, which of the following is the most plausible cause of the witch hunts?
...**disruptions created by religious division and warfare
The two major points in the Deists' creed were
...- belief in an afterlife upon one's earthly actions - the existence of a rational God
Which of the following best describes the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713?
...-Issued by Leopold and agreed to by the Great powers that the Hapsburg Empire would remain intact under his daughter's rule. -archduchess of Austria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia. -absolute rule -conservative and cautious
Monarchs associated with enlightened absolutism included all of the following EXCEPT:
...-Maria Theresa, -Joseph II, -Frederick the Great, -Catherine II
Which of the following is considered one of the most important peace treaties since the Treaty of Westphalia? It allowed Prussia to retain Silesia and the French lost all of its colonies in North America.
...-Treaty of Paris
Which of the following is true of Johannes Kepler?
...-orbits of planets are elliptical -planets do not move at uniform speed while in their orbit -time to orbit the sun depends on distance -developed the 3 laws of planetary motion -mathematically proved Copernican theory
Which of the following sought to humanize criminal law based on Enlightenment concepts of reason and equality before the law?
...Beccaria
Which of the following groups was not a common target of the witch hunts?
...COMMON TARGET GROUPS: -female orphans -midwives -poor women -widows
Which of the following proposed Progress of the Human Mind in which his utopian ideas udermined the legitimacy of Enlightenment ideas?
...Condorcet
Galileo's persecution by the Catholic Church was largely brought about by his support of which of the following?
...Copernicus
Although he invented analytic geometry, his most important contribution was to develop a scientific method that relied more on deduction - reasoning from general principal to arrive at specific facts:
...Descartes
Which of the following statements expresses a fundamental difference between the philosophies of Rene'Descartes and Francis Bacon in the seventeenth century?
...Descartes = deductive - less bound to observation and Bacon = Inductive
He is known as the father of empiricism:
...Francis Bacon
This monarch embodies enlightened absolutism more than any other. He/she forged a state that commanded the loyalty of the military, the junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, and a growing bureaucracy:
...Fred the Great
During the second half of the seventeenth century, the power of Brandenburg-Prussia was enhanced primarily through the efforts of....
...Fred, Great Elector
Which of the following Enlightened Despots were considered "first servant of the state"?
...Frederick the Great
Which of was following is Tycho Brahe's major contribution to science?
...His data proved Copernicus' theory, even though he did not support it. Brache believed that while all planets revolved around the sun, the sun revolved around the earth. He also built the best observatory in Europe.
.Which of the following statements is true regarding the Treaty of Paris (1763)?
...It removed France from North America
Which of the following monarchs instituted the largest number of "Enlightened" reforms?
...Joseph II
Which of the following was the greatest German philosopher. He separated science and morality into separate branches of knowledge. He stated science could describe nature however, it could not provide a guide to morality.
...Kant
The scientific fact that the orbits of the planets are elliptical was discovered by:
...Kepler
The two most important influences on Enlightenment thought were:
...Locke and Newton
He maintained that women were not naturally inferior to men and that women should have a wider role in society. He was also sympathetic in his observations concerning the value placed on women's appearance and the prejudice women met as they aged:
...Montesquieu
Which of the following styles of art embodies a return to figurative and architectural modes drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world?
...Neoclassical
He addressed the issue of planetary motion and established a basis for physics that endured for more than two centuries:
...Newton
Which of the following styles of art utilizes lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light?
...Roccoco
Baroque art first emerged in:
...Roman Catholic Church
All of the following best describe Catherine the Great as an Enlightened Despot except:
...TRUE: -One of the greatest reformers of European history -She took place in her husband's assassination plot -Lover of French culture -Diderot lived at her court -Dealt with the Pugachev Rebellion: Pugachev, a soldier, led an uprising and demanded an end to serfdom, taxes and army service. Landlords and officials were murdered all over SW Russia. -Catherine needed support of nobles so she gave them absolute control of serfs. Nobles reached their height of position. Serfs were worse off than before. -She imported western culture into Russia. -She supported private printing presses. Number of books increases to about 400. -Restricted use of torture. -Allowed limited religious toleration. She stopped the government policy of persecuting "Old Believers" -Jews were granted civil equality (couldn't be nobles or hold offices) -Strengthened local government by elective noble councils -Shortcomings: only state and nobles benefited, Nobles gained more serfdom -Territorial Growth: Annexation of Poland (liberum veto)
All of the following best describe Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith except:
...TRUE: -considered the bible of capitalism -redefined and expanded laissez-faire -economy is governed by natural laws of supply and demand
All of the following best explain the role of women during the Enlightement except:
...TRUE: -salon movement -philosophes favored increased rights and education for women -Wollstonecraft:promoted educational and political equality
All of the following are true of the War of Austrian Succession except:
...TRUE: -Frederick invaded and annexed Silesia -Fred violated Pragmatic Sanction -Prussia defeated Austria -Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle : Prussia gained Silesia
All of the following best describe Catherine the Great except:
...TRUE: -German princess -married to Peter III -Pugachev Rebellion -educational reforms -restricted practice of torture -limited religious toleration -elective council of nobles -territorial growth
All of the following are accomplishments of Maria Therese except:
...TRUE: -Pragmatic Sanction -War of Austrian Succession -centralized control of the Hapsburg Empire -limited power of nobles -Brought Catholic Church in Austria under state control -promoted economic development
All of the following are accomplishments of Joseph II except:
...TRUE: -abolished serfdom and feudal dues -freedom of religion and civic rights to Protestants and Jews -freedom of press to significant degree -reformed judicial system established hospitals, insane asylums, poorhouses, and orphanages.
All of the following best describe Locke's Treatises of Civil Government except:
...TRUE: -defense for "glorious revolution" -state of nature:humans are good but lack protection -natural rights: life, liberty, property -social contract: people agree to obey gov. in return for protection of natural rights -right to rebellion
Which of the following statements regarding Deism is NOT true?
...TRUE: -existence of God was a rational explanation of the universe and its form -God was a deistic creator -universe was governed by "natural law", not personal God - Grew out of Newton's theories regarding natural law.
All of the following are causes of the Scientific Revolution EXCEPT:
...TRUE: -framework was provided by medieval universities -leading universities established new professorships of mathematics, astronomy, and physics -the Renaissance stimulated science by rediscovering ancient mathematics -navigational problems on sea voyages in the age of exploration
Which of the following is true regarding the Enlightement period?
...TRUE: -natural science and reason could explain all aspects of life -faith in reason rather than revelation -deism -Spinoza: equated God with nature - scientific method could explain the laws of society
All of the following best describe Essay Concerning Human Understanding by Locke except:
...TRUE: -stressed importance of environment on human development -tabula rasa: -human knowledge as result of sensory experiences -rejected Descartes view -for progress to occur, education was critical -undermined the christian view that humankind was sinful
Which of the following is NOT true of Pascal?
...TRUE: -saw humans as corrupt, -allied with Jansenist, -believed reason could not resolve all religious issues, -believed a loving god exists.
The most elaborate baroque monument to political absolutism was:
...Versailles
He was a strong monarchist who in 1759 published a History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great, which declared, "Peter was born, and Russia was formed":
...Voltaire
Which of the following stated Crush the infamous thing?
...Voltaire
In Vindiction of the Rights of Woman, 1792 this person argued that to confine women to the separate domestic sphere because of 'supposed' limitation of their physiology was essentially to make them slaves to men.
...Wollstonecraft
Newton's great achievement was to present the modern world with.....
...a complex view of how motion and mass were related in the universe
According to Hobbes, human beings escape the terrible state of nature by:
...agree to live by the golden rule
Religious wars are not caused by the fact that there is more than one religion, but by the spirit of intolerance.... the spread of which can only be regarded as the total eclipse of human reasoning. -Baron De Montesquieu The quote above is typical of what opinion in the eighteenth century?
...aristocrats need to demonstrate reason in their daily lives
Maria Winkelmann made her contributions in the field of:
...astronomy
According to Pascal's famous wager:
...better to believe in God rather than not. For to not believe and find out there is a God, would cause one to lose everything.
Descartes divided existing things into two categories, body and:
...body and mind
In the sixteenth century, midwifery was a trade often pursued by:
...elderly or widowed women
In An essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke held that human knowledge was derived from....
...environment and reason
Jean-Jacques Rousseau's concept of the ideal government was centered on.....
...general will
John Locke's Two Treatises on Civil Government approved of revolution provided that.....
...government had violated property rights
The Royal Society of London is associated with with of the following.
...growing correspondence within the scientific community
In Voltaire's "Philosophic Letters to the English",:
...he expressed a deep admiration for English love of freedom, tolerance and commercial excellence.
Which of the following is most closely associated with John Locke?
...he rejects absolutism
What political belief would John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau have had in common?
...if government does not serve the people, the people have a right to overthrow/ government should be the consent of the governed
What does the term empiricism mean in the context of the Scientific Revolution?
...inductive reasoning based on observation and experience
The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth and eighteenth century was mainly an.....
...intellectual transition
Francis Bacon believed that:
...knowledge of nature should be used to improve human condition
What does the term "scientfific method" mean when used in modern history?
...making systematic observations of nature to prove a hypothesis
Hobbes saw human beings as:
...materialistic
Johannes Kepler's contribution to the Scientific Revolution was his......
...mathematical proof
In the eigtheenth century, the vast majority of babies were delivered by.....
...midwives
Newton was a mathematical genius, but before he upheld a theory he thought it should be
...must test to see if it is what you observed
Which of the following maritime problems led to new scientific inquiry in the early modern era?
...need to ships to chart their positions on the high seas
Which of the following is most closely associated with Rene Descartes?
...new laws based on toleration and reason
After the sixteenth century, the Renaissance helped to encourage scientific inquiry when......
...the ancient Greek mathematical texts were discovered after 1453
Many proponents of mechanism believed:
...the world can be explained through mechanical metaphors
Which of the following best describes Modern Scientfific Method?
...use of inductive reasoning from Bacon and use of deductive reasoning from Descartes
He published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres and rejected the notion of an earth-centered universe:
Copernicus