Entomology Module 5

Third generation pesticides

- Chemicals that mimicked insect hormones -juvenile hormones

Fourth generations pesticides

-Genetically modified plants that contain targeted toxins -BT cotton

Second generation pesticides

-Through chemistry, new chemicals were discovered or made -DDT

Why was the program to exterminate the gypsy moth in Massachusetts not successful? (4 reasons)

-didn't know insect biology, Didn't know how it spread, Didn't know its sensitivity to pesticides, poor reconnaissance of distribution of nests

First generation pesticides

-highly toxic poisons found around homes and farms

What 3 major problems developed with the widespread use of DDT that eventually led to its use being discontinued?

1) not specific enough 2)Bioaccumulation 3)Resistance

After WWI, why (two reasons) did pesticide manufacture and use remain high?

1. manufactures had invested in massive productions and wanted to maintain a market 2. Entomologists and public wanted complete, rapid control and accepted chemical insecticides as the way to do it.

Albert's Swarm was made up of _____________(how many) ______________s (species)? The swarm was ______________miles long, north to south.

3.5 TRILLION insects. 1,800 miles in length.

This prevented lethal Phylloxera infection because _________________(region of origin) _______________(plant part) were resistant to Phylloxera.

American Roots

He proposed that _______________roots be grafted to _________________shoots (vines)?

American roots be grafted to european vines

What is integrated pest management?

An ecological approach to insect control that integrates a range of control practices: cultural controls, biocontrol, and even pesticides, if necessary. Use all methods with the goal of minimizing pesticides use.

Leland Howard replaced Riley in 1895 (after Riley died), and he a. invented DDT, for which he was given the nobel prize b. believed that chemicals were the most effective way to control big insect problems quickly c. continued to uphold the same priorities in using different methods for pest control as Riley did

B. believed that chemicals were the most effective way to control big insect problems quickly

Why is it so difficult to control Phylloxera with pesticides?

Because Phylloxera lives underground and its difficult to get insecticide into the soil and to the roots.

____________________ was the American entomologist who help solve the Phylloxera problem on European wine plants.

Charles Valentine Riley

Phylloxera spreads from one vineyard to another by ______________________

Crawlers and winged adults (not far), and human assistance (very far)

What is the difference between Entomology as practiced historical and entomology in general?

Entomology focuses on the control and termination of bugs while the general term entomology means to study bugs

The government agency responsible for the decision to take Mirex off the market was the _________.

Environmental protection Agency (EPA)

Phylloxera spreads to other countries by_______________________

Human assistance and trade

What are three examples of ways that Mirex was actually harmful?

Not specific to fire ants, or even ants, extraordinarily toxic to aquatic organisms, bioconcentrated, persistent (half life of 12 years), carcinogen

The native home of the "red imported" fire ant is __________________.

South America

What insect did entomologist L.O. Howard call the "most dangerous animal on earth"? Why did he believe that was true?

The common house fly. After people proved mosquitos were the reason for the spread of disease he thought flies were the same way, noticed trend between increase in flies and typhoid rates and dysantary

Early in the lecture on Phylloxera, I said that European vines were imported to the American East and Midwest, but were 'disaster prone'. Why did the imported vines always die?

They didn't have the resistance to American diseases

What aspect of shipping in the mid 1800s made it likely that Phylloxera on American vines would survive the trip to France?

Travel time was greatly reduced with improvements to ships, so they were able to hold on and survive the journey.

What made France a country likely to receive shipments of American vines than other European countries?

US was friendly with France after the American Revolution. A lot of communication and trade, improvements of ships reduced atlantic crossing time.

What University in Arizona is its Land Grant College?

University of Arizona

What is the pesticide treadmill?

a process pesticides follow when introduced: resistance develops, new chemical, resistance develops, new chemical....

_____Riley believed that chemicals should the a. first b. last c. only method used to control of insect pests.

b. last

Since there was more acreage available than for subsistence (taking care of the local people), the additional land could be farmed as a __________ that produced ______.

cash and produced enterprises

What major environmental change led to the extinction of the Rocky Mountain Locust?

coincided with settlement of the west, native grasses replaced with crop, framing practices destroyed eggs

Agribusiness typically involves focusing on one_________ and maximizes ______.

crop and maximizes yield

Citizen should learn enough to have a __________ view of the dangers insects pose.

educated

The 1000 year record of locust populations in China indicates that outbreaks are correlated _____________weather conditions that result in ____________ or _______________.

extreme; drought or floods

Phylloxera kills European vines by _____________________.

feeding on the roots (piercing, saliva) causing plant defense responses that cause the swelling, clogged vessels.

What are two major reasons that we, through the USDA, go to war (unsuccessfully) on the fire ants?

financial incentive for chemical companies, prestige for USDA, job creation by congress

What is the difference between a grasshopper and a locust?

grasshopper are solitary and move only short distances. locust are the large groups and travel together

African locusts swarm when populations are __________ and local food is ___________.

high , scarce

In the fight against the gypsy moth in Massachusetts, what three methods were used to kill them?

hunt down the eggs and collect and burn them with kerosene, cut down tress, burlap bands

Historically, what region(s) of the world have experienced locust swarms?

in the past locust existed everywhere

In Africa, when locust problems develop, these _______________ areas are sprayed with _____________.

infested origin areas; insecticides by small planes backpack sprayers.

C.V. Riley, the nation's first national Entomologist, believed that effectively controlling insects required a solid understanding of ___________________.

insect biology

After heptachlor, the USDA claimed that their next pesticide choice was the ________________ and ______________against fire ants

mirex,

The first pesticide used against the fire ant was heptachlor. Why was it taken off the market?

more toxic than DDT, non-target organisms effected. VERY TOXIC TO HUMANS could be anywhere or drift to our food

In Alabama, fire ant colonies spread more rapidly than would be predicted by the short flights of new queens. How did they spread greater distances?

multiqueen colonies that allow colonies to spread widely, they can raid and assimilate other colonies, raft downstream

The use of heptachlor and Mirex actually increased how quickly the fire ants spread into new environments. How? The pesticides killed ___________________, and because fire ants are super ____________ they could quickly take over these empty areas.

other ants, adaptable

What were the two major parts of the circa 1957 USDA plan to control and eradicate the fire ant?

part 1- institute a quarantine on shipments containing soil part 2- spray insecticides by plane

A huge increase in the amount of land available for farming in the 1800s contributed to an increase in the number and severity of ____________ in agricultural systems. How did this happen?

pest problems. the increase in land dedicated to one crop means insects that eat that crop increase in that particular area

While the program to exterminate the gypsy moth was underway in Massachusetts 1) what was one reason given for continuing the program each year and 2) what was one reason given for stopping the program?

pro- gypsy moth most dangerous pest could lead to fall of America, extermination was possible (failure not an option) Con- extermination impossible, environmentally destructive, must change strategy

What are two main factors that contributed to the success of the program to exterminate the Asian gypsy moth in Vancouver?

public relations and communication, and knew the insect biology and extent of the population

Whole colonies can form _____________ on flood water and _____________ to a new location.

rafts, float downstream

Knowing enough to evaluate a potential danger (like some insects) is called r___________ a___________.

risk assessment

In Africa, locust populations are monitored by using ___________imagery and reports from __________________.

satellite imagery; ground bases showing local conditions.

They were carried from their native home to Alabama in _____________________.

soil/water used as ballast in ships

Explain to a friend the meaning of "land grant college."

states recieved land grants of 30,000 acres of federal land to use for colleges.

Grasshopper glaciers contain _______________ which show us that swarmed about every ____________ years.

swarms of rocky mountain locusts entombed; 6 years over 300 years ago

What was the economic reason behind the Canadian government's drive to exterminate the Asian gypsy moth in Vancouver in 1992?

the threat of loss of trade with the US was a bigger threat than forest damage

The symptoms of a Phylloxera infestation on European vines are _____________ and/or _____________?

withering leaves and swollen and rotting roots