ENVS 1126 EXAM 1
which of the following represents a top-down regulation for rattlesnakes living in arizona
the number of hawks in the region
many predator prey relationships do not result in the complete elimination of the prey because
the predators cannot catch all of the healthy adults
golden frog populations would be more likely to survive the current threats if
their populations were more widely distributed across central and south america
which of the following organisms is most likely a k-strategist
oak trees
The muddy Mississippi River, transporting soils that have eroded from farm fields, represents a mixing of the
lithosphere and hydrosphere
A group of frogs in a rain forest represents a population if the frogs
live in the same region and can potentially reproduce with each other
the population growth rate is:
the net number of people added in a year divided by the mid-year population
Thousands of cases of lung cancer occur in a two-year period in a city out side of kentucky, at rates that are double that seen in other cities in the us. scientists working in that region assume that
there is something peculiar to the region causing these unusually high rates
bacteria hang out in the small round nodes on the roots of plants. How does this benefit the plant
they fix, nitrogen, making it available/absorbable to the plant
the most stable predator-prey relationships typically involve
a prey species and several natural predators
the world population is currently estimated to be _________ people
7,500,000,000
Driving along a highway, you start noticing plants with tiny blue flowers. Several miles later, these flowers are very abundant. Then even further, the flowers become less abundant, until finally, you do not see them at all. The regions with just a few of these plants represented the plant's
zones of stress
Vibrioberg and Vibrioville are 2 new cities that have developed near Baton Rouge. Both cities started with 10,000 people each. After one year, Vibrioberg had a growth rate of 6.2%, and the growth rate was coincidentally the same after year 2 as well. Vibrioville, on the other hand, had a ridiculously high growth rate of 12% after one year. Unfortunately, the growth rate proved to be too much, leading to water and air pollution problems and an infrastructure (streets, etc.) not prepared for such rapid growth. So, during year 2, Vibrioville's growth rate dropped to only 0.4%. Therefore, after 2 years, Vibrioberg added ____(1)___ people, and Vibrioville added ___(2)____ people to their respective populations.
(1) 1,278; (2) 1,245
Jamesburg and Jamesville are 2 new cities that have developed near Baton Rouge. Both cities started with 127,000 people each. After one year, Jamesburg had a growth rate of 7.3%, and the growth rate was coincidentally the same after year 2 as well. Jamesville, on the other hand, had a ridiculously high growth rate of 11% after one year. Unfortunately, the growth rate proved to be too much, leading to water and air pollution problems and an infrastructure (streets, etc.) not prepared for such rapid growth. So, during year 2, Jamesville's growth rate dropped to only 0.4%. Therefore, after 2 years, Jamesburg added (1)___ people, and Jamesville added (2)____ people to their respective populations.
(1) 19,219; (2) 14,534
on June 30 2016, the population of Leesburg, Louisiana was 17,500 people. By the end of that year, 1467 babies had been born and 450 people had died. There was no immigration and no emigration that year. The birth rate for Frogmouth was (1) ____, the death rate was (2) _____, the population growth rate (3) _____, and the population growth was (4) ____>
(1) 8.4%, (2) 2.3%, (3) 1467
I have an English Mastiff and a Standard Poodle who both think they are lap dogs, and they are always fighting for my attention. I usually have to compromise and let one sit on the left side of my lap and the other sit on the right side of my lap. The fighting between them is (1)___, and the compromise is (2)___.
(1) intra-species competition, (2) resource partitioning
which one of the following is the correct formula for population growth
(births + immigration) - (deaths - emigration)
convert 4.6 yards to meters (1 in = 2.54 cm), (1ft= 12 in), (1 yd= 36 in), (1 mile= 1.61 km), (1 mile = 5280 ft)
4.2 m
how many mL are in a 32 oz drink with no ice? 1 oz = 29.57 mL
946 mL
world population growth over the past 500 years has most resembled the letter _____
J
Some biologists have identified symbiotic relationships in which it appears that one organism gains from the relationship while the other organism is unaffected. After further research, however, the researchers find out that both members of the relationship actually benefit. The researchers therefore realize that what they at first thought was an example of
Commensalism is really an example of mutualism
which of the following best illustrates interspecific competition
Caterpillars and 2 different species of moths are feeding on the same plant's leaves
Some beetles escape from a ship and fly to a small island covered with grass but with no trees or beetle predators. As the beetles feed, they destroy all the grasses. But with abundant food, the beetle population soars, doubling in size every month. After about a year the population crashes as thousands of beetles have destroyed almost all of the plants and there is little left to feed the large population. This scenario best illustrates
Exponential growth followed by a population crash
A keystone species ____
Has a disproportionally large impact on the stability of an ecosystem
Which one of the following illustrates intraspecific competition?
Male red-winged blackbirds defending nesting sites from other males
In logistic growth (S curve), how does population growth change as the population nears its carrying capacity?
Population growth decreases
The risk of introducing a natural enemy to control an invasive species is that ___
The natural enemy might also become a pest
Which of the following represents a type of top-down regulation for rattlesnakes living in Arizona?
The number of snake-eating hawks in region
A squirrel population in an oak forest in Indiana is limited by hawk predators, the number of acorns produced annually, nesting sites in the trees, and cold winter temperatures. Which of the following is an abiotic factor limiting this squirrel population?
The stress of cold winter temperatures
which of the following is analogous to a mutualistic relationship
a basketball player is paid by a company to wear its particular brand of shoes
why should countries, especially overpopulated ones, switch to vegetarian diets
a diet of vegetables can feed more people than a diet of meat
what is the difference between a molecule and a compound, and what are some examples of each one
a molecule consists of 2 or more atoms that are the same or different and a compound consists of 2 or more atoms that are different; atmospheric nitrogen gas is a molecule and water is both a molecule and a compound. Nitrogen gas is not a compound
which one of he following does NOT fix nitrogen
cellular respiration
most organisms use water in
liquid forms
which of the following is most like the movement of continents by plate tectonics
air mattresses drifting about on the top of a swimming pool
walking through a park, you step off a trail to take a picture and accidentally trample a rare orchid. this is an example of
amensalism
rabbits in australia are
an example of the disastrous potential of introduced species
Because of the modern environmental movement
average life expectancy for humans is longer
in the shots fired video, Jim Sporleder says your survival mindset is like a protective shield composed of:
awareness, preparation, and rehearsal
Why is a J curve unlikely to happen in nature?
because a population cannot grow indefinitely
why is it so important to "fix" nitrogen
because most organisms cannot use it as a diatomic gas
alien species that cause the most harm are those that
become invasive
what term describes the number of offspring produces under ideal conditions
biotic potential
a stable population would remain at equilibrium if
births and deaths increased by the same number of organisms
what does fragmentation have to do with brown-headed cowbirds
brown-headed cowbirds are nest parasites, and fragmentation, which creates edge, favors these types of birds
unlike developed countries, children in developing countries often die from:
common ailments such as diarrhea
Jess' cats, Sampson and Thompson, run to the kitchen when they smell food. Jess places the bowl of food on the floor. Sampson gets greedy and tries to push Thompson out of the way. The cats fight and the bowl of food tips over spoiling their meal leaving them both hungry. What type of Interaction is this?
competition
two animals fighting over the same resource (food) and both getting some, but still leaving them both hungry is an example of
competition
in an ecosystem with many similar species, we typically find
competitors using different resources
how might coral bleaching in the ocean be caused by urban sprawl
cutting down trees > decreased removal of CO2 from the atmosphere > increased CO2 in the atmosphere > increased CO2 in the ocean > decreased ocean pH > unhappy zooxanthellae > algae and color go away
threatened and endangered species receive special protection from human activities such as hunting and habitat destruction because these activities are
density dependent
Most of the world population growth in the near future will be in ___
developing countries
in short, different selective pressures in closely related species will produce
different adaptions
in the Appalachian mountains, several species of salamander live in or near a stream. The largest species live in the stream and along its edges, a smaller species live on land within a meter or two of the steams, and a smaller species lives about 3-5 meters away from the stream. In this region, these three salamander species are using ______
different niches within the same habitat
a form of a biome is largely predicted by its
diversity of plant and animal species
on vacation you spend much of the day walking along the water's edge on an ocean beach. the place you are walking on is a good example of a:
ecotone
if rivers were catching fire today, wha group would most likely be involved to investigate the situation and apply federal laws
environmental protection agency (EPA)
the combination of all the abiotic and biotic factors that may limit population increases is called _______
environmental resistance
how frequently does a single atom of carbon cycle though 1 or more living things and back to the atmosphere
every 2190 days (6 years)
the main reason that introduced species are a growing problems is
global trade and travel
all scientific investigations are initially founded upon
good observations
which of the following represents a type of top-down regulation for wildflowers living in a forest
herbivores living in the region
Some students on a biology field trip were sitting around watching honey bees. Some of the students noticed that bees spent more time on some flowers than on other flowers. As they talked about this behavior, the students offered various explanations. Some thought that the bees were avoiding predators on some flowers. Other students suggested that some flowers may have sweeter nectar. These speculations about bee behavior are examples of
hypothesis
a population would be expected to grow if
immigration increased and deaths and emigration decreased
this is not an example of a global trend
increasing global biodiversity
of k-strategists and r-strategists, who is most at risk to biodiversity threats and why
k strategist because they do not produce many young and spend time/energy caring for them, which is high-risk
the relationship between the dung beetles and the disease-carrying flies is a type of
interspecific competition
which of the following best illustrates bias in scientific investigations?
investigations of health effects of smoking are funded and published by a tobacco company
what (or where) is the zone of stress
it is between the optimal range and high or low limit of tolerance
Biodiversity is important because
it is necessary to maintain stability of ecosystems
the unusual organisms living in Australia have evolved primarily because of
long term isolation in the continent
a population of bullfrogs in a pond produces many of thousand eggs that hatch each spring into tadpoles. however, only about 1% of the tadpoles survive to reproduce. This population of frogs is experiencing
low levels of recruitment
which is the most acidic out of ammonia, milk, milk of magnesia, and sea water
milk
natural selection favors new traits that arise by
mutations and crossover
the relationship between the dung beetles and the cattle is a type of
mutualism
to promote crop growth, a farmer is most likely to apply fertilizers to the soil that contain _______
nitrogen or phosphorus
which of the following are products photosynthesis
oxygen and sugar (glucose)
generally speaking, what is the main difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration
photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide to water into oxygen and glucose, whereas cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water
_______ is an organism that produces large amounts of offspring and does not tend to them (does not feed or incubate them)
r strategist
Leafy spurge has spread completely across many U.S states. If left uncontrolled in these states, leafy spurge populations will
reach their carrying capacity
resource partitioning
reduces interspecific competition and increases species diversity
territoriality
reduces intraspecific fighting and ensures adequate resources for some members of a species
american beavers, castor canadensis, are widespread in North America. Those american beavers living around lakes in northern Minnesota and which can potentially interbreed
represent one population of american beavers
on land, the carbon used today in photosynthesis to form carbon atoms of plant tissues is mostly returned to the air because of
respiration in plants, animals, and organisms in the soil
in 1988, fires cleared approximately 1.2 million acres of Yellowstone National Park. However, the trees eventually grew back and the wildlife returned to its habitat. This is an example of:
secondary succession
newly formed species typically have different
selective pressures
if organisms are unable to generate through enough genetic diversity to survive in a changing environment, they ________
sometimes go extinct
under what circumstances might it be hard to define a species
sometimes members of 2 different species can interbreed and actually produce fertile offspring, such as a liger
the advice of Rachel carson in her book silent spring reflects
stewardship
the concept of biological fitness is based on two separate abilities. these are the ability to
survive and produce
Uncertain about the best way to keep his new lizard alive, Jerome places a heat lamp at one end of the long lizard cage. Over several days, Jerome notices that the lizard tends to sit in a certain place when the lamp is on. The lizard's selection of a particular place to stay represents its
temperature optimum
it is common to hear about the reproductive potential of many organisms. perhaps someone has mentioned that if all the eggs of houseflies were to survive to maturity, the world would be covered in flies. this does not happen in reality:
the biotic potential would be limited by environmental resistance
which of the following would most likely cause the greatest harm to wild giant panda populations in china
the introduction of beetles that eat bamboo
invasive species are dangerous because
the native species have not evolved and adapted to these organisms
the population of elk in Yellowstone reflect
top down- and bottom-up population regulation
the relationship between the moose and the wolf population on isle royal reveal
top-down and bottom-up regulation
ecotones are
transitional regions between ecosystems
which one of the following would be an ecological example of restoration
using sediment from rivers to build wetlands in coastal louisiana
most organisms native to a desert community are ______
well adapted to the heat and dry environment
which one of the following is a trait that increases the chances of survival for an endangered species
widespread distribution