Environmental Policy and Human Population Lab

If Nigeria grows at the rate predicted by the United Nations through 2050, in what year will the nation be classified as "water stressed"? o 2030 o 2034 o 2038 o 2044

o 2034

Which of the following is not one of the reasons noted here by Utah's politicians about why they oppose Biden's action? o His actions deny people in Utah the right to decide what happens in Utah. o Unilateral action will only deepen the divisions in the country. o They prefer a permanent solution decided by Congress. o Biden doesn't have authority under the Antiquities Act to do this.

o Biden doesn't have authority under the Antiquities Act to do this.

Now look at Canada's age structure diagram from 2019. What can you conclude about the post-reproductive age population? o More than 75% of the population is considered post-reproductive age. o Females, on average, live longer than males. o There are more individuals in the pre-reproductive age group compared to the post-reproductive age group. o In the next 20 years, the post-reproductive age segment of the population will remain fairly stable.

o Females, on average, live longer than males.

In 2014, how many 25- to 29-year-old women lived in Niger? o about 0.6 million o about 1.2 million o about 0.6 billion o cannot be determined from the graph

o about 0.6 million

Can you identify what happens in each stage of the demographic transition model? Drag the labels to the appropriate targets. o Populations grow slowly (or not at all) despite high birth rates because death rates are similarly high. o Population growth slows as birth rates drop and approach death rates. o Populations stabilize when birth rates and death rates are similarly low. o The large gap in birth and death rates leads to big increase in population.

a. (Pre-Industrial Stage) Populations grow slowly (or not at all) despite high birth rates because death rates are similarly high. b. (Transitional Stage) The large gap in birth and death rates leads to big increase in population. c. (Industrial Stage) Population growth slows as birth rates drop and approach death rates. d. (Post-Industrial Stage) Populations stabilize when birth rates and death rates are similarly low.

According to the U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) was $21.73 trillion in 2019. Using the fitted line, how much money would be lost if temperature increased by 8°F, assuming the GDP remains the same? o $4 billion o $543 billion o $869 billion o $2.6 trillion

o $869 billion

According to the graph, how does the predicted sea level rise for scenario RCP2.6 compare to scenario RCP8.5? Fill in the blank. By the end of the century, sea level is predicted to rise approximately ______ higher under scenario RCP8.5 as compared to scenario RCP2.6. o 1.5 times o 2.5 times o 3 times o 4 times

o 1.5 times

In any population growth scenario that results in Nigeria becoming water stressed by 2050, at what approximate population size does it do so? o 265 million people o 285 million people o 315 million people o 365 million people

o 285 million people

You've already seen the graph on the left, which shows observed and projected changes in fossil fuel carbon emissions. The graph on the right shows projections of direct damage to the U.S economy as a function of global temperature change. This damage includes impacts such as loss of crops due to excessive heat, loss of worker productivity due to extreme temperatures, and impacts to coastal development due to sea level rise. The dots and vertical lines show the result of the model and the uncertainty for that predicted value. The gray shaded area represents the 90% confidence interval for the predicted effects. Evaluate the following statements and determine whether they are supported or not by the data in the graphs. Drag "Supported" or "Not supported" to the end of each statement. o A temperature change of 10°F will result in a loss of about 6% of the U.S. gross domestic product. ["Supported" or "Not supported"] o Reducing fossil fuel carbon emissions by about 5GtC/yr by the end of the century will limit the rise in temperature to less than 2.5°F. ["Supported" or "Not supported"] o The RCP2.6 scenario will result in the smallest losses to the U.S. economy. ["Supported" or "Not supported"] o There is no way for the U.S to eliminate losses to the U.S economy due to climate change. ["Supported" or "Not supported"] o Higher fossil fuel emissions will result in greater damage to the U.S. economy. ["Supported" or "Not supported"]

o A temperature change of 10°F will result in a loss of about 6% of the U.S. gross domestic product. [Supported] o Reducing fossil fuel carbon emissions by about 5GtC/yr by the end of the century will limit the rise in temperature to less than 2.5°F. [Not supported] o The RCP2.6 scenario will result in the smallest losses to the U.S. economy. [Supported] o There is no way for the U.S to eliminate losses to the U.S economy due to climate change. [Not supported] o Higher fossil fuel emissions will result in greater damage to the U.S. economy. [Supported]

The following graphs display three RCP scenarios: - RCP2.6 represents a very low scenario associated with low population growth and extensive mitigation measures. - RCP4.5 represents a low scenario associated with moderate population growth and some mitigation measures. - RCP8.5 represents a higher scenario with higher population growth and few mitigation measures. According to the graphs, which of the following statements is true? o Global temperatures can level off by the end of the century only if fossil use is drastically reduced. o Under the RCP8.5 scenario, fossil fuel carbon emissions will increase by 180% from 2010 to 2100, and the temperature is predicted to rise less than 2°C. o Any reduction in fossil fuel use will lead to a stabilization of global temperatures. o The RCP4.5 scenario will result in the lowest temperature increase without requiring such a drastic reduction in fossil fuel use.

o Global temperatures can level off by the end of the century only if fossil use is drastically reduced.

Which of the following statements are valid conclusions from the Datagraphic? Drag "True" or "False" to the end of each statement. o If Nigeria could reduce its population growth rate from 2.5% to 1.5%, it would delay the nation reaching water stress for nearly a decade. ["True" or "False"] o A steady population growth rate of 2.0% best approximates the United Nations projection for Nigeria. ["True" or "False"] o Nigeria's population in 2050 is larger in the United Nations projection than in any of the other growth scenarios. ["True" or "False"] o Of all the population growth scenarios presented, only a growth rate of 0.5% will prevent Nigeria from becoming water stressed by the year 2050. ["True" or "False"]

o If Nigeria could reduce its population growth rate from 2.5% to 1.5%, it would delay the nation reaching water stress for nearly a decade. [True] o A steady population growth rate of 2.0% best approximates the United Nations projection for Nigeria. [False] o Nigeria's population in 2050 is larger in the United Nations projection than in any of the other growth scenarios. [False] o Of all the population growth scenarios presented, only a growth rate of 0.5% will prevent Nigeria from becoming water stressed by the year 2050. [False]

Use the age structure diagrams to determine which of the following statements are true and which are false. Drag "True" or "False" to the end of each statement. o In 2019, China's population growth rate was less than the growth rate in 1970. ["True" or "False"] o In 2050, China's population is projected to remain relatively stable. ["True" or "False"] o Based on the 2050 projected age structure diagram, you would predict that China's population will be much larger in 2070 compared to 2050. ["True" or "False"] o In 2050, there are projected to be more people in the reproductive age range than in 2019. ["True" or "False"] o The average age of China's population in 2019 was older than the average age in 1970. ["True" or "False"]

o In 2019, China's population growth rate was less than the growth rate in 1970. [True] o In 2050, China's population is projected to remain relatively stable. [True] o Based on the 2050 projected age structure diagram, you would predict that China's population will be much larger in 2070 compared to 2050. [False] o In 2050, there are projected to be more people in the reproductive age range than in 2019. [False] o The average age of China's population in 2019 was older than the average age in 1970. [True]

What stance is taken by the local city and county governments in the area? o They support Biden's action and hope to ultimately enlarge the monuments more. o They oppose it because it prevents local control. o Some support and some oppose the enlargement to the size before Trump took office. o They oppose it because it may depress their local economies.

o Some support and some oppose the enlargement to the size before Trump took office.

Most of the State-wide political offices in Utah are held by members of what political party? o an even split between the Democratic and Republican parties o The Republican Party o the Green Party o The Democratic Party

o The Republican Party

The colors of the bars on the graphs indicate the life stage of the people in that age class. What does it mean if a bar is colored red? o The people in that age class are past reproductive age. o The answer cannot be determined from the graphs. o The people in that age class are of reproductive age. o The people in that age class have not yet reached reproductive age.

o The people in that age class are past reproductive age.

Now look at Nigeria's age structure diagram from 2019. What can you conclude about the country's future population size? o The population size will be much larger. o The population be somewhat smaller. o The population will be much smaller. o The population will remain stable.

o The population size will be much larger.

Assuming that current trends continue, predict how the age structure of the Netherlands in 2034 will likely differ from that in 2014. o The proportion of the population made up of children (ages 0-15) will increase. o The proportion of the population made up of adults of reproductive age will increase. o The proportion of the population made up of older adults (65+) will increase. o The answer cannot be determined from the graph.

o The proportion of the population made up of older adults (65+) will increase.

What stance is taken by the governments of the Native American tribal nations in the area? o They support Biden's action and hope to ultimately enlarge the monuments more. o They oppose it because it prevents local control. o Some support and some oppose the enlargement to the size before Trump took office. o They oppose it because it may depress their local economies.

o They support Biden's action and hope to ultimately enlarge the monuments more.

The following graph shows historical and predicted sea leave change. The lines on the left show observed change in sea level from 1850 to 2019 at the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California. (In 1897, the tidal gauge was moved, which caused a shift downward but no change in the overall trend.) The boxes on the right show predicted sea level change for two scenarios. The line in the middle of the box shows the result of the model, and the box shows the 90% confidence interval. According to the graph, which of the following statements is true? o Under the RCP8.5 scenario, sea level is expected to rise 30 inches by 2100 in San Francisco Bay. o Reducing population growth and implementing mitigation measures will not affect sea level rise. o Under the RCP2.6 scenario, sea level will not rise by more than 10 inches by the end of the century in San Francisco Bay. o Even in a worst case scenario, sea level will not rise more than 42 inches by 2100 in San Francisco Bay.

o Under the RCP8.5 scenario, sea level is expected to rise 30 inches by 2100 in San Francisco Bay.

Looking at the age structure diagrams for 2019 and 2050, which of the following can you conclude about China over the next 30 years? o Young people in China will be responsible for taking care of a large aging population. o People in the reproductive age range will have larger numbers of children to care for. o China's two-child policy will result in an increase in the overall number of children. o There will be high rates of unemployment.

o Young people in China will be responsible for taking care of a large aging population.

In the Netherlands in 2014, people between the ages of 45 and 54 made up the largest percentage of the population. What factor is most likely to have caused this bulge in the age pyramid? o a decline in the birth rate during the Great Depression of the 1930s o a surge in the birth rate after World War II ended in 1945 o the increased availability of oral contraceptives in the 1950s and 1960s o an increase in the death rate during World War I and the influenza epidemic of 1917

o a surge in the birth rate after World War II ended in 1945

In the Netherlands in 2014, which age classes contained the largest number of people? o children between 5 and 14 o adults between 25 and 34 o adults between 35 and 45 o adults between 45 and 54 o adults between 55 and 64

o adults between 45 and 54

What action has President Joe Biden taken concerning the monuments? o guaranteed they will be enlarged again to their size before President Trump took office o increased their size to more than before Trump took office o proposed a new agreement between the State of Utah and the Federal government to enlarge them o sent the issue to the Supreme Court o called for a formal review of their boundaries

o called for a formal review of their boundaries

As you learned in the Central Case Study (Will China's New "Two-Child Policy" Defuse Its Population "Time Bomb"?), policies that regulate population growth can have long-term impacts on a country. In 1970, China instituted a population control program in response to concerns about its rapid population growth. The policy prohibited most couples from having more than one child and successfully reduced the country's growth rate. However, the policy also had many negative consequences, including a shrinking labor force, increased numbers of older people, and too few women. In response, the government has loosened the policy to allow couples to have two children. The following figures show age structure diagrams for China in 1970, 2019, and 2050 (projected). Can you interpret the diagrams to answer these questions? According to the age structure diagrams, how would you describe China's population growth in 1970? o growing rapidly o remaining stable o growing slowly o declining rapidly

o growing rapidly

Based on a comparison of the age-structure pyramids, which of the following would likely be a higher priority in the Netherlands than in Niger? o providing prenatal care o building new schools o providing long-term care for the elderly o providing childhood vaccinations

o providing long-term care for the elderly

These two age-structure pyramids, or population profiles, compare the populations of the Netherlands and Niger, a country in West Africa. Can you interpret these graphs to answer the following questions? Look at the age-structure pyramids. The numbers between the bars (in the middle of the graphs) serve as the y-axis. What do these numbers represent? o the number of people born in a particular year o the total population, in millions o the population of males and females o the age classes, in 5-year ranges o the percentage of the population in each age class

o the age classes, in 5-year ranges

What do the bars on the graphs represent? o birth rate or death rate for each age group o the number of males and females in each age group o the percentage of males and females in each age group o the number of males and females born in different years

o the number of males and females in each age group

The 2014 age-structure pyramid for Niger indicates that the population of Niger ________. o was increasing o was stable o was decreasing o cannot be determined from the graph

o was increasing