Enlightenment Test

Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to

The rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1772

According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to

"Change the general way of thinking"

What was the Republic of Letters?

A cosmopolitan network involving Western Europe and its colonies as well as Eastern Europe and Russia

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that

Human development in determined by education and society

What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?

Interaction between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished

How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system

Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies encouraged women to

aspire to a life of the mind

How did European governments respond to the science?

They established academics of science as a threat to their religious foundations

What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental methdod?

To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through

a military coup

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

Shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?

The emergence of scientific racism

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

The general will is not neccassarily the will of the majority

The enlightenment policies of Frederick the Great included

simplifying Prussia's laws

In Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that

All knowledge can be questioned and doubled

The idea of the people sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

An idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues

In this excerpt from The Sidereal Messenger, Galileo wrote about constructing a telescope and using it to view the surface of the moon. "...from my observation of them (spots of the moon), often repeated, I have been led to that opinion which I have expressed, namely, that I feel sure that the surface of the moon is not perfectly smooth, free from inequalities and exactly spherical, as a large school of philosophers considers with regard to the moon and the other heavenly bodies, but that on the contrary, it is full of inequalities, uneven, full of hollows and protuberances, just like the surface of the earth itself, which is varied everywhere by lofty mountains and deep valleys." Galileo's observations led him to

Assert that the surface of the moon was similar to the surface of the earth.

who was the author of On Crimes and Punishedments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system

Cesare Beccaria

Volatire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a

Clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervened in human affairs

Why did Montesquieu write the The Spirit of Laws, and what main points did he make?

Montesquieu wrote the Spirit of Laws because the was disturbed by the growing of absolutism under King Louis XIV. The main points that he makes are the seperation of powers and that he favoured democracy. Thus, he wrote about the three branches and checks and balances, which ensurred that no one branch would be able to overpower the other.

A striking feature if the salons was that

Philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled

Who wrote the influential Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)?

Pierre Bayle

Copernicus's theory of the universe

Postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

what was purpose and effect of the enclyclopedia: The Rational Dictionary of the Sciences, the Arts, and the Crafts?

Denis Diderot's Enclyclopedia was written to promote critical thinking, which would result in common good. The effect of this Enclyclopedia was that it was widely spread and influential. It was a major step for the Enlightenment political theories.

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

Empericism

"Weep, wretched natives of Tahiti, weep. But let it be for coming and not the leaving of these ambitions, wicked men. One day you will know them better. One day they will come back, bearing in one hand the piece of wood you see in that man's belt, and, in the other, the sword hanging by the side of that one, to enslave you, slaughter you, or make you captivate to their follies and vices. One day you will be subjected to them, as corrupt, vile and miserable as they are." This selection from Denis Diderot's "Supplement to Bougainville's Voyage" reflects his belief that

European exploration was a prelude to violate conquest

how did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well culturally superior

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

Rococo

According to Map 16:1: The Partition of Poland, 1772-1795, which power or powers benefited most from the partitions?

Russia