Equal Rights: Struggling Towards Fairness

Asian Americans emphasize _____ as a means of achieving upward mobility.

education

Which of the following are true about women's equality in the workplace?

- Jobs traditionally held by women pay less than many of the jobs traditionally held by men. - The average pay for women workers is only 82 percent of the amount earned by male workers.

Within the past 10 years, Supreme Court decisions have expanded LGBTQ rights in which of the following ways?

- LGBTQ couples now have the right to marry throughout the United States. - LGBTQ people are now protected from job discrimination under the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

Which of the following are among the legacies of the practice of redlining?

- Segregated neighborhoods still exist. - Hispanics and African Americans still have difficulty obtaining mortgages (compared to whites).

Which of the statements below are true of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program?

- The program was established by the Obama administration in 2012. - The Trump administration's attempt to rescind the program was invalidated by the Supreme Court.

Which of the following accurately describes Native Americans today?

- They are less than half as likely as other Americans to have completed college. - Casino gambling has raised Native Americans' average income level, but it is still far below the national average.

Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

- Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections. - A state requires separate public bathrooms for Black and white people.

Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to ______.

- be college educated - have a high median income

According to United States government statistics, roughly ______ percent of Black children live in poverty, compared to ______ percent of white children.

35; 12

Of the 500 largest U.S. corporations, about ______ percent are headed by women.

5

Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of Black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely Black.

95

Which statement best describes the political engagement of most Asian Americans in the 1960s?

Asian Americans were not politically active to any great extent.

Which of the following was the 1954 landmark case that ended segregation in public schools?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Which influential figure began civil rights work by organizing strikes by farmworkers to attain basic labor rights for migrant workers?

Cesar Chavez

Which proposed amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Congress in the early 1970s but failed to receive the necessary three-fourths majority?

Equal Rights Amendment

T or F: The idea that "all men are created equal," as stated in the Declaration of Independence, has always been understood to include all people in the United States.

False (Reason not True: Even Thomas Jefferson, the author of the phrase and a slaveholder, did not believe that it had a precise meaning. The promise embodied in the phrase has bolstered civil rights movements to this day, however.)

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?

He did not believe there was a precise meaning.

In 1964, how did the federal government respond to demands for equal rights for African Americans?

It passed the Civil Rights Act, which entitles all persons to equal access to public accommodations.

About half of all Hispanics in the United States were born in ______.

Mexico or have Mexican ancestry

Which of the following statements about African American children in the United States is true?

More than half grow up in a single-parent family.

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

What is at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in the United States?

People hold deep-seated prejudices based on such characteristics as race, color, and religion.

Which of the following Native American nations have a majority who speak native languages at home?

Pueblo & Navajo

The Supreme Court ruled that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving racially integrated schools was constitutional in ______.

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County

In 1972, Native Americans organized a caravan titled the ______ that journeyed from California to Washington, DC, to protest federal policy.

Trail of Broken Treaties

T or F: The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned segregation in public accommodations such as restaurants and movie theaters, is based on Congress's power to regulate commerce.

True

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?

Wounded Knee

Which policy requires the federal government to implement measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?

affirmative action

In the unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court found that segregated schools made Black students feel like they had _____ in the community and were thus "inherently unequal."

an inferior status

Among the laws giving women greater equality in the workplace were laws prohibiting ______.

certain employers from paying women less than men for doing the same job

The type of discrimination in which, despite legal protections, traditionally disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities because of prejudice is ______.

de facto discrimination

Which type of discrimination is based on the law?

de jure discrimination

What is "America's curse," according to the author of An American Dilemma?

discrimination

In order to expand employment opportunities for traditionally disadvantaged groups, the federal government requires agencies and businesses that receive federal funds or contracts to ______.

establish policies aimed at ensuring that all job applicants are treated fairly

Hispanics who have immigrated to the U.S. are generally concentrated ______.

in their states of entry

In the presidential election following enactment of the Voting Rights Act, Black turnout in the South ______.

increased by 20 percentage points

In a 1930s Supreme Court case that challenged the application of the separate-but-equal doctrine, the Court ruled that Blacks ______ public facilities reserved for whites in those cases where they didn't have separate facilities.

must be allowed to use

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large Black populations.

redlining

Which of the following is a key result of the civil rights movement?

removing discrimination in voting requirements

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court declared that "_____" but equal facilities do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

separate

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.

strict-scrutiny

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of ______.

suspect classifications

In 1892, Congress suspended Asian immigration to the United States on the grounds that Asians ______.

were an inferior people

Which groups have historically lacked equality in the United States?

• Catholics • women • Asian Americans

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?

• been foundational in legal decisions • inspired a hope for eventual equality • given moral strength to diverse movements

Which of the following are current policy issues for Native Americans?

• obtaining economic self-sufficiency • preventing casino gambling from eroding tribal traditions • preserving their culture and languages

Which of the following are included in the concept of equal rights, or civil rights?

• the right of every person to equal protection under the law • equal access to public facilities • equal access to the opportunities society provides