ENV 8-11

Part F As global warming causes sea surface temperatures to increase in the future, the incidence of cholera in Bangladesh will also increase. supported not supported cannot be determined from the graph

cannot be determined from the graph

Part B What percentage of the studies showed a negative effect of organic farming on organisms? 89% 13% 8% 11%

11%

Part B Approximately how many tons of paper and paperboard were consumed worldwide in 1970? 130 tons 350 tons 130 million tons 350 million tons

130 million tons

Infectious disease accounts for ________% of deaths globally. almost 50 30 17 less than 1 40

17

Part C Now calculate the tons of paper and paperboard consumed worldwide in 2000. Use your answer to this question and your answer from Part B to calculate the approximate percentage change in consumption from 1970 to 2000. 2% 63% 170% 370%

170%

Part C During which period were forest fires most extensive? 1700-1750 1750-1800 1800-1850 1850-1900

1700-1750

Part D Part complete In which of the following years was the sea surface temperature more than 1ºC above the average temperature? Select all that apply. 1983 1987 1988 1991 1997

1983 1987 1997

Part C In which of the following years did the incidence of cholera reach its lowest level? 1981 1987 1988 1989 1993

1989

It takes ________ energy to produce aluminum from ore than to obtain it from recycled sources. 7 times less 7 times more 20 times less 20 times more roughly the same amount of

20 times more

Recycled tantalum accounts for approximately ________ of its availability for use in manufacturing. 5-10% one-third 20-25% half 87%

20-25%

Part B Based on the data, calculate the percentage of all e-waste recycled in 2000 versus 2013. 2000: 11.1% 2013: 67.9% 2000: 90.0% 2013: 59.6% 2000: 10.0% 2013: 40.4% 2000: 10.0% 2013: 67.9%

2000: 10.0% 2013: 40.4%

Part B The human population of Madagascar doubles about every _____ years. 10 25 40 60 80

25

There are currently approximately 15,000 pairs of bald eagles in the lower 48 states, which is a ________% increase over the number of pairs in 2006. 50 33 200 133 150

50

Part D In 1770, how much of the landscape did the thinning stage occupy? 15% 25% 50% 50 square miles

50%

Part A Overall, how many studies showed a positive effect of organic farming on biodiversity? 13 66 41 9

66

Today's system of national forests consists of 77 million ha (190 million acres), managed by the U.S. Forest Service and covering more than __________% of the nation's land area. 5 10 20 8

8

Part D What is the overall ratio of positive effects of organic farming to negative effects? 1:8.25 66:8 8:66 8.25:1

8.25:1

Part A What percent of the plant species found on Madagascar are unique to that island? 10 20 40 80 90

80

Part C As a researcher, you have been asked to analyze trends in the decline in lead use in U.S. gasoline over time. Based on the data in the graph, by what percentage did the amount of lead used in gasoline decrease between the years 1970 and 1985? 100% 50% 20% 80%

80%

Part C In what percentage of Americans is BPA traceable within their bodies? 90% 50% 0% 25%

90%

Paleontologists estimate that ________. biodiversity is evenly spread over the earth's biomes extinction is tied exclusively to human activities more species are alive today than ever before 99% of all species that have ever existed are now extinct more than 99% of all species alive today have been discovered and described

99% of all species that have ever existed are now extinct

Heavy landscape damage and water pollution have occurred in ________ as a result of ________. Florida; open pit mining of limestone San Francisco; placer mining for gold Mississippi; strip mining for uranium Canada; subsurface mining for oil sands Appalachia; mountaintop removal mining for coal

Appalachia; mountaintop removal mining for coal

Part A Matthew Koehler includes several statistics about impacts of logging in national forests. Which of the following statements describe an ecological impact of logging? U.S. national forests supply less than 2% of our nation's wood products. Approximately 50% of riparian areas require restoration due to logging and other land uses. National forest logging levels have decreased since the mid-1990s. Existing national forest roads require $10 billion in maintenance.

Approximately 50% of riparian areas require restoration due to logging and other land uses.

Part B Pretend you are a public health official giving a presentation to the local community about the dangers of lead exposure. As you show data from the graph in the previous part, what is the most important "take home" message you might share with audience, based on the relationship between the amount of lead in gasoline and blood lead concentration in children between the years 1970 and 2010? Despite a steep drop in the use of lead in gasoline from 1970 to 2010, average blood lead concentration in children changed little during this time, suggesting that lead exposure is not as harmful as what was once believed. Although there was a considerable decline in both the amount of lead used in gasoline and average blood lead concentration between 1970 and 2010, the graph suggests that there is still considerable work to be done in further reducing lead levels in gasoline. A sharp drop in the amount of lead used in gasoline was followed by a similarly sharp decline in blood lead concentrations in children between 1970 and 1990, suggesting that lead use in gasoline was strongly correlated to lead exposure, and the ban on lead had a major impact on reducing exposure in the United States. As the amount of lead in gasoline dropped sharply from 1970 to 1990, the average blood lead concentration increased steadily in children, indicating that the lead ban in gasoline was not a successful strategy for reducing human lead exposure.

A sharp drop in the amount of lead used in gasoline was followed by a similarly sharp decline in blood lead concentrations in children between 1970 and 1990, suggesting that lead use in gasoline was strongly correlated to lead exposure, and the ban on lead had a major impact on reducing exposure in the United States.

Part A Compare how the total amounts of e-waste generated, e-waste disposed of as trash, and e-waste recycled have changed over time. Based on the data, how would you summarize the recent trends in e-waste generation and disposal between 2010 and 2013? Both the total amount of e-waste generated and amount of e-waste recycled substantially increased between 2010 and 2013. As the total amount of e-waste generated stabilized or slightly decreased between 2010 and 2013, the amount of e-waste recycled steadily increased during that time. As the total amount of e-waste generated stabilized or slightly decreased between 2010 and 2013, the amount of e-waste disposed of as trash steadily increased during that time. Both the total amount of e-waste generated and amount of e-waste recycled substantially decreased between 2010 and 2013.

As the total amount of e-waste generated stabilized or slightly decreased between 2010 and 2013, the amount of e-waste recycled steadily increased during that time.

Part E Based on population and consumption trends, which region would have had the highest paper consumption in the year 2010? North America, due to high per capita consumption levels Europe, due to the developed world businesses and industries present in the region Latin America, due to high population growth rates Asia, due to rising population and rising consumption rates

Asia, due to rising population and rising consumption rates

Where do large-scale strike-slip faults, which cut through the entire lithosphere, occur? At divergent plate boundaries At tactile plate boundaries At convergent plate boundaries At transform plate boundaries

At transform plate boundaries

Part C As you prepare to conduct further research, what is a hypothesis that you might come up with to explain the recent decline in e-waste generation in the United States? Stricter state laws for e-waste disposal made it harder for consumers to legally discard e-waste, leading them to store old electronics in their homes and offices, causing a slight decline in the total tons of e-waste generated between 2010 and 2013. Economic factors during this time period discouraged consumers from replacing older, but still functioning, electronic devices with newer models, leading to a slight decline in the total tons of e-waste generated between 2010 and 2013. In response to consumer preferences, manufacturing trends for many electronic devices have led to smaller and lighter products, leading to a slight decline in the total tons of e-waste generated between 2010 and 2013. All of these hypotheses could explain the slight decline in the total tons of e-waste generated between 2010 and 2013 in the United States.

All of these hypotheses could explain the slight decline in the total tons of e-waste generated between 2010 and 2013 in the United States.

Part C As you examine the graph, compare access to basic handwashing facilities between urban and rural areas across all three types of developing regions. Based on these data, what can you conclude about access to basic handwashing facilities in developing parts of the world? Although there is disparity in access to basic handwashing facilities between rural and urban areas, the data still reflect a lack of development in these countries as urban centers have not advanced much beyond the levels of rural areas. The proportion of the population with access to basic handwashing facilities is nearly equal in urban and rural areas across all types of developing countries, suggesting that urban and rural areas have achieved similar advancement in access to basic hygiene in the developing world. Although there is disparity in access to basic handwashing facilities between rural and urban areas, the data still reflect a lack of development in these countries as rural areas have not advanced much beyond the levels of urban centers. Based on the graph, the proportion of urban populations with access to basic handwashing facilities in developing countries is probably similar to that of a modern city in the United States.

Although there is disparity in access to basic handwashing facilities between rural and urban areas, the data still reflect a lack of development in these countries as urban centers have not advanced much beyond the levels of rural areas.

Part B Dale Bosworth describes several reasons why America's national forests are not pristine landscapes. Which of the following reasons does he include in his essay? European settlers left forested areas intact when they came to North America. Most grazing activity took place on grasslands rather than forest areas. American Indians have managed forests for thousands of years through the use of fire. Climate change is not likely to affect forested areas.

American Indians have managed forests for thousands of years through the use of fire.

Part A Which age group has a higher relative exposure risk to BPA? The elderly Young adults ages 20-40 Babies and small children Teenagers

Babies and small children

Part A Based on this data, which statement is most accurate regarding the change in lead use in gasoline and average blood lead concentration in children over time? As lead use in gasoline declined to zero by 1995, the average blood lead concentration in U.S. children continued to rise until 2010. Although there was a brief increase in the amount of lead used in gasoline for a few years following 1975, this was not followed by a similar increase in average blood lead concentration in children. Both lead use in gasoline and blood lead concentration in U.S. children declined most rapidly between 1975 and 1985. Based on the data, there is no clear correlation between the amount of lead used in gasoline and the average blood lead concentration in children between 1970 and 2010.

Both lead use in gasoline and blood lead concentration in U.S. children declined most rapidly between 1975 and 1985.

Part B Which of the following is true? Brown howler monkeys and humans can both get yellow fever, but it is only fatal in the monkeys. Brown howler monkeys and humans can both get yellow fever and it can be fatal in both. Brown howler monkeys and humans can both get yellow fever and it cannot be fatal in either of them. Brown howler monkeys can get yellow fever while humans cannot.

Brown howler monkeys and humans can both get yellow fever and it can be fatal in both.

Part E You are a primatologist studying in southeastern Brazil. Which of the following are you most likely to see? Brown howler monkeys and northern muriquis interbreeding. Brown howler monkeys and northern muriquis as competitors. Brown howler monkeys living in social groups and northern muriquis living in solitude. Brown howler monkeys living in solitude and northern muriquis living in social groups.

Brown howler monkeys and northern muriquis as competitors.

This figure shows population growth over time for a harvestable resource. Which of the following graphs depicts the population growth rate for this population? Figure A Figure B Figure C Figure D Figure E

Figure E

Which of the following organisms is the focus of a major captive breeding program? California condor bald eagle polar bears corn (maize)

California condor

Most commercial logging today takes place in ________. Australia, New Zealand, China, and Greenland (Denmark) Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua Canada, Russia, Indonesia, and Brazil Europe and Canada the United States, Lesotho, Australia, and China

Canada, Russia, Indonesia, and Brazil

Part D You are a toxicologist studying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Which of the following diseases should concern you the most? Birth defects Diabetes Heart disease Cancer

Cancer

________ are substances that cause cancer. Carcinogens Neurotoxins Allergens Vectors Teratogens

Carcinogens

Part A Based on the data in the graph, in which region(s) did forest area as a proportion of total land area increase between 1990 and 2015? Select all that apply. Central and South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Eastern and Southeastern Asia Europe and North America

Central and South Asia Eastern and Southeastern Asia Europe and North America

Part A Which of the following regions of the world is the most threatened Central and Southwest Asia Central China Northern Russia Western Colombia Eastern United States

Central and Southwest Asia

Part A Why is coltan such a valuable mined resource? The tantalum in coltan is a precious metal used in jewelry. Coltan contains columbite. Columbite is required for microprocessors such as the ones in your cell phone. Coltan is a source of energy that is used to power cell phones. Coltan contains tantalite, which yields the element tantalum. Tantalum is required for microprocessors such as the ones in your cell phone.

Coltan contains tantalite, which yields the element tantalum. Tantalum is required for microprocessors such as the ones in your cell phone.

Part A Which of the following would be best to reduce the spread of yellow fever in Brazil? Control population of tsetse flies Control population of blackflies Control population of river snails Control population of mosquitoes

Control population of mosquitoes

Mercury is a heavy metal that occurs naturally in minerals and rocks. Release of mercury from natural sources has been relatively constant over time. However, anthropogenic release of mercury has increased significantly in recent years primarily due to increased fossil fuel mining and combustion. Mercury that is released into the air eventually ends up in soils or surface water. Once in water, microbes convert mercury into methyl mercury, which is absorbed quickly and concentrated in the tissues of predatory fish such as shark and swordfish. Large fish typically concentrate more mercury than small fish. People who eat fish with high methyl mercury concentrations can show tremors, deafness, muscle dysfunction, and attention deficits. Pregnant women and children are especially sensitive to methyl mercury's toxic effects. Learning disabilities and developmental delays are common in children who have been exposed to significant levels of methyl mercury. Mercury is to methylmercury as DDT is to ________. POP DEP PBP DDE PCB

DDE

Part C Identify each author's primary criticism of the ESA and determine which statement below accurately describes one author's comments. Davison: The problem is the shift away from ecosystem protection to individual species. Knight: The problem is labeling species as endangered that are already in recovery. Davison: The ESA itself is not the problem. Rather it is lack of enforcement of other local, state, and federal laws aimed at ecological integrity. Knight: Allowing private landowners to destroy habitat is the primary problem with the ESA.

Davison: The ESA itself is not the problem. Rather it is lack of enforcement of other local, state, and federal laws aimed at ecological integrity.

Part A Which of the following would likely be the best way to decrease polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons? Increase recycling. Shut down nuclear powerplants. Change wastewater treatment practices. Decrease fossil fuel burning.

Decrease fossil fuel burning.

Part C Which of the following has the highest number of tourist arrivals in the Caribbean? Puerto Rico (U.S.) Jamaica Dominican Republic Cuba Belize

Dominican Republic

Mercury is a heavy metal that occurs naturally in minerals and rocks. Release of mercury from natural sources has been relatively constant over time. However, anthropogenic release of mercury has increased significantly in recent years primarily due to increased fossil fuel mining and combustion. Mercury that is released into the air eventually ends up in soils or surface water. Once in water, microbes convert mercury into methyl mercury, which is absorbed quickly and concentrated in the tissues of predatory fish such as shark and swordfish. Large fish typically concentrate more mercury than small fish. People who eat fish with high methyl mercury concentrations can show tremors, deafness, muscle dysfunction, and attention deficits. Pregnant women and children are especially sensitive to methyl mercury's toxic effects. Learning disabilities and developmental delays are common in children who have been exposed to significant levels of methyl mercury. Which of the following U.S. agencies is primarily responsible for addressing issues regarding mercury pollution? BLM EPA OSHA USDA DOE

EPA

Part C Why is having high biodiversity important to the people who live around the Serengeti Preserve? Animal skins provide an important source of income. Ecotourism provides an important source of income. The wildlife provide an important food source for humans. Ivory from elephants and rhinoceroses provide an important source of income.

Ecotourism provides an important source of income.

Part C During the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo), how did the exploitation of coltan and the coltan miners harm both the environment and the people that lived there? Select all that apply. Endangered species were hunted for food. The products of mining were seized from the miners. The conflict in the DR Congo resulted in chemical factories being built in the jungle. Erosion exacerbated the release of toxic metals such as mercury.

Erosion exacerbated the release of toxic metals such as mercury.

Part A Bob Davison describes the Endangered Species Act (ESA) as an effective tool for conserving biological diversity. What is his rationale for the value of focusing on individual species? The public is not concerned about the economic costs of individual species recovery. Establishing public empathy for charismatic species provides an opportunity to educate people about lesser-known species. The public tends to value intact ecosystems over particular plant and animal species. A focus on individual species is cheaper than protecting entire ecosystems.

Establishing public empathy for charismatic species provides an opportunity to educate people about lesser-known species.

All of the following statements are true of allergens EXCEPT: Asthma can be triggered by allergies. A person's response to an allergen does not necessarily correlate with the degree of exposure. Everyone is affected by an allergen at a high enough dose. Synthetic chemicals may trigger allergic reactions. Allergens trigger an immune response when one is not necessary.

Everyone is affected by an allergen at a high enough dose

Part B Which of these statements is true about how human actions such as agricultural production have facilitated soil erosion in the Caribbean? Extensive irrigated agriculture in countries such as the Dominican Republic has resulted in water erosion. Extensive irrigated agriculture in countries such as Jamaica has resulted in water erosion. Extensive irrigated agriculture in countries such as the Cayman Islands has resulted in water erosion. Extensive irrigated agriculture in countries such as Barbados has resulted in water erosion.

Extensive irrigated agriculture in countries such as the Dominican Republic has resulted in water erosion.

Part B If the 2019 Roadless Area Conservation Act is passed, which of the following will occur? Extraction of resources on federally owned public lands will increase as states get more control of them. Extraction of resources on federally owned public lands will decrease as states lose some control of them. Extraction of resources on federally owned public lands will decrease as states get more control of them. Extraction of resources on federally owned public lands will increase as states lose some control of them.

Extraction of resources on federally owned public lands will decrease as states lose some control of them.

Part B The Serengeti is in danger of being sliced in half by what type of human expansion? Agricultural fields Highway Airport Urban development

Highway

Part D Which of the following is true about how revenue from tourism impacts remittances and GNI per capital in the Caribbean? For countries such as Jamaica, remittance inflow is almost the same dollar amount as the total tourism revenue. Revenue from tourism is about half of all remittance inflow in Haiti. The Dominican Republic has the highest GNI per capita in the region, underscoring the extremely important role of tourism in all countries in the Caribbean. In the Dominican Republic, revenue from tourism is very high but remittance inflow is much higher.

For countries such as Jamaica, remittance inflow is almost the same dollar amount as the total tourism revenue.

Why are many contaminants found at higher concentrations in polar bears and people living in Greenland than they are in bears and people living in temperate and tropical areas? Global atmospheric circulation carries airborne toxins toward the poles, where their deposition exceeds evaporation. The ice sheets in Greenland, which provide both people and polar bears with fresh water, were contaminated as a result of the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Polar bears and people living in Greenland eat penguins, which are naturally high in toxic contaminants. There are fewer regulations regarding the release of toxic pollutants in Greenland than in other regions of the world. Most of Greenland's GDP comes from importing toxic chemicals for disposal deep beneath its ice sheets.

Global atmospheric circulation carries airborne toxins toward the poles, where their deposition exceeds evaporation.

Part B Most of the areas in the Sahel experiencing "very high" desertification risk occur in what land cover type? Cropland and natural Savannas Evergreen forest Shrublands Grasslands

Grasslands

Part D Knight suggests that many private landowners deliberately destroy endangered species habitat because they are not reimbursed by the federal government. Compare this with Davison's observations about the public. What action do you think Davidson would recommend based on his essay? Greater educational efforts to help citizens understand the value of endangered species and ecosystems Widespread private landowner protests against the federal government Federal compensation for private landowners A thorough revision of the ESA

Greater educational efforts to help citizens understand the value of endangered species and ecosystems

__________ is the gradual piecemeal degradation of an area by such activities as logging and road building. Habitat dismemberment Habitat fragmentation Overharvesting Habitat decimation

Habitat fragmentation

Part B Which of these statements is supported by the graph? Select all that apply. Climate change is a major cause of amphibian decline. There are more non-threatened amphibian species than threatened amphibian species. Amphibian declines from pollution have increased since the year 2000. Habitat loss is the greatest known cause of amphibian decline. The declines of many amphibian species are unexplained.

Habitat loss is the greatest known cause of amphibian decline. The declines of many amphibian species are unexplained.

Part A Which Caribbean country has a human development index value similar to most Sub-African countries? Dominican Republic Jamaica Haiti Bahamas Barbados

Haiti

How is community-based conservation different from more traditional approaches to conservation? In community-based conservation, scientists from a wide range of backgrounds are brought together to focus the efforts of an entire scientific community on the problem. In community-based conservation, local people are involved with protecting the habitat of endangered species, allowing them to still gain benefit from its resources. Community-based conservation requires a large community of guards to patrol preserves and keep people out. Community-based conservation focuses on protecting plant and animal communities rather than single species.

In community-based conservation, local people are involved with protecting the habitat of endangered species, allowing them to still gain benefit from its resources.

Part b Which of the following appears to be true? Increasing aerosol viscosity has no impact on the distance polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons travel. No clear relationship between aerosol viscosity and the distance polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons travel exists. Decreasing aerosol viscosity leads to an increase in the distance polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons travel. Increasing aerosol viscosity leads to an increase in the distance polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons travel.

Increasing aerosol viscosity leads to an increase in the distance polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons travel.

Part B Which of these is a major concern driving the push to ban BPA? It causes blindness. It mimics the female sex hormone estrogen. It causes cancer. It is fatal.

It mimics the female sex hormone estrogen.

Part C Both authors describe the unhealthy state of forests but describe very different solutions. Which of the following answers list Koehler's primary solution and Bosworth's primary solution? Koehler: subsidize industrial logging; Bosworth: shift to imported wood only Koehler: ecological restoration; Bosworth: active management (tree thinning) Koehler: eliminate forest fires; Bosworth: target invasive insect species Koehler: increased road networks; Bosworth: end logging in national forests

Koehler: ecological restoration; Bosworth: active management (tree thinning)

Part B Based on the mission of your organization and these recent trends, which of the following regions would you prioritize for forest conservation efforts in the future? Sub-Saharan Africa Australia and New Zealand Latin America and the Caribbean Oceania

Latin America and the Caribbean

Part D Based on the distribution of salinization in Australia and South America, which agricultural type is most at risk from groundwater salinization? Dairy Shifting cultivation Plantation Livestock ranching Mixed crop and livestock

Livestock ranching

Part E Which of the following best describes the Yellowstone Plateau landscape in 1900? Most of the landscape was occupied with forests made up of young lodgepole pines. All of the forest stages occupied about the same amount of area. More than half of the landscape was occupied by forests in which shade-tolerant trees were becoming established. More than half of the landscape was covered by forests made up of mature shade-tolerant trees.

More than half of the landscape was occupied by forests in which shade-tolerant trees were becoming established.

Managing environmental risks requires assessing the relative danger or risks and planning appropriately. As mortal creatures, we assess risks to our health and well-being on a regular basis. For example, of the following potential causes of human death (data from 2012), which posed the greatest danger to human life? Drowning Motor vehicle accident Lightning strike Airplane crash Death by firearm

Motor vehicle accident

Part D You study mosquitoes found in the Oslo, Norway subway system. You find they are very similar to those found in the London subway system. Which of the following is true? They are not dormant. They are often dormant for years. They have several short dormant periods throughout the year. They are only dormant in the summer.

They are not dormant.

Part D Which region had the highest per capita paper use in 2000? Asia North America Africa There is not enough information

North America

Part A Which three regions used the most paper overall for the entire time period represented on the graph? Select the answer that lists the top three regions in order from most to least paper use. Asia, Europe, North America North America, Europe, Asia Europe, Asia, North America North America, Asia, Europe

North America, Europe, Asia

Part B Continental rifting formed which of the following? North Atlantic Ocean Pangaea Ice age glaciers Mountains of Southern Asia and Europe

North Atlantic Ocean

________ are replacing primary forests in much of southeast Asia. World heritage sites Invasive exotic species Oil palm plantations Reserves for indigenous peoples Walmarts

Oil palm plantations

Part E In which of the following conditions are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons most likely to be oxidized? Over a cool, humid area. Over a warm, humid area. Over a cool, dry area. Over a warm, dry area.

Over a warm, humid area.

Part A If the Tongass is logged, which of the following will occur? On a net basis, the forest will remain sequestering carbon. On a net basis, the forest will remain emitting carbon. Overall, the forest will switch from emitting carbon to sequestering it. Overall, the forest will switch from sequestering carbon to emitting it.

Overall, the forest will switch from sequestering carbon to emitting it.

The "dirty dozen" POPs targeted by the Stockholm Convention include ________. BPA and radon Bt toxin and isopropyl alcohol Dr. Pepper and Mountain Dew PCBs Roundup and glyphosate

PCBs

Part C For which group of organisms is evidence of positive effects the strongest? Plants Birds and mammals Beetles Soil microbes

Plants

________ is a naturally occurring substance that seeps up from the ground and is potentially toxic to people. Radon gas Bisphenol A Crude oil Salmonella DDE

Radon gas

Part D Although Koehler and Bosworth disagree about the role of logging in U.S. national forests, their essays suggest one potential point of agreement. Which of the following statements would both authors support? The U.S. Forest Service is following its mandate and properly managing our national forests. America's wilderness areas provide sufficient protection for our remaining old-growth forests. National forests are a critical source of domestic lumber. Removing some trees from forests can reduce the threat of wildfire in protected areas.

Removing some trees from forests can reduce the threat of wildfire in protected areas.

Part E You are a U.S. senator who plans to introduce an updated version of the Organic Administration Act of 1897. What scientific information would be useful for rewriting the original law? A comparison of the ecosystem effects of different logging techniques Analysis of the costs of imported versus domestic lumber A research report analyzing various road-building strategies and their effects on forests Research on the effects of logging on ecosystem services provided by forests

Research on the effects of logging on ecosystem services provided by forests

Part B Let's say you are a public health advocate working to advance access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene in the developing world. Based on recent data on the proportion of populations with access to basic handwashing facilities in urban and rural parts of the developing world, in which area, would you argue, is there the greatest need to focus efforts on expanding access to basic hygiene? Urban areas in the least developed countries Rural areas in the least developed countries Urban areas in small island developing states Rural areas in landlocked developing countries

Rural areas in the least developed countries

Which of the following statements about chronic versus acute exposure is true? A person has experienced acute exposure if the exposure was at high levels for a long period of time. Safe levels for chronic exposure to a toxicant are lower than safe levels for acute exposure. Acute exposure to a toxicant is more difficult to study than chronic exposure. Chronic levels of a toxicant are assessed for individuals with chronic conditions such as arthritis. A person getting an x-ray is experiencing chronic exposure to radiation, whereas the radiologist is trying to minimize levels of acute exposure.

Safe levels for chronic exposure to a toxicant are lower than safe levels for acute exposure.

Part B Peyton Knight gives several reasons why the ESA should not be considered a success. Which of the following reasons does he include in his essay? Species recovery cannot be described as a success because of the high costs for the federal government. Several ESA "success" stories are species that were already on the increase before their ESA listing. The federal government has failed to enforce other environmental laws. Species listed as endangered are more likely to go extinct than non-listed species.

Several ESA "success" stories are species that were already on the increase before their ESA listing.

Part C Which of the following agriculture practices in Sub-Saharan Africa are most associated with areas of serious concern for soil degradation? Shifting cultivation Plantation Livestock ranching Mixed crop and livestock Intensive subsistence, wet rice not dominant

Shifting cultivation

Which of the following is a consequence of clearing forests for agriculture purposes? Water runoff decreases because crops will take up more of the moisture. CO2 levels in the atmosphere drop to dangerously low levels. The soil becomes richer and retains moisture better because there are few trees to take up the water and soil nutrients. Soil erosion increases because the tree roots and other vegetation that stabilize the soil have been removed. Biodiversity increases because of habitat diversification.

Soil erosion increases because the tree roots and other vegetation that stabilize the soil have been removed.

Why can many different species coexist and thrive in areas close to the equator? Stable equatorial climatic conditions discourage any one species from dominating the ecosystem and encourage biodiversity. Equatorial climatic conditions favor generalists. Equatorial climatic conditions provide little energy, so species must work together to share what is available. Glaciation events at the equator promote species diversity.

Stable equatorial climatic conditions discourage any one species from dominating the ecosystem and encourage biodiversity.

Part A Based on the chart, in which region of the world is an individual the least likely to have access to any basic or limited handwashing facility? Sub-Saharan Africa Central Asia and Southern Asia Latin American and the Caribbean Eastern Asia and Southeastern Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

________ are substances that cause birth defects. Teratogens Allergens Carcinogens Vectors Neurotoxins

Teratogens

Part A Which of the following happened first? The formation of Pangaea. The mountains of Southern Asia and Europe begin to form. The Appalachian Mountains begin to form. The North Atlantic Ocean begins to form.

The Appalachian Mountains begin to form.

Part C Which of the following occurred about 21,000 years ago? The Appalachian Mountains finish forming. India breaks off from Antarctica and begins moving north toward Asia. The formation of the ice age glaciers. The North Atlantic Ocean begins to form.

The formation of the ice age glaciers.

Part A Why are bedbugs much more common today than 30 years ago? They no longer need to feed to stay alive. They have developed resistance to pesticides. They can stay dormant for long periods of time. Females no longer need males to reproduce.

They have developed resistance to pesticides.

Part E Which of the following statements is supported by the data in the graph? An increase in sea surface temperature causes the incidence of cholera to increase. There is a negative correlation between sea surface temperature and the incidence of cholera. There is a positive correlation between sea surface temperature and the incidence of cholera. There is no relationship between sea surface temperature and the incidence of cholera.

There is a positive correlation between sea surface temperature and the incidence of cholera.

Part G Which statement is most likely to have described how the landscape changed in the 12 years after the 1988 fires? The percentage of the landscape in old-growth stage forest decreased. The percentage of the landscape in old-growth stage forest stayed the same. The percentage of the landscape in old-growth stage forest increased. It is not possible to make a prediction based on the data in this graph.

The percentage of the landscape in old-growth stage forest decreased.

Part C You conduct an experiment exposing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to ozone. Which of the following is most likely? There will be no change to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons will be enhanced. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons will break down. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons will be bioamplified.

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons will break down.

Part C This study strongly suggests which of the following is true? Evolution takes too long to know if populations of species can be reproductively isolated. Reproductive isolation cannot occur in an urban setting. The populations of some species can be reproductively isolated in an urban setting. Reproductive isolation does not play a role in urban environments.

The populations of some species can be reproductively isolated in an urban setting.

Assume that the scales for graphs (a) and (b) are identical. Compare the graphs. Which of the following statements is true? The toxicant shown in (b) has a higher toxicity than the toxicant shown in (a). The toxicant shown in (b) has a lower toxicity than the toxicant shown in (a). Graphs (a) and (b) show results for the same toxicant, but graph (a) shows a higher dose than graph (b). Graphs (a) and (b) show results for the same toxicant, but graph (b) shows a higher dose than graph (a). The toxicant shown in (b) has a lower LD50 compared to the toxicant shown in (a).

The toxicant shown in (b) has a higher toxicity than the toxicant shown in (a).

Part D If recent trends continue, which of the following will happen to northern muriquis? Their population will increase. Their population will rapidly decline. Their population will stay about the same. Their population will slowly decline.

Their population will increase.

Part B Regarding evolution in urban areas, which of the following is true? The only mechanism for change is mutation. The only mechanism for change is genetic drift. There are many evolutionary mechanisms for change. The only mechanism for change is adaptive evolution.

There are many evolutionary mechanisms for change.

Earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides can displace large volumes of water in the ocean and trigger which of the following natural disasters? Mass wasting Tornadoes Tsunamis Lahars

Tsunamis

________ are examples of naturally occurring biological hazards. Viruses and Salmonella DDT and DDE Crude oil seeps and radon gas Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas Phthalates and bisphenol A

Viruses and Salmonella

The first national park was ________. Mount Rainier Yosemite Sequoia Yellowstone General Grant (King's Canyon)

Yellowstone

Which of the following areas would experience the most devastation after an earthquake? a marsh-like environment that was filled with landfill in order to build a city a city that has invested in strengthening structural components in older buildings a city built on a thick bed of stone a city built with strict codes in place to allow for flexible buildings

a marsh-like environment that was filled with landfill in order to build a city

If you want to avoid buying a "blood diamond," you should avoid purchasing ________. any rose-colored diamonds a diamond that has been manufactured from mercury via alchemy a synthetically produced diamond a diamond from Sierra Leone a diamond mined from a subsurface mine in the Ukraine

a diamond from Sierra Leone

Removal of which of the following species will result in the greatest changes in an ecological system? a decomposer species a producer species a keystone species a competitive species a carnivore species

a keystone species

Part C What is a lemur? a primate only found on Madagascar a poisonous snake found only on Madagascar a type of orchid found only on Madagascar a type of tree found only on Madagascar a type of cuckoo found only on Madagascar

a primate only found on Madagascar

The development of pharmaceutical products has been __________. successful despite the lack of useful drugs coming from natural sources aided by the protection of ecosystem diversity attacked by majority of groups and people trying to protect endangered species focused exclusively on creating new chemicals in the lab

aided by the protection of ecosystem diversity

Which of these leads to uncertainty in our ability to predict how long a mineral resource will last? development of new extraction technologies changing rates of mineral recycling changes in product technologies that use minerals all of the above

all of the above

Part D Your cousin thinks the Tongass should be logged. Who is most likely to agree with them? a fishing company in southeast Alaska an Alaskan Forest Association board member an Angoon Cooperative Association member a hotel owner near the Tongass

an Alaskan Forest Association board member

Bisphenol A is ________. a banned insecticide produced when fossil fuels are burned an estrogen mimic used in plastic manufacturing released from aerosol spray cans a currently used herbicide

an estrogen mimic used in plastic manufacturing

In 2010, geologists working for the U.S. military operations in Afghanistan discovered a literal treasure trove of mineral deposits with a preliminary estimated value at nearly U.S. $1 trillion. So far, no proposals have been made for extracting these resources, but already parallels have been drawn to the many dimensions of human rights issues that have plagued coltan production in the Congo, oil drilling in Nigeria, and the "blood diamonds" of Sierra Leone. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) manages a program called the Mining Investment and Development for Afghanistan Sustainability (MIDAS) project, whose goal is to assist the Afghan government in responsibly developing the nation's mining industry. You have been appointed as a chief advisor for the MIDAS project. As far as costs of restoration and reclamation of mining sites, you should strongly recommend that ________. the U.S. EPA should oversee the operation and pay for it the U.S. military should take responsibility for all costs incurred any corporation wishing to invest should post a bond for reclamation and hire Afghans to do the work the costs be shared by the Afghan central government and also by the most powerful tribal leaders the Afghan central government should take responsibility for all costs incurred

any corporation wishing to invest should post a bond for reclamation and hire Afghans to do the work

Part B The problems with the Puget Sound killer whale population have taught us to __________. restrict the movements of boats and aircraft where killer whales are known to migrate or feed be very careful when adding new chemical compounds to natural environments stop fishing for salmon in regions populated with killer whales restrict sound levels in regions populated with killer whales

be very careful when adding new chemical compounds to natural environments

Mercury is a heavy metal that occurs naturally in minerals and rocks. Release of mercury from natural sources has been relatively constant over time. However, anthropogenic release of mercury has increased significantly in recent years primarily due to increased fossil fuel mining and combustion. Mercury that is released into the air eventually ends up in soils or surface water. Once in water, microbes convert mercury into methyl mercury, which is absorbed quickly and concentrated in the tissues of predatory fish such as shark and swordfish. Large fish typically concentrate more mercury than small fish. People who eat fish with high methyl mercury concentrations can show tremors, deafness, muscle dysfunction, and attention deficits. Pregnant women and children are especially sensitive to methyl mercury's toxic effects. Learning disabilities and developmental delays are common in children who have been exposed to significant levels of methyl mercury. As a result of ________, concentrations of methyl mercury are higher in large fish relative to concentrations in smaller fish. synergism distillation bioaccumulation toxification biomagnification

biomagnification

The introduction of ________ onto the island of Guam has resulted in the extinction of most of the endemic forest bird species on the island. Nile perch kudzu brown tree snakes European starlings cane toads

brown tree snakes

Part D Much of the original forest cover on Madagascar has been destroyed primarily as a result of _____. the building of malls pollution from automobile emissions the building of tract housing burning for agricultural purposes industrial activity

burning for agricultural purposes

Part A How is the population of killer whales in the Puget Sound changing? The killer whale population is __________. declining in numbers of its youngest killer whales declining in numbers of its oldest killer whales declining in animals of all ages shifting its migration routes westward by more than 200 miles

declining in animals of all ages

At ________ plate boundaries, tectonic plates are pushed away from each other when magma rises to the surface, creating new crust. trench divergent convergent subvergent transform

divergent

A risk manager would do which of the following? establish rules restricting the use of a new herbicide assess the LD50 level of a new herbicide determine the level of exposure of farm workers to a new herbicide set the purchase price of a new herbicide determine the neurological effects of a new herbicide

establish rules restricting the use of a new herbicide

The data in the figure indicate that all of the metals shown will ________. be available for at least 500 more years be easily replaced by other metals never be exhausted become less expensive to extract over time eventually become unavailable, even with current technological capabilities

eventually become unavailable, even with current technological capabilities

"Edge effects" become particularly problematic when ________. forests undergo biodiversity changes as a result of climate change formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments wildlife corridors are developed in urban landscapes trying to manage and protect island biodiversity preserves have a very large area and a roughly circular shape

formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments

The greatest cause of the worldwide loss of species is ________. habitat destruction decreased soil nutrients anthropogenic activities air pollution water pollution

habitat destruction

Smelting of iron ore involves ________. washing the ore with acid to extract iron oxidizing iron to ferric oxide and then adding silicon and boron crushing and heating the ore at its melting point heating beyond iron's melting point and combining the material with carbon dissolving the ore in hot water to separate iron and aluminum

heating beyond iron's melting point and combining the material with carbon

Part D Based on the health problems of Puget Sound killer whales, we would expect to find __________. very low nutritional value in the algae and kelp in the Puget Sound region high levels of lead in the stomachs of killer whales high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in salmon in the Puget Sound scars on the sides of killer whales from boat propellers and collisions with watercraft

high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in salmon in the Puget Sound

Volcanoes are formed ________. where Earth's crust is especially thick when Earth's core erupts onto the surface after earthquakes have damaged Earth's crust as a result of water seeping into the core from the surface in subduction zones and rift valleys

in subduction zones and rift valleys

Part B What does the red graph line represent? time, in four-year intervals sea surface temperature cholera mortality rate incidence of cholera

incidence of cholera

Salvage logging is most likely to do which of the following? provide additional food and habitat for many types of wildlife cause more wildfires eliminate wildfires increase soil erosion decrease long-term timber yield by more than 60%

increase soil erosion

All else being equal, increased recycling will ________. shift extraction and mining methods to technically recoverable metals increase the amount of economically recoverable metals cause a sharp rise in the price of metals result in discoveries of new metal deposits increase the lifetime of economically recoverable metals

increase the amount of economically recoverable metals

A species of lizard has gone extinct. This could be due to any of the following reasons except ________. introduction of a species that competed for food resources habitat destruction by humans increased genetic diversity within the species inbreeding climate change

increased genetic diversity within the species

Ecotourism ________. increases biodiversity by providing income to areas that might otherwise be destroyed decreases biodiversity by causing increased speciation in environmentally sensitive areas is a reasonable option only in impoverished countries increases biodiversity by introducing new, rare species decreases biodiversity by selling souvenir organisms

increases biodiversity by providing income to areas that might otherwise be destroyed

Cigarette smoke and radon are two of the most common __________ hazards. photosynthetic indoor biological outdoor

indoor

The Toxic Substances Control Act regulates ________. food additives cosmetics drugs pesticides industrial chemicals

industrial chemicals

The greatest diversity is found in which of the following groups of organisms? invertebrates birds mammals vertebrates plants

invertebrates

Conservation biology is different from other fields of science discussed in the book because __________. conservation biologists ignore the scientific method even when the evidence does not support a hypothesis, conservation biologists continue to test that hypothesis until they find evidence to support it it is an applied and goal-oriented science, with implicit values and ethical standards it is based only on computer simulations and ignores real-world data

it is an applied and goal-oriented science, with implicit values and ethical standards

More greenhouse gas emissions will indirectly lead to globalization overharvesting human population growth loss of ecosystem services an increase in invasive species

loss of ecosystem services

Longer projected lifetimes for scarce minerals can be achieved with all of the following, EXCEPT: lowering prices for products using these minerals. exploring for new mineral reserves. researching more efficient extraction techniques. recycling. finding more available substitutes for these minerals.

lowering prices for products using these minerals.

Studies of endocrine disruptors have shown that they are closely associated with all of the following EXCEPT: gonadal abnormalities. lung cancer. erectile dysfunction. thyroid hormone abnormalities. male feminization.

lung cancer.

Ecotourism ________. decreases biodiversity by causing increased speciation in environmentally sensitive areas maintains biodiversity by providing income to areas that might otherwise be destroyed increases biodiversity by introducing new, rare species decreases biodiversity by selling souvenir organisms is a reasonable option only in impoverished countries

maintains biodiversity by providing income to areas that might otherwise be destroyed

What is the downslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity? Earthquake mass wasting Flooding Tsunami

mass wasting

If a mineral is opaque, lustrous, malleable, and can conduct heat and electricity, it is a(n) ________. radioactive element crystal gemstone element metal

metal

The U.S. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 requires ________. all mined minerals to be processed and sold only within the United States mining companies to post bonds to cover restoration of mined areas before permits are granted restoration of the identical ecosystem and biodiversity present before mining began no remediation of water pollution, except in the case of uranium mining 20% of sales revenues to be donated to national park maintenance

mining companies to post bonds to cover restoration of mined areas before permits are granted

Mercury is a heavy metal that occurs naturally in minerals and rocks. Release of mercury from natural sources has been relatively constant over time. However, anthropogenic release of mercury has increased significantly in recent years primarily due to increased fossil fuel mining and combustion. Mercury that is released into the air eventually ends up in soils or surface water. Once in water, microbes convert mercury into methyl mercury, which is absorbed quickly and concentrated in the tissues of predatory fish such as shark and swordfish. Large fish typically concentrate more mercury than small fish. People who eat fish with high methyl mercury concentrations can show tremors, deafness, muscle dysfunction, and attention deficits. Pregnant women and children are especially sensitive to methyl mercury's toxic effects. Learning disabilities and developmental delays are common in children who have been exposed to significant levels of methyl mercury. Based upon the specific health effects described above, mercury would be best classified as a(n) ________. allergen neurotoxin carcinogen synergist endocrine disruptor

neurotoxin

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a divergent boundary that bisects the entire Atlantic Ocean. What is produced at this and other mid-ocean ridges? coal water new oceanic crust oil

new oceanic crust

We can conclude from the data in the figure that ________. known global reserves are increasing to keep pace with consumption after 400 years, all the metals shown will have entirely disappeared from Earth our collective use of metal resources is unsustainable recycling, reducing consumption, and finding alternative materials will not keep prices from rising we are currently using metals sustainably

our collective use of metal resources is unsustainable

The country of Belize depends on lobster for a major portion of its income, along with fishing and tourism. Over the past 30 years the average size of an individual lobster has dropped, even as increasing numbers of Belizeans buy boats, build lobster traps, and enter the industry. This is an example of ________. the problems with monoculture the effects of pollution habitat alteration the results of an invasive species overharvesting

overharvesting

Part B How is coltan generally mined? quarrying mountaintop removal digging tunnels panning of the various rivers in the Congo

panning of the various rivers in the Congo

Part A What does the y-axis show? total area occupied by a forest stage, in square miles time, in 50-year intervals relative frequency of forest fires between 1700 and 1988 percentage of landscape occupied by a forest stage

percentage of landscape occupied by a forest stage

Within a political context, what does risk management influence with regards to environmental health and toxicology? science perception assessment policy

policy

Part A What is the second greatest cause of decline for threatened species? fires disease habitat loss pollution

pollution

This figure shows population growth over time for a harvestable resource. The point on the curve at the top right of the graph indicates the ________. point of maximum sustainable yield extinction point point of fastest growth population size where births in the population exactly offset deaths stable population size when selective harvesting is occurring

population size where births in the population exactly offset deaths

The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain-building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. However, the biodiversity of the southernmost mountains has more connection to that of Central America, while the biodiversity of the Rockies shares more affinity with temperate North American species. Still, much of the forest vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the "Sky Islands" because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, often drier, areas surrounding them. With global climate change producing increasingly visible effects, conservation biologists fear that these mountaintop ecosystems will undergo major changes in temperature and humidity and that the many endemic species that live there may literally have no place to go. An effective strategy for protecting the endemic species of the Sky Islands could be to ________. prevent immigration and emigration between the Islands protect as many adjacent Sky Islands as possible, giving wildlife corridors to move between mountaintops introduce drought tolerant species into all the Sky Islands protect the smallest Sky Islands and leave the rest open to logging and development protect one large Sky Island at each end of the mountain chain and allow logging and development in the others

protect as many adjacent Sky Islands as possible, giving wildlife corridors to move between mountaintops

The dwindling supplies of rare strategic metals such as indium, tantalum, and platinum may be extended if we rigorously ________. recycle existing supplies relax environmental requirements for mining increase demand for the products in which they are used reduce demands for social and economic justice exploit known deposits more efficiently

recycle existing supplies

Alligators in polluted lakes in Florida have been shown to have a higher prevalence of ________ than alligators in uncontaminated lakes. reproductive abnormalities mercury poisoning lung cancer lead poisoning and poaching suicide

reproductive abnormalities

A(n) ________ is a solid aggregation of ________. mineral; rocks crystal; rocks element; crystals rock; minerals mineral; crystals

rock; minerals

Part A What does the left y-axis show? sea surface temperature anomaly, in degrees Fahrenheit sea surface temperature anomaly, in degrees Celsius incidence of cholera, as a percentage of the normal rate sea surface temperature, in degrees Celsius time, in four-year intervals

sea surface temperature anomaly, in degrees Celsius

Part E What is the cause of the red color of the waters about Madagascar? dinoflagellates a persistent red tide the high concentration of iron found in these waters soil that has washed into the ocean red algae

soil that has washed into the ocean

Part E Which of the following is the largest concern when it comes to mosquitoes in urban areas? eliminating beneficial insect pollinators contamination of the water supply spread of disease crop damage

spread of disease

Coal mining involves which two of the following mining techniques? strip mining and placer mining strip mining and subsurface mining solution mining and subsurface mining subsurface mining and placer mining

strip mining and subsurface mining

Earth's mantle ________. is formed by plate boundaries is the outermost part of the earth's crust is composed of molten metals is located in Pangaea surrounds the core as a thick, elastic rock formation

surrounds the core as a thick, elastic rock formation

Part C The health problems of Puget Sound killer whales include __________. deformed embryos symptoms similar to AIDS respiratory problems related to their gills flu-like symptoms that include high fevers and decreased appetites

symptoms similar to AIDS

Coltan ore contains ________. coal cobalt uranium aluminum tantalum

tantalum

Tsunamis are caused by ________. global climate change the displacement of sea water by volcanoes, earthquakes or coastal landslides abnormally high and sustained winds abrupt changes in temperature of seawater hot water entering the oceans from undersea faults

the displacement of sea water by volcanoes, earthquakes or coastal landslides

Minerals are components of ________. sedimentary rocks soil horizons the troposphere the lithosphere organic components of Earth's crust

the lithosphere

Part B What does the red graph line represent? old-growth stage thinning stage transition stage establishment stage

thinning stage

Fire history in an open pine woodland ecosystem would be best determined by ________. tree ring scars the density of vegetation charcoal in the soil ambient air temperature soil chemistry

tree ring scars

Many environmental advocates believe that biofuel made from palm oil is not an appropriate replacement for fossil fuels such as petroleum because ________. tropical forests must be cleared to plant oil palms burning palm oil actually puts more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than burning gasoline human rights are being violated because of the palm oil slave trade oil palm plantations take land away from coffee growers it is better to use palm oil in snack foods

tropical forests must be cleared to plant oil palms

A large flock of endemic birds is discovered on a remote island. There appears to be two similar but different kinds of birds within the flock. Which of the following information is most important in deciding whether the two kinds of birds belong to a single species? whether both kinds share many physical characteristics whether both kinds of birds eat the same range of food whether both kinds of males sing similar songs whether both kinds mate with one another whether the matings between kinds produce viable offspring

whether the matings between kinds produce viable offspring

Part C Which of the following people would likely be most helpful in controlling yellow fever in Brazil? An expert in fungi. An expert in viruses. An expert in protozoans. An expert in bacteria.

An expert in viruses.

Part E A scientist plans to further investigate the impact of organic farming on biodiversity. Which groups of organisms should the scientist select? Spiders Soil microbes and plants Beetles and other arthropods Birds and mammals

Beetles and other arthropods

Part E If the ESA were revised by Congress, which combination of provisions would both authors consider? Strengthened enforcement of all federal ecosystem laws and money earmarked for private landowner compensation Tighter restrictions on which species can be listed as endangered or threatened Limiting the ESA to only include species found on public land Offering land swaps for endangered species habitat while eliminating other federal laws that duplicate the intent of the ESA

Strengthened enforcement of all federal ecosystem laws and money earmarked for private landowner compensation

Part E If Congress listened to the majority of Americans, which of the following would occur? The Roadless Rule would remain. The Roadless Rule would be repealed. Polls are too close to know to indicate how Americans feel about the Roadless Rule. The Roadless Rule would be weakened.

The Roadless Rule would remain.

What do researchers hope to accomplish by performing genetic analyses on confiscated ivory? They hope to determine where the elephants were poached. They hope to determine whether the ivory came from elephants or from seals. They hope to determine whether possession of the ivory violated international treaties. They hope to determine how long ago each animal was killed for its ivory. They hope to learn more about the extent of inbreeding of elephants in different areas of Africa.

They hope to determine where the elephants were poached.

How do resource managers achieve maximum sustainable yield? They supplement the available natural food with processed, high-nutrient feed. When they use up the resource in the area they manage, they move on to a fresh area. They keep the population at 50% of the carrying capacity, thus maximizing the growth rate. They raise the average temperature so that enzymes work faster and growth is greater.

They keep the population at 50% of the carrying capacity, thus maximizing the growth rate.

Part A What colonial power was responsible for the creation of the wildlife reserves that served as the basis for modern-day Serengeti Preserve? The Netherlands United States United Kingdom France

United Kingdom

Part C The agency in charge of the Roadless Rule holds open forums in the areas surrounding the Tongass. Who is running these meetings? Environmental Protection Agency National Park Service United States Department of Agriculture Fish and Wildlife Service

United States Department of Agriculture

Which of the following activities would violate CITES? Your friend catches a small-mouth bass that is technically not large enough to keep, but he keeps it and cooks it for dinner instead of releasing it. Your friend shoots a bald eagle that seems to be eying the calf he has been raising for his 4-H project. Your friend breaks into a California condor breeding facility and releases all of the condors being raised there because he feels sorry for them. Your friend transports firewood infested with emerald ash borer from Minneapolis to the Black Hills of South Dakota, inadvertently introducing the pest to Rapid City, where it destroys all of the ash trees in the city within a decade. Your friend brings back an ivory chess set that he bought while on safari in Lesotho.

Your friend brings back an ivory chess set that he bought while on safari in Lesotho.

This figure shows population growth over time for a harvestable resource. At what two population sizes would this population be experiencing the same population growth rate? Growth rate is unique to a single population size, so there are no two population sizes that would experience the same growth rate. at 1/2 and twice the carrying capacity at carrying capacity and 1/2 of the carrying capacity at carrying capacity and twice the carrying capacity at 1/4 and 3/4 of the carrying capacity

at 1/4 and 3/4 of the carrying capacity

The field of conservation biology ________. tries to increase speciation events in order to increase biodiversity tries to conserve every species, everywhere attempts to integrate an understanding of evolution, ecology, and extinction developed in response to government intervention was initially viewed as too measurement-oriented, looking at details and not at the big picture

attempts to integrate an understanding of evolution, ecology, and extinction

Which of the following is an example of the single greatest cause of species extinction? heavy metal runoff from a manufacturing plant habitat fragmentation caused by building a road through a forest overfishing of ocean fish introducing rats, cats, and snakes to islands

habitat fragmentation caused by building a road through a forest

The Forest Stewardship Council ________ national forest land. was passed to set up the formation of land trusts on was passed in 1976 with the intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield of restricts the use of snowmobiles on has rigorous standards to certify that forest products are produced sustainably on offers subsidies to timber companies if they replant areas of

has rigorous standards to certify that forest products are produced sustainably on

The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain-building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. However, the biodiversity of the southernmost mountains has more connection to that of Central America, while the biodiversity of the Rockies shares more affinity with temperate North American species. Still, much of the forest vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the "Sky Islands" because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, often drier, areas surrounding them. With global climate change producing increasingly visible effects, conservation biologists fear that these mountaintop ecosystems will undergo major changes in temperature and humidity and that the many endemic species that live there may literally have no place to go. If the Sky Islands become warmer and drier, the species that live at lower elevation will ________. strengthen the biodiversity of the islands by adding many new species create a helpful buffer zone between themselves and the "sky island" species move into and dominate the altered sky islands move even farther down the slopes become extinct

move into and dominate the altered sky islands

Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. Many biologists and environmental educators are interested in maintaining biodiversity in urban landscapes, where preserves or reserves are scarce unless land has been set aside for them in urban planning. Nonetheless, they have discovered that making even small changes in commercial and residential landscaping can help promote biodiversity. Some of the changes that have been recommended include using native species for street trees and for decorative landscaping, reducing pesticide use on lawns and gardens, and reducing fertilizer use through composting and mulching. Also, schools, businesses, and residents are encouraged to increase habitat diversity by creating "landscape islands" that include larger trees surrounded by shrubs and herbaceous plants. Landscape islands ideally should include native species, mixed with exotic ornamentals at the discretion of the landowners. Being interested in native butterflies, you include the native caterpillar host plants of several butterflies in your annual landscape design. You are happy to see that caterpillars and butterflies appear in your yard. However, the butterflies tend to disperse out of our yard. In addition to the butterfly project, you decide to stop spraying the pesticides that control lawn pests. Over the next year, you notice that the lawn grass doesn't grow as well, and many other species of plants invade the lawn, many of them native species. The butterflies you established in your yard are now thriving, but you notice that some of the caterpillars are suffering from predators and parasites. After some study and consultation, you would most logically decide to ________. plant more host plants in several different areas but otherwise do nothing catch and kill the predators and parasites by hand resume spraying pesticides on the lawn spray pesticides on the plants to control the predators give up on the butterfly species you encouraged and try to attract new species

plant more host plants in several different areas but otherwise do nothing

Land trusts are ________. corporations private nonprofit groups federal government entities state government entities municipal government entities

private nonprofit groups

Clear-cutting ________. involves elimination of subsidies to farmers removes all trees from an area is harvesting trees from coastal areas only is a form of violent protest favored by radical environmental organizations restricts timber harvesting to mountaintops

removes all trees from an area

Part F Between 1700 and 1985, the dominant forest stage on the Yellowstone Plateau progressed from establishment stage to old-growth forest, in a pattern typical of secondary succession. supported not supported cannot be determined from the graph

supported

One of the ongoing problems for wild California condors is ________. that they readily succumb to sylvatic plague, which can ravage an entire colony of condors in a matter of weeks that the federal government refuses to list the condor as being endangered because doing so would have a negative impact on the oil and gas industry that there are so few of them that they cannot find mates that people continue to hunt condors for sport, despite the bird's being listed as federally endangered and despite the educational campaigns that teach young people the value of having condors in an ecosystem that lead shot is still used for hunting, and the lead can build up in a condor's system because condors eat dead animals that have been shot

that lead shot is still used for hunting, and the lead can build up in a condor's system because condors eat dead animals that have been shot

In recent years, global climate change has caused more severe droughts in the western United States, resulting in ________. lower occurrence of forest fires trees being weakened and stressed, making them more susceptible to bark beetle infestation fewer problems with diseases extended growing seasons that benefit the trees the loss of western tropical rainforests

trees being weakened and stressed, making them more susceptible to bark beetle infestation