ENVIRONMENTAL CH 1 and 2

automobile exhaust emissions are increasing the concentration of global greenhouse gasses

A car that burns fossil fuels would be considered a global environmental problem because: Entry field with correct answer cars that run on fossil fuels are being eradicated worldwide regulation of exhaust emission controls are globally enforced cars are depleting Earth's renewable resources cars are commonly exported from one part of the world to another automobile exhaust emissions are increasing the concentration of global greenhouse gasses

theory

A grand scheme that relates and explains many observations and is supported by a great deal of evidence is considered a scientific: Entry field with correct answer theory hypothesis belief prediction contention

both a and b

A plan for renewable resources that continues to support current quality of life includes: Entry field with correct answer a) sustainable harvests b) growth of wind or solar power c) regulations on fossil fuels d) stringent birth control policies both a and b

air temperature is the independent variable

A scientist hypothesized that a certain species of butterfly requires a specific range of air temperature in order to pupate. The air temperature is varied and number of pupa counted at each temperature increment. In this experiment: Entry field with correct answer air temperature did not influence life cycle of the butterfly air temperature is the dependent variable air temperature is the independent variable number of pupa is the manipulated variable number of pupa is the controlled variable

disprovability

According to current general agreement, the essence of the scientific method is: Entry field with correct answer disprovability probability operational definitions fact finding inference

be proactive in taking defensive steps rather than waiting to react to environmental damage that has already taken place

According to the Precautionary Principle, we should: Entry field with correct answer be proactive in taking defensive steps rather than waiting to react to environmental damage that has already taken place not act hastily in using scientific knowledge for environmental decision-making wait for irreversible environmental damage to provide areas to test high tech restoration experiments gather all of the scientific evidence before taking precautionary steps prove the connection between science and values before taking any action

forests provide material resources for humans such as wood

All of the following are "public service functions" that indirectly link humans and nature EXCEPT: Entry field with correct answer trees absorb some air pollutant the ozone layer protects us from damaging ultraviolet radiation soil is necessary for plants and therefore humans forests provide material resources for humans such as wood wetlands cleanse water

sustainable

An ecosystem from which resources are harvested, but is still able to maintain its essential functions and properties is referred to as a(n) ___________ ecosystem. Entry field with correct answer renovated artificial fatigued resource consumption sustainable

failure of ecosystems

An ever-growing human population that exceeds the ability of the planet to support it will eventually lead to: Entry field with correct answer failure of ecosystems increased natural disasters decreased density-dependent disasters increased density-independent disasters all of the above

both b and c

An operational definition of independent and dependent variables allows: Entry field with correct answer a) other scientists convert qualitative data into quantitative data b) other scientists to repeat experiments exactly c) other scientists to check on results reported both a and c both b and c

a) gives credence to the Gaia hypothesis

Awareness of how people at a local level affect the environment globally: Entry field with correct answer a) gives credence to the Gaia hypothesis b) challenges the Gaia hypothesis c) supports shrimp farmer's rights to financial success d) defends the local use of fossil fuels both a and c

Asia

By 2015, most of the world's megacities will be in: Entry field with correct answer Latin America Asia Africa Europe the United States

probability

Confidence in the certainty of predictions, which are based on observation, is known as: Entry field with correct answer feedback probability authenticity conviction guaranteed rate

sustainability

Ensuring that future generations have equal opportunity to the resources our planet has to offer, best defines: Entry field with correct answer sustainability affluence competition political double talk rationing

systematic errors

Errors that occur consistently are referred to as: Entry field with correct answer experimental errors statistical errors systematic errors intrinsic errors human errors

declining population

Famine in Africa has had multiple interrelated causes including all of the following EXCEPT: Entry field with correct answer declining population poor farming practices deforestation spreading deserts drought

Rachel Carson's landmark book, Silent Spring

Historically, a significant event in bringing environmental issues to forefront of public awareness was: Entry field with correct answer James Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis Rachel Carson's landmark book, Silent Spring Photo of United States viewed at night from space Development of hybrid cars Eradication of Black Plague

6 times more

How many more species per unit area live in Costa Rica compared to the United States? Entry field with correct answer 2 times more 6 times more 10 times more 20 times more

for future generations

Ideally, sustainable development would ensure the human population an equal opportunity to Earth's resources: Entry field with correct answer for the entire current political administration for future generations for a few decades into the future for as long as resources last for the present generation

proactive

Identify which of the following best characterizes this phrase: Plan for population problems and environmental hazards rather than respond to incidents in progress. Entry field with correct answer Attracting, not attacking Proactive, not reactive Assist the disadvantaged, not take advantage Evolutionary rather than revolutionary Inclusive, not exclusive

1. Tokyo / 2. Tokyo

In 1999 the largest city in the world was _____1_____. In 2015, the world's largest city, with a projected population of 28.9 million, will be ___2____. Entry field with correct answer 1. Tokyo / 2. Lilongwe, Malawi 1. New York City / 2. Bombay 1. New York City / 2. Los Angeles 1. Tokyo / 2. Tokyo 1. Singapore / 2. London

c) measure of plant growth is the dependent variable

In investigating the effect of fertilizer on plant growth: Entry field with correct answer a) measure of plant growth is the independent variable b) application of fertilizer is the dependent variable c) measure of plant growth is the dependent variable d) size of the pot for the plant is the independent variable both a and b

be critical of what you read or hear

In order to "think like a scientist" rather than "like a student," you should: Entry field with correct answer consider science as a collection of isolated facts be critical of what you read or hear memorize the summary of answers provided by media view science lectures as absolute truths not question the material in textbooks

all of the above

In order to achieve a sustainable global economy, necessary steps include: Entry field with correct answer an effective population control strategy restructuring of energy programs establishment of a tax structure that encourages wise use of resources implementation of social, legal & political changes to ensure maintenance of a quality environment all of the above

II - III - V - I - IV

Like the scientific method, the process of making decisions is sometimes presented as a series of steps. Put the following decision making steps in order. I. Predict the positive and negative consequences of each course of action. II. Formulate a clear statement of the issue to be decided. III. Gather the scientific information related to the issue. IV. Weigh the alternative and choose the best solution. V. List all alternative courses of action. Entry field with correct answer IV - V - I - II - III II - III - V - I - IV V - IV - III - I - II I - II - III - IV - V III - V - II - I - IV

Africa

Overall, rapid population growth is currently occurring in: Entry field with correct answer a) developed regions b) Africa c) the United States d) western Europe both a and c

the degree of exactness with which a quantity is measured

Precision of measurement is defined as: Entry field with correct answer keeping within bounds of errors that occur consistently the margin of uncertainty only an approximation the extent to which a measurement agrees with the accepted value the degree of exactness with which a quantity is measured

Is the scenery at Mono Lake beautiful?

Science does not deal with questions involving values. Which of the following questions is beyond the realm of science? Entry field with correct answer Under what conditions do algae live? What species of algae live in Mono Lake? Do brine shrimp die at high salinity levels? Is the scenery at Mono Lake beautiful? How many birds nest at Mono Lake?

increased agricultural production

Scientific knowledge has led to: Entry field with correct answer increased agricultural production sustainable population growth natural resource sustainability worldwide elimination of famine all of the above

c) can be represented by a set of mathematical equations

Scientific models: Entry field with correct answer a) are often more complex than nature itself b) are always represented by computer simulations c) can be represented by a set of mathematical equations all of the above accurately represent scientific models only a and b accurately represent scientific models

James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis

The Gaia hypothesis originated with: Entry field with correct answer James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis John Eli Miller Daniel Botkin and Edward Keller M. Van Hyning Rachel Carson

life on Earth has changed the global environment in ways that tend to improve chances for the continuation of life

The Gaia hypothesis proposes: Entry field with correct answer life on Earth has no impact on the global environment an Earth centered universe making Gaia the official name of Mother Earth life on Earth has changed the global environment in ways that tend to improve chances for the continuation of life life on Earth has changed the global environment in ways that tend to weaken chances for the continuation of life

environmental ethics

The analysis of environmental values and our obligation to future generations is the focus of a new discipline known as: Entry field with correct answer conservationism doctrine environmental ethics integrated consequences ecological morality green guidelines

precautionary principle

The argument that we should not wait for scientific proof before taking precautionary steps to prevent potential harm to the environment is known as Moral Justification the Precautionary Principle the Gaia Hypothesis the Proactive Global Initiative Utilitarian Justification

moral justification

The belief that various aspects of the environment have a right to exist and that it is our moral obligation to help them to persist best exemplifies which justification? Entry field with correct answer moral justification ecological justification utilitarian justification cultural justification creative justification

bioaccumulation of mercury

The decline in U.S. salmon populations can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT: Entry field with correct answer bioaccumulation of mercury overfishing by sea lions deforestation hydroelectric dams overfishing by people

values

The desirable human carrying capacity of Earth depends in part on our: Entry field with correct answer judicial system values farming practices space travel capacity fertility

1500 miles

The eco-lodge serves local food grown in the area. How many miles does food travel before it gets to you in the US? Entry field with correct answer 100 miles 500 miles 1000 miles 1500 miles

The Gaia Hypothesis

The idea that the environment at a global level has been profoundly changed by life in such as way as to improve the chances for the continuation of life is known as: Entry field with correct answer The Margulis Prediction The Lovelock Proposal The Gaia Hypothesis Evolution Justification The Precautionary Principle

human carrying capacity

The maximum number of people Earth can sustain is referred to as: Entry field with correct answer individual sustainability human carrying capacity human macro-scale human upper limit mega human boundary

75% urban; 25% rural

The population distribution in developed countries is approximately: Entry field with correct answer 75% urban; 25% rural 20% urban; 80% rural 50% urban; 50% rural 40% urban; 60% rural 99% urban; 1% rural

human population

The underlying issue of the environment is: Entry field with correct answer famine human population disease resource depletion human consumption

both b and d

The variable that a scientist deliberately changes or manipulates in an experiment is known as the: Entry field with correct answer a) dependent variable b) independent variable c) responding variable d) manipulated variable both b and d

real variability of nature and the fact that every measurement naturally has some error

There are two sources of uncertainties in measurements. What are they? Entry field with correct answer approximating size and unpredictable quantities inconsistent numbering scales and unreliable implements statistical procedures and qualitative measurements real variability of nature and the fact that every measurement naturally has some error human error and incorrectly calibrated instruments

10 million

To qualify as a megacity, the inhabitant population of the city must be at least: Entry field with correct answer 8 million 1 billion 28 million 10 million 72 million

sponges are heterotrophic

What is the logical conclusion for the following syllogism? Premise: All sponges are animals Premise: All animals are heterotrophic Conclusion: Therefore___________ Entry field with correct answer sponges are heterotrophic sponges are not animals sponges are photosynthetic sponges are mammals sponges live in the ocean

Solar and hydropower

What renewable energy sources provide the eco-lodge with electricity? Entry field with correct answer Wind and thermal Wind and tidal Solar and wind Solar and hydropower

quantitative data

When data is numerical, it is considered: Entry field with correct answer quality data quantitative data qualitative data figurative data assigned data

inductive reasoning

When we formulate generalizations based on a number of specific observations, we are engaging in: Entry field with correct answer inductive reasoning dishonest debate value reasoning an educated guess deductive reasoning

all of the above

Which of the following factors led to the demise of the people of Easter Island? Entry field with correct answer a) deforestation b) disease c) invasive rats all of the above a and b only

habitat restoration

Which of the following is NOT a major theme in environmental science? Entry field with correct answer human population habitat restoration climate change urbanization sustainability

nutrient cycling

Which of the following is NOT a major theme in environmental science? Entry field with correct answer human population growth nutrient cycling sustainability science and values a global perspective

all of the above are public-service functions provided by nature

Which of the following is NOT a public-service function provided by nature? Entry field with correct answer clean water from wetlands clean air from trees protection from UV radiation from the ozone layer adequate climate conditions from the atmosphere all of the above are public-service functions provided by nature

a legal and political system dedicated to profit

Which of the following is NOT an attribute of a sustainable economy? Entry field with correct answer populations of humans living in harmony with ecosystems a plan for conserving nonrenewable resources an energy policy that does not pollute the atmosphere a plan for protecting renewable resources a legal and political system dedicated to profit

all of the above are used to evaluate scientific data

Which of the following is NOT an intellectual standard used to examine the validity of science? Entry field with correct answer accuracy precision relevance logic all of the above are used to evaluate scientific data

all of the above are obstacles of environmental research

Which of the following is an obstacle presented by environmental research in regard to scientific study? Entry field with correct answer setting up adequate experimental controls for field studies developing controlled laboratory experiments of sufficient complexity developing models for complex systems the long time frame of many ecological processes all of the above are obstacles of environmental research

all of the above are correlated with decline in salmon populations

Which of the following is correlated with decline in salmon populations? Entry field with correct answer overfishing forest logging dam construction consumption of salmon by sea lions all of the above are correlated with decline in salmon populations

all of the above

Which of the following major factors is known to exacerbate famine conditions? Entry field with correct answer drought changing climate poor farming practices political disruptions all of the above

the notion that movements of planets affect personalities and fates of humans

Which of the following might be considered pseudoscience? Entry field with correct answer the notion that Penicillium notatum, a fungus can kill Staphylococcus aureus, a bacteria the notion that movements of planets affect personalities and fates of humans the notion that brine shrimp die when the salinity of water reaches three times that of seawater the notion photosynthesis is affected by light the notion that the Condor population can be reinstated through captive breeding

Today we are using our renewable environmental resources faster than they can be replenished.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? Entry field with correct answer Today we are using our renewable environmental resources faster than they can be replenished. Famine occurs when environmental resources exceed the human population. The Black Death did not have environmental and economic effects. People affect the environment; the environment does not affect people. All of the above statements are TRUE.

corals reefs provide the main source of protein for tropical people: utilitarian justification

Which of the following would be considered an appropriately matched justification for preserving coral reefs? Entry field with correct answer corals reefs provide the main source of protein for tropical people: utilitarian justification coral reefs provide homes for a variety of plants and animals: recreational justification coral reefs provide ideal settings for recreational snorkeling: ecological justification coral reefs provide materials for jewelry production: moral justification coral reefs provide inspiration to artists and poets: ecological justification

Assist the disadvantaged, not take advantage

Which saying best exemplifies the following statement? Exploitation of workers to reduce costs of manufacturing goods diminishes us all. Entry field with correct answer Proactive, not reactive Evolutionary rather than revolutionary Attracting, not attacking Assist the disadvantaged, not take advantage Inclusive, not exclusive

all of the above

Why would an idea be considered pseudoscience? Entry field with correct answer a) it is inherently untestable b) it is the result of faulty reasoning c) it lacks empirical support all of the above a and b only