ESL

An ESL teacher is discussing English discourse with her students. Which of the following questions would be appropriate for her to ask students if the goal was to focus on discourse?

"Are the grammatical patterns different when the employee is talking to his boss compared to when he is talking to his friend?"

Mr. Starke is teaching English learners for the first time. Gia, a young boy from Vietnam, is the most recent addition to his class, as he arrived in California a couple of weeks after the start of the school year. It has been a few weeks now, and Gia has yet to speak in class. Mr. Starke doesn't know what to do, so he asks an ESL teacher for advice. What should his colleague tell him?

"The silent period is a normal stage in language acquisition. Don't force him to speak until he is ready."

It's usual for English learners to make errors related to all elements of language. Which of the following learners displays a semantics error in his or her statement?

A learner who states, "I felt surprised when I listened to the sound of the alarm."

Mr. Feldman is providing a text to his class to read and discuss. Because of the large percentage of English learners in the class, he knows that he should provide additional scaffolds to turn the text into comprehensible input. Which of the following is a scaffolding technique that he could use? Select all that apply:

Add a word bank at the start of the text with key vocabulary to be reviewed before reading.

As a member of an LPAC, the ESL teacher plays a dual role. What are the two roles? Select all answers that apply.

Advocate for student Informed language professional

Mr. Rivera notices one of his English language learners is having a more difficult time than the other students adjusting to his second language. When is it the most appropriate time for Mr. Rivera to recommend a special education assessment of an English language learner?

After the student has not moved up an English proficiency level during one year

Many ELL students find listening to lectures very tiring. Which of the following describes why listening to lectures would be tiring for ELL students?

All of the above

Strategies that help ELLs internalize new vocabulary are:

All of the above.

Which of the following describes the importance of determining a student's language proficiency?

All of the above.

Which of the following ELL students is using a circumlocution strategy?

An ELL who uses the following description, "It's a fruit. It's a red, purple color. It has a lot of seeds. It's a little sour."

Which of the following ELL students is overgeneralizing?

An ELL who, after learning the simple past tense, says, "I comed to school at 8am."

Which of the following is an example of a grammar-focused lesson?

An ESL teacher is introducing the topic of reported speech. She starts the class with a game of telephone, in which she tells something to a student who then repeats it to the next student and so on. She introduces the structure of reported speech and has students practice stating examples of reported speech with a partner. She then has the students watch different videos in which two people are having a conversation and asks the students to report to the class what the people discussed.

The English language learners' test scores are part of the accountability for school performance under:

Both state and federal government laws.

Ms. Normans has prepared a content-based lesson for her ELL students. Before the lesson begins, she conducts a few exercises to familiarize the students with the new vocabulary. She presents the new vocabulary then has each student think of similar words in the primary language. This activity is likely to facilitate the student's acquisition of the English language primarily because the activity does which of the following?

Builds upon the student's current language knowledge and relates already known words to new words

Which of the following statements supports Noam Chomsky's nativist theory of language learning?

Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.

An ELA teacher is creating groups for a literature circle assignment. The majority of reading will be completed independently, and the groups will meet multiple times a week for a combination of informal book chats and more structured teacher assignments. Which of the following is the best way for the teacher to support the ELL students in her class with this activity?

Create groups that contain a mixture of ELL and native speakers, but make sure the book is on level for all members.

Maria is a beginner-level ELL from Mexico, with no former English education. She has joined Mrs. Davis' third-grade class. Mrs. Davis wants to help Maria with her reading comprehension skills. What should Mrs. Davis do first?

Determine whether Maria has learned the basic phonemic skills in her native language.

When is it acceptable for a student to use sentence fragments? Select all answers that apply.

During spontaneous verbal exchanges During a brainstorming session on a topic

Based on current research, which of the following best describes quality English Language Learner instruction?

ELL instruction should create a meaningful framework of related skills instead of teaching all skills in isolation.

Marcus is ending his sixth-grade year in the school's bilingual education program, however, he was not successful on the state reading test in English. Which of the following programs will Marcus most likely be placed in as a seventh grader?

English Language Learner (ELL) program

During a science lesson, Ms. McNeil asked her students, including ELLs, to illustrate various vocabulary words that were included on a word wall. Using the think-pair-share method, they discussed the meaning of each vocabulary word before placing the cards on her word wall. Which research-based statement about second-language acquisition does Ms. McNeil's scenario demonstrate an understanding of?

Experiencing meaningful linguistic contexts is essential for the acquisition of a second language.

Of the following, which would be the most beneficial staff development program adjustment to promote the needs of English language learners in a school?

Extend participation in the program to the entire school, not just the ESL staff

Interaction in small groups is not an effective way to hold students accountable for their own learning. They need to work independently to develop their academic language.

False, cooperative groups give students the chance to use and select language

Evaluate the statement below. Language learned through rote memorization without reference to a specific context or content is an efficient way to expand one's vocabulary.

False, language learned in context is retained more readily

Mr. Sanders teaches a sixth-grade early-intermediate-level ELD class. Which of the following activities would be most beneficial in increasing his students' communicative competence?

Give students plenty of opportunities for student-to-student or group interactions in which they are required to use English.

A bilingual education teacher is practicing metacognitive strategies with her students. She provides them with a writing assignment and a list of questions to ask themselves during the process of writing. Which of the following questions is likely to be included on this list? Select all answers that apply.

Have I taken my readers into account? Is my writing clear and concise? What is the purpose of my piece?

Maria, an English language learner, tells the teacher she is concerned the class will not understand her presentation because of her inability to pronounce words perfectly. Which of the following would be the most appropriate recommendation for the teacher to make?

Have Maria write out notes that indicate the correct pronunciation of the words.

Follow-up activities are crucial to enhancing young students' listening skills. After listening to a story, which of the following activities would be most appropriate for a class with many English Language Learners?

Have the students perform a skit about the events in the story.

Bruno has just arrived in the US from Ecuador. He has minimal English comprehension and does not speak. He only nods "yes" and "no" and draws and points when he is trying to communicate. Which of the following is likely to be true about Bruno?

He is in the pre-production stage of language acquisition.

Which of the following sentences contains a modal?

I would have stopped, but I was hungry.

Mrs. Moore is a principal who is scheduled to meet with an English language learner and his parents after school. She asked the Spanish teacher to sit in on the meeting to serve as a translator between the principal and the parents. Which of the following is the greatest benefit to using the first language of the parents in the meeting?

Increase family involvement in their child's academic learning

Mr. George is a middle school math teacher who is teaching number prefixes to his ELL students. He asks each student to think of how to say "bicycle," "unicycle," and "tricycle" in their first language. Which of the following is a benefit of having students think of number prefixes in their first language during the activity? Select all answers that apply.

It allows students to connect words and concepts they already know with the English language. It allows students to build knowledge of English rules from what they already know in their first language.

Mr. Lopez is a second-grade science teacher. As part of a lesson on animals, he creates an activity in which students create analogies using the new vocabulary words. He gives the students the analogy "bird:fly as fish:swim" as an example. What is the purpose of using this instructional strategy with ELLs?

It encourages ELLs to use critical thinking as a way of learning new vocabulary.

Which of the following is not a benefit of using WebQuests with ELL students?

It requires teachers to use technology in the classroom.

An ESL teacher is explaining to students how language is used to express thoughts, feelings, and meaning. He explains how certain words reflect cultural meanings and emotions and can influence our concepts. Which of the following universal principles of language is the teacher likely to reference?

Language is a social tool.

In preparation for the mayor's visit to the classroom, the teacher is practicing proper ways to speak with authority figures. The teacher asks Marta, a bilingual student, to practice greeting the mayor. Marta begins the greeting by saying, "Hey Mayor, how are you doing?" The teacher tells Marta that this particular greeting would not be appropriate for greeting the mayor because it is a casual greeting. Which of the following best describes the concept the teacher is explaining to Marta?

Language register

Which of the following opinions supports The critical period hypothesis popularized by linguist and neurologist Eric Lenneberg?

Older learners rarely achieve a near-native accent.

Students in Mr. Santiago's fourth-grade social studies class are taught content vocabulary using word maps. He has English language learners (ELLs) with varying proficiency levels. Students are expected to achieve the following objectives: Content objective: Students will identify different regions of Texas. Language objective: Students will explain new vocabulary words in small groups. Mr. Santiago divides the class into groups of three members and assigns each group a reading assignment. During the reading process, the students need to create a list of target words that they need to define and discuss as a group later on. Using the target words, students must then create vocabulary maps as illustrated below. After completing their maps, students present them to the class. An ELL completed the following word map: What part of the word map would help English-language learners internalize the new vocabulary word most effectively?

Part 5

What is the study of existing sounds in a particular language called?

Phonology

Mrs. Summerville is teaching a unit on synonyms and antonyms. Her instructional activities would best cover what concept?

Semantics

Miranda is a recently enrolled ELL student. She is paying attention in class when her teacher calls on her to answer a question, however, Miranda is unable to answer the question. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Miranda being unable to answer the teacher's question?

She is in a silent stage of language acquisition

Ms. Denali, a sixth-grade English literature teacher has several English learners in her class. In today's class, the lesson is focused on figurative language. Ms. Denali starts the lesson by stating:"Today we're going to focus on the use of figurative language in poetry. Our first objective is to identify figurative language and wrap our heads around the reasons it is used. We will create our own examples of figurative language using sentence stems, and then we'll call it a day!"She writes the objectives on the board, enunciates clearly and speaks in a raised voice, but the ELLs look a bit confused when she finishes speaking.What does Ms. Denali do that is inappropriate or unnecessary? Select all that apply. Select all answers that apply.

She uses idioms in her speech. She speaks in a raised voice.

Before beginning a new unit, a teacher provides her class with a list of new vocabulary terms they will encounter. Other than defining the words as they are used and front loading lessons with new vocabulary, which activity would help students successfully identify and understand the words in context?

Sorting words based on similarities in structure, meaning, or parts of speech.

Van is an eighth-grade ELL who just moved to the US from Vietnam. Van had studied English previously in Vietnam and has an intermediate level of English. However, he consistently struggles in his science class. What should Van's ESL teacher do to best assist him in his science class?

Speak with Van's science teacher about ways to adjust instruction to make the content more comprehensible for Van.

Second language acquisition differs between adults and children. Which of the following is a child more likely than an adult to do when learning a new language?

Spontaneously apply the structure of L2.

Mr. Omelan includes instructional activities in his teaching that require students to use multiple senses and act out words, ideas, and concepts. Which of the following best describes the impact of Mr. Omelan's instructional strategies on bilingual and ELL students?

Students will better remember the meanings of words, ideas, and concepts.

Which of the following statements express a fact about the total physical response instructional method? Select all that apply: Select all answers that apply.

TPR focuses on language acquisition rather than explicit language learning. TPR supports retention of vocabulary.

An ESL teacher assesses her students and notices that while most students in the class are able to decode English text, many struggle with reading comprehension. What TWO things can the teacher do to help these students to develop comprehension skills? Select all answers that apply.

Teach students techniques to self-monitor while reading, like visualizing and asking themselves questions Activate students' prior knowledge by making lists of what they already know about a topic before reading

After assessing his class a teacher finds that his ELL students are struggling to identify, understand and recall the meaning of words they encounter in a text. What is the most appropriate next step for the teacher to take?

Teach students to use semantic maps to display connections between words and phrases

Ms. Garcia is a fifth-grade ESL teacher. The students in her class are at different language levels. She believes that some structures are more easily and sooner acquired than others, so when editing student writing she makes an effort not to correct the mistakes that the students aren't yet ready to fully understand. Which of the following ideas is supported by this philosophy?

The ability to recognize and produce certain aspects of grammar grows as students are exposed to comprehensible input.

Mr. Rodriguez is teaching an instructional unit on supply and demand to his ELL students. He gives each student the choice of reading an article about supply and demand and filling out a worksheet or researching how a favorite video game is made and marketed. He notices an overwhelming majority of the students choose to do the research activity. Which of the following is the most likely reason the students chose this activity?

The activity has a real and applicable purpose to their everyday lives.

A student from Nicaragua has just arrived in Texas and has begun the process of enrolling in the local school. Which of the following must be completed before creating a final schedule for the student?

The school must review the recommendations of the LPAC and act accordingly

Mr. Levitt overheard a conversation in the teacher's lounge regarding bilingual education. One teacher remarked to another that the stages a student goes through when learning a second language are much different than the stages when learning the first language. Which of the following would be an appropriate response by Mr. Levitt?

The stages of language acquisition for L1 and L2 are very similar

Mr. Hanson notices an ELL student looks confused during a conversation with fellow students about a baseball game. Mr. Hanson follows up with the student to ask why he looks confused. The student responds, "They said the batter hit a fly in the ninth to win the game." The teacher asks what the student is confused about and the student replies, "Why would anybody throw cake batter at a fly in a game?" Which of the following is the most likely reason for the student's confusion?

The student is not aware of the multiple meanings of the word "batter" and "fly" and how they pertain to baseball.

Mrs. Thorpe is an English teacher who is working with her students to promote their vocabulary. One of the activities she assigns her students is to create a self-made dictionary from the week's vocabulary list. What is the greatest advantage of a student self-made dictionary over a standard dictionary?

The students are more likely to recognize and remember the definitions.

Which of the following is the greatest benefit to students if a teacher is able to properly activate the affective domain?

The students will feel comfortable in the class because of cultural and emotional connections

Mrs. Glass, a new teacher, notices the literature the English language learners are required to read has many difficult words. She discusses the situation with her mentor teacher, who has been teaching English language learners for many years and is experienced with the laws and requirements for English language learner education. Of the following, what is the most appropriate response by the mentor teacher?

The teacher should work with the students to help explain the meaning of the words.

Mr. Reed would like to integrate more technology into his ESL classroom. Before doing this, he should be aware of which of the following facts about technology in education? Select all that apply. Select all answers that apply.

There are many ways to personalize lessons for each student using adaptive technology. Technology enables students to be more independent, as they are controlling how they access information. Educational studies have shown that technology plays a significant role in increasing engagement and motivation in the classroom.

Franco, an ELL student, writes the following about a holiday in his native country: "On this day, our family visits the graves of my grandparents and brings them gifts. Like flowers and candy. Then, we go home to eat, sing and tell our favorite stories. It is a special day." What is the problem with Franco's text?

There is a sentence fragment.

Some middle school ESL students are struggling with the current assignment on word order. The teacher explains again that there are certain rules in English that must be applied. She points out verb endings and other relevant information to one group more than once. However, they continue to fall into incorrect patterns. Why might the students be having such a hard time?

They are having a conflict with the rules from their first language

esearch has shown that ELL students benefit from formative assessments. All of the following are benefits that formative assessments provide to ELL students except:

They provide students with a grade that can be compared to peers.

A middle school teacher teaches a group of intermediate-level English learners about prefixes and suffixes. How is this activity most likely to promote students' English language development?

This activity will increase vocabulary and syntactic understanding.

Sixth-grade social studies teacher Mr. Smith plans to teach a lesson on the American Revolution. About half of his class is made up of ELLs of varying levels of proficiency in English. Before the lesson begins, what can a teacher do to build ELLs' background knowledge on the American Revolution?

Use a PowerPoint to explain key events of the American Revolution.

Mr. Ramsey wants to promote vocabulary expansion among his English language learners. Which of the following would be the best engaging strategy to promote this goal?

Use activities to internalize language

Mrs. Holland breaks her ELL/ESL class into small groups and provides each group a list of words about animals at the zoo. She instructs each group to discuss the words and decide what each word has or does not have in common with the other words. Which of the following is this activity most likely to promote?

Vocabulary about animals

In a cookbook, there are many instances of command forms of verbs. This is true because the purpose of the recipes is to instruct how to prepare various food items. This is an example of:

a language function.

A teacher is planning a lesson on the physics of skateboarding. Which of the following should be prepared as a pre-teaching step, before showing the students the text from the magazine?

a list of words and jargon specifically related to physics and skateboarding

Which of the following assessment types, in which student percentile ranks are determined by comparison with students in a sample population, can be viewed as unfair to English language learners when the sample group does not contain enough ELLs?

a norm-referenced assessment

A science teacher has a number of English language learners (ELLs) in his class. The class has recently been learning about the scientific method. He wants to assess the students in a way that ensures that they are capable of demonstrating their knowledge, without any language limitations. To do this, he asks each student to do a science experiment using the scientific method by forming a hypothesis and testing it out. What type of assessment is he using?

a performance-based assessment

Which type of assessment is considered by many to be ideal for English language learners (ELLs) because it allows them to demonstrate their understanding without relying on a single, correct answer?

a performance-based assessment

Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of language in practical situations. Which of the following would be a pragmatic meaning of the sentence "Can you pass the ketchup?"

a request for the listener to give the questioner the ketchup

A sixth-grade English teacher has some English Language Learners (ELLs) in her class. She knows that the students are learning about animals in their science class, so she asks each student to choose an animal and write an essay about its characteristics. When assessing their essays, she wants to accommodate the diverse mix of levels and assess various skills individually. Which of the following ways of assessing the students would be the most appropriate?

a rubric

To ensure that ELL students are acquiring the knowledge and skills that are considered essential at different levels of schooling, what program model is the most appropriate?

a scaffolded standards-based curriculum

Which of the following is an example of sociolinguistics?

a study of Spanish and English being spoken together as Spanglish

As a way to monitor the progress of her English language learners (ELLs) an ESL teacher has created portfolios for each of her students in which she stores anecdotal records and performance samples. Which of the following is an example of an anecdotal record?

a teacher note on a task the teacher observed

According to the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (CALLA), which of the following is an example of a cognitive learning strategy that is commonly used in the preparation phase of learning?

activating prior knowledge

In an elementary school ESL class, a teacher states, "I like to travel." The teacher then supplies a prompt by showing a photo of a person reading. Students respond, "I like to read." The exercise continues with other verbs such as "dance, sing, play, eat." This method of reinforcing structural patterns and practicing vocabulary is called the:

audio-lingual method.

A teacher writes the following sentence on the board in his ESL class: "I met my friend for lunch at the café." Immediately a student raises his hand and asks, "Why did you use an accent mark? I thought you didn't have accent marks in English." What is being demonstrated by the teacher in this sentence?

borrowing

A few weeks into the new school year, a fifth-grade teacher notices that some of her ELL students are hesitant to answer questions in front of the class. These students are capable of answering written questions or responding privately to just the teacher but seem nervous to speak before the whole class. What is the best strategy for their teacher to take to encourage these students to participate orally in class?

build in time for students to talk in small groups or partners about academic content and topics of student choice

Which two of the following words are modal auxiliaries? Select all answers that apply.

can may

Which of the following words can be created by following the formula: ADJ + ly = ADV?

carefully

A class role-plays two different scenarios: 1. Speaking with a teacher about the unfairness of a grade they received; 2. Speaking with a friend about the unfairness of a grade they received. What does this activity practice?

changing registers

Which of the following is a minimal pair?

chew and too

The school is supposed to help a student grow in several ways. English language learners learn about subject matter and also learn English. It can be said that two domains that have been addressed are:

cognitive and linguistic.

Which instructional approach would be most likely to incorporate the following activities? practicing question forms by asking students to interview classmates creating a role-play to demonstrate an assigned scenario reading and discussing an authentic news article

communicative approach

Which of the following tasks does NOT promote the development of Basic Interpersonal Skills (BICS)?

completing graphic organizers independently

Mr. Hansen, an ESL teacher, often uses drawings, images, or objects to illustrate complex or abstract concepts to students. This is an example of which of the following?

comprehensible input

Which of the following program models integrates English-as-a-Second-Language instruction with subject matter instruction that focuses not only on learning English, but using English as a medium to learn other academic subjects?

content-based ESL model

English learners (ELs) in early childhood environments often require direct instruction in literacy development. One pedagogical strategy a teacher can use to improve academic language outcomes in young children is to:

create activities that incorporate language that will be used outside of the classroom.

Mrs. Reed is a middle-school ESL teacher. Recently she has noticed that many of her students have anxiety and self-doubt when they are writing. She believes that this is hindering the process of achieving writing proficiency. What can Ms. Reed focus on in order to effectively reduce this anxiety and provide students with the confidence they need to write in English?

creating an environment that encourages students to take risks and express ideas in their writing

Mr. Duffy teaches high-school ELLs and believes that he has a harder job than his colleagues who teach younger learners. This is because he believes that there is an optimal period for language acquisition, which ends at puberty. Mr. Duffy supports the:

critical period hypothesis.

Which of the following describes a characteristic of the English language that makes it particularly difficult for English language learners?

deep orthography

An intermediate-level English learner writes the following sentences in his narrative about a family tradition: "On New Year's Eve, my family always goes to a beach. My grandmother cooks the big meal, and we sit on this blanket, listen to live music, and eat together. Beaches are always crowded. Most of people wear white clothes because they believe color white brings peace and wealth. It's nice tradition." Based on these sentences, the student needs some additional practice with:

determiners.

Once a week, an ESL teacher has access to a tablet for each student in her class. During that time, to assess understanding at various points throughout the lesson, the teacher asks questions and has students respond on their tablets. She reviews their responses to determine if they can move on or should continue to practice a specific topic. This activity is primarily an example of a:

formative assessment

A new teacher observes a veteran teacher using street signs and bus schedules as reading material in her ESL class. Authentic tasks like this used in the classroom are effective because they:

give students a chance to learn about real-life tasks.

An ESL teacher takes her class to the language lab so they can listen to recordings of an everyday vocabulary in English. She hands each student a recording sheet and informs them to place a check on the line for each phrase they hear. Below is the recording sheet: Directions: Listen to the tape and place a check on the line for each phrase you hear. ____ The lemons are on aisle nine. ____ The apples are not good. ____ The oranges are not ripe. ____ The bread is on the right side of the store. ____ The milk is on the left side of the store. Which of the following everyday activities is the teacher most likely preparing for?

going grocery shopping

Phonics can be difficult for English language learners because English:

has a deep orthography.

Which of the following is not an example of a modal verb?

hasn't

Which of the following activities is an effective use of technology to aid reading comprehension for intermediate English learners?

having students look at online images and videos to help build context before reading a text

A recent arrival student who has a strong background in mathematics from his home country will have an easier time learning during math instruction rather than during ELL/ESL time because:

his cognition helps him with this academic subject (even if it is taught in English).

All teachers in Texas who have ELL students in their classrooms must be trained to conduct the TELPAS. This assessment is intended to measure:

how well students are learning English.

English learners (ELs) in the early elementary grades benefit from systematic, explicit instruction in reading and literary skills. To complement this type of instruction, which of the following strategies should a teacher implement on a regular basis?

include frequent academic and social opportunities for English learners to practice vocabulary words

Marta, an ELL student, writes the following in her journal: "Everyone in the class like lunchtime because that's when we can play outside. On the days when there isn't some sun, we stay inside and read in the library. This is my favorite activity." Based on this statement, Marta would most likely benefit from further instruction in:

indefinite pronouns.

A teacher wrote the following sentences on the board: The new student is Texan. Most Texans like the rodeos. The new student likes the rodeo. What style of discourse was used?

inductive

Abdul is an English learner from the Middle East. In his writing, he often makes mistakes with articles. In a recent writing assignment he wrote, "I am from the Bahrain" because in Arabic the definite article "the" is used in the names of places. Which of the following best explains what is happening?

interference from L1

Ricardo, a student from Spain who moved to the US a couple of years ago, has recently noticed that his thoughts are often in English, rather than his native language of Spanish. What stage of second-language acquisition is Ricardo most likely in?

intermediate fluency

A group of advanced English learners is struggling with English intonation. Which of the following strategies is likely to be the most effective first step in addressing the students' difficulty?

introduce the three main types of intonation with examples

A teacher is perplexed by a recurring syllable appearing within words that the ELL student has included in his composition. The student explains that in his language there are ways to express affect by adding in this syllable. This is an example of:

language interference.

Mr. Swanson teaches a class with a few English learners from France and a few from Spain. He notices that the students from Spain sometimes leave out the subject in sentences such as "It is interesting" and instead state "Is interesting," but the French speakers don't make this error. This is an example of:

language interference.

Mr. Levitt notices that one of his English language learner students speaks differently to him than when he's talking with other students. The student best demonstrates an awareness of:

language register.

Which of the following descriptions best describes the linguistic term language acquisition?

learning a first or second language as a process, either piece by piece, or through a total immersive experience

Although there are many different ways to write in English, most English learners are taught that English discourse can be described as:

linear.

Texas state law requires that English language learners' education is responsive in the following domains:

linguistic, affective, and academic.

When providing content and language instruction, which of the following should not be done for the ELL students?

lower the level of the academic content

A high school English teacher is working with a group of English Language Learners (ELLs) to expand their vocabulary knowledge and English word usage. She is conducting a lesson in which she shows her ELLs that many words in Spanish and English have nearly identical spellings and meanings. Which of the following instructional strategies is the teacher utilizing in this scenario?

matching cognates

An ESL teacher has each of her students highlight at least two key words from each paragraph they read. As the ELL students are reading, they paraphrase what they read using the highlighted words to guide them. This strategy benefits the ELL students by increasing their skills in which of the following?

metacognitive thought processes that help synthesize information

A teacher writes the following two sentences on the board and asks the students to identify the difference. I ate my popcorn when the movie started. I had eaten my popcorn when the movie started. What does this activity demonstrate?

metalinguistic differences

A class, which contains a few ELL students at varying proficiency levels, has just finished reading a short story, and the teacher has designed a reading comprehension assessment that requires students to both answer multiple choice questions and write short answer responses. In order to best assess the ELL students, the teacher should:

modify the assessment questions and response styles to meet the ELL students proficiency levels and strengths.

Mr. Telleria, an ESL teacher asks the students in his class to look at the series of words and determine the meaning of the underlined portion: beautiful, careful, thoughtful unhappy, unfair, unemployed predict, preview, prepare What is the teacher determining students' comprehension of?

morphology

Amanda is a first-grade student learning to read and is practicing the following words in her reading this week: slide hate pine crime lane nope After learning these words, Amanda is able to read the words "slime," "fate," and "rode" simply by visually recognizing the pattern. Which of the following best describes the processing system that Amanda is using to apply her learning to the new words?

orthographic

With on-going instruction, teachers expand student understanding of spelling rules and how they apply to various words. Through this process, they are deepening their understanding of which linguistic concept?

orthography

An ELL says the following: "I falled and hurt both my foots." Based on his statement, the ELL struggles with:

overgeneralization.

Which of the following words contains a derivational suffix?

painter

In order to effectively acquire a second language, which of the following factors is most important?

participating in meaningful social interactions and activities

A fourth-grade ESL class conducts a science experiment in which they observe the difference between fresh and salt water by measuring how much a pencil floats or sinks in containers filled with each liquid. Using the knowledge gained from their measurements, they are given mystery liquids and asked to determine which have the most salt in them. This task is an example of a:

performance based assessment.

Which of the following words contains a consonant digraph?

phone

Which of the following terms describes the smallest unit of speech sound that, when combined with other units of speech sound, forms a word?

phoneme

The smallest units of sound that make up a language are called:

phonemes

The smallest individual sounds in a word are called:

phonemes.

A kindergarten student is reading the following sentence aloud. "The dog ran to the porch." When the student gets to the word "porch," he pauses to sound out each individual sound in the word. The student is using which processing system while reading this word?

phonological

Ms. Allain, an ESL teacher, distributes the following quiz to her ELL students and tells them to circle the word that does not rhyme. does / was / has show / no / now air / near / care Which of the following skills would this assignment assess?

phonological awareness

It is the beginning of the school year and a prekindergarten teacher is teaching her students daily classroom routines. There are several beginning English learners (ELs) in her classroom this year. Which of the following strategies should the teacher implement to meet the needs of this group of students?

place procedure cards with pictures and the written steps to follow around the room for students to reference

A student who uses imperative statements to ask for things, such as saying to the teacher, "Give me a pencil," is displaying a lack of which of the following competencies?

pragmatic

When a teacher is working with students on their intonation pattern, the teacher is dealing with which level of language?

pragmatics

A third-grade ESL teacher is starting a new science unit on the physical properties of matter. Students will be expected to determine how to classify different objects. She will give students brown paper bags with 5 objects inside each one. The students must write down the properties and figure out what each object is without looking. In order for the children to be successful, the teacher must do which of the following prior to this activity?

preview and discuss texture vocabulary and allow students to provide examples

A middle-school teacher is choosing a lesson for intermediate-level learners for a content-based ELD lesson on evolution. Which of the following is an appropriate modification for the teacher to make for the ELLs in his class?

providing glossaries

A teacher shows her students a collection of video clips of people having conversations in different settings. She asks the students to observe the physical distance between the two people and their body positions and use those observations to make predictions about their relationship to one another. What does this activity focus on?

proxemic features of communication

Before reading a science text written in English, a teacher asks her English-language learners (ELLs) to predict what the article is about by reading the title and subtitles and looking at the images and charts. Which of the following skills does this activity develop?

reading comprehension

Mrs. Henderson is a bilingual teacher at her school and a member of the school's Language Proficiency Assessment Committee. She has reviewed the assessment results of recently enrolled students who indicated English as a second language on their enrollment documentation. She meets with the LPAC campus administrator and other committee members to:

recommend placement for all of the new English language learners and send letters home to parents to approve the placement.

An ELL writes the following sentences in his text about planning a surprise party for a friend. "Well, that was an unexpected surprise!" "Let's postpone the party until later." The sentences contain errors pertaining to

redundancy

Which of the following classroom activities focus on developing sociolinguistic competence?

role play dialogues and analysis of idioms

Use the transcript of a student talking about his summer vacation to answer the question that follows: I love summer. Every summer my brother and me, uhh...my brother and I go to my grandparents' house for one week. The first time, I no like this, but now I am more old, umm...and I enjoy spend time with my grandparents. My grandpa takes me to fishing, and my grandma cooks good. It is great! Line 1 contains an example of which of the following?

self-correction

Mr. Arnoldo teaches fifth-grade science. During a recent lesson, he read the directions for an experiment to his students and noticed that many students seemed confused about starting the experiment. Mr. Arnoldo repeated the procedure, step by step, modifying the language in order to make the instructions more comprehensible. Which technique was Mr. Arnoldo demonstrating by modifying the lesson?

sheltered English instruction

Mrs. Yates, a fifth-grade science teacher, sees that the ELLs in her class are having trouble understanding a new unit about electricity and magnetism. What can she do to help her students better comprehend the learning material?

show students an image related to the topic at the start of class and ask them to state everything that they can about the image

Which of the following theories supports the idea that children learn language due to a desire to communicate with the world around them?

social interactionist

An ESL teacher plays a video clip of a dinner conversation in English and has learners compare the interaction, such as choice of topic and turn-taking, with their own interactions. Then, in small groups, the students create their own dialogues and role-play for the class. The teacher is performing this activity in order to increase the students':

sociolinguistic competence.

As part of her master's thesis, Ms. Warren, a middle-school ESL teacher, performed a small-scale study of the linguistic variation within her city. What area of linguistics is most likely to be Ms. Warren's specialty?

sociolinguistics

Karina, an English learner from Ecuador, has just started speaking more frequently in her classes. Her words and sentences have gotten longer, but she is still only comfortable talking about familiar topics. What stage of second-language Acquisition is she likely to fall into?

speech emergence

Carla, an ELL student from Colombia, is at the intermediate level. Despite lacking some grammar knowledge, she is very good at getting her message across. She has no trouble using communication techniques such as gesturing and circumlocution to convey her ideas. Based on the information, it seems Carla has a high level of:

strategic competence.

An ESL teacher wants to advocate for ESL students to the school's staff and faculty. The teacher should provide information about the:

strategies for assessing students and the need for simplifying the use of complex phrasing, idiomatic expressions, and cultural references.

Which of the following terms is used to describe a learning environment in which students incorporate their interests and skills into the learning process?

student-centered

A risk-free environment in a classroom means that the:

students feel supported to learn.

Which of the following teaching methods often makes use of art and music and emphasizes the importance of a close relationship between teacher and student?

suggestopedia

Mr. Price is a teacher who speaks Spanish. He has some English language learners (ELLs) from Mexico in his class. Mr. Price has given his class a research project which involves doing research, reading texts, and writing a report. He wants to find a way to use the students' native language to scaffold their learning in English but isn't sure of the best way to do it. What can Mr. Price do to scaffold the assignment in a way that supports the students' English literacy?

supplement the English texts with research in the ELLs' native language and have them present their findings in English

A first-grade English learner makes many mistakes when pronouncing words because he sometimes uses the letter-sound correspondence he learned from his first language to sound out words in English. Which of the following steps can the teacher take to help him pronounce words correctly?

teaching the student which letter sounds in his native language transfer to English and which do not

Which is an appropriate activity for ELLs who are lacking in vocabulary development?

teaching them how to identify context clues and use them effectively to interpret meanings

An ESL teacher takes the class on a field trip to an exhibit at a local museum. After they return the teacher asks the students to write down a description of the experience for a student who wasn't there and then to read their description aloud to a partner. In this activity, the teacher uses which of the following approaches to promote writing?

the language experience approach

Slang and idiomatic expressions are confusing to English language learners because:

the word-for-word translations of the expressions do not make sense.

Communicative competence requires an advanced speaker of English to behave in the following manner:

to be comfortable using English in all situations.

Which of the following involves an understanding of a sentence's surface structure and deep structure and uses identified patterns to alter the structure of a sentence?

transformational grammar

Mr. James is a member of his school's Language Proficiency Assessment Committee. As a member of the committee, which of the following is NOT a responsibility of Mr. James?

tutoring ELL students.

A prekindergarten teacher is planning her daily read-aloud during group instruction. To improve the understanding and engagement of her EL students during read-alouds, the teacher can:

use props or pictures to assist in understanding important parts of the story.

An ESL teacher divides her students into groups. There are ELLs in each group. The teacher gives each group 1 dice, 36 cubes and 6 plates. The students will roll the dice to determine how many groups and roll once again to determine how many cubes in each group. The students are given a sentence stem and will record their rolls on a sheet of paper, for example 4 groups and 2 in each group equals 8 cubes. This will later transfer to multiplicative form of 4 x 2 = 8. This activity demonstrates the teacher's awareness of the purpose of which of the following best practices?

using manipulatives to gain a deep understanding of concepts

Mr. Robbins would like to incorporate more technology into his ESL classroom. All of the following would be an efficient use of technology during class time except:

using multimedia equipment to show full-length movies in the classroom.

Students who are given contextual writing assignments (such as journal writing in mathematics) have a chance to better develop content-area language because they are: Select all answers that apply.

writing about a problem they have to solve. using/selecting their own words to convey their solution.

An ESL teacher has been approached by many parents about the district's policy for students receiving ESL services. The parents are not pleased with the policy and would like adjustments made. Which of the following actions best allows the ESL teacher to serve as an advocate for ELL students and their families?

xplain to the parents the options for making their concerns known to policymakers and help them contact the appropriate policymakers

Mrs. McArthur is teaching an instructional unit on health to her class, where English is the second language of many students. She begins by writing on the board, "Students do not need to be embarrassed during the upcoming lessons." She turns around and notices many students are confused and flustered upon reading this sentence. After discussing the situation with the class, she realizes the students are confusing the word "embarrassed" for "embarazada" which means "pregnant." Which of the following does the above scenario best exemplify?

All of the above

There are many aspects of oral language that extend beyond an individual's word choice or sentence structure, such as the tone of voice or speed at which a person speaks. Which of the following would students need to learn to best adapt their speech to multiple situations?

All of the above.

Ms. Winski, a second-grade teacher, notices that her newest English language learner is struggling to communicate with his peers. Which option below would best encourage her new student to practice speaking to and interacting with his classmates?

Allow time before and after activities for students to chat with their deskmates.

Which of the following statements is true about behaviors of English language learners?

Difficulty in remembering names or recalling essential words from memory needed for oral or written language can be a sign of a learning impairment.

Mr. Clark devotes a whole month of his class time introducing students to root words, practicing using and defining words with roots, playing word games where students create new words with existing roots, and other morphology-based activities. These morphology lessons demonstrate Mr. Clark's awareness of which concept related to literacy development?

Students who learn roots, prefixes, and suffixes can more easily decode new vocabulary while reading.

When children are beginning to write in their second language they must be careful with their vocabulary choice as well as the sentence structure so that their words are in the correct order. Which of the following literary terms does this instruction best identify?

Syntax

Which of the following describes an English Language Learner (ELL) who has reached the stage of speech emergence?

The student has good comprehension skills but still makes grammatical and pronunciation errors.

Some middle school ELL students are struggling with the current assignment on word order. The teacher explains again that there are certain rules in English that must be applied. She points out verb endings and other relevant information to one group more than once. Why might they be having such a hard time?

They are having a conflict with the rules from their first language.

Which of the following is an example of a student demonstrating proficiency in adjusting language as needed in social situations?

a student who switches from an informal register with peers to a formal register with teachers

An eighth-grade teacher reads her students Emily Dickinson's poem "Success," seen here: Success is counted sweetest By those who ne'er succeed. To comprehend a nectar Requires sorest need. Not one of all the purple host Who took the flag to-day Can tell the definition, So clear, of victory, As he, defeated, dying, On whose forbidden ear The distant strains of triumph Break, agonized and clear! The teacher highlights the lines "The distant strains of triumph / Break, agonized and clear" and asks students what Dickinson meant by this. A student says, "Sometimes it hurts to see others succeed, like to the point it breaks you." The student's answer shows an understanding of which of the following reading comprehension skills?

analyzing unexpected syntax and sentence construction

Hannah, an English learner from Germany, has been in the US for about six months and is in the early production stage of language acquisition. Which of the following instructional activities would be appropriate for her?

asking her to respond to yes/no or either/or questions

Which of the following strategies would be likely to help a student who struggles with fossilization of errors? Select all that apply: Select all answers that apply.

asking students to listen to and find errors in their recorded speech having students keep a record of written errors as part of a language portfolio

A student in an intermediate-level ESOL class often uses simple vocabulary words and structures, rather than taking a risk with new words and structures. He is applying which of the following L2 transitional strategies?

avoidance

An intermediate English learner describes his first Thanksgiving to his classmates. "My friend invited me to his house for Thanksgiving. There was so many foods! I love a lot the stuffing. I put on it the brown sauce that you put on top of the turkey. It was so good." The student is demonstrating which of the following communication strategies?

circumlocution

An English learner writes the following: "I went to the store to buy some cheese. Cheese is a popular food in France. France is the world's most popular tourist destination. I can't decide what destination to travel to next year." Which component of written discourse is the learner struggling with?

coherence

According to Cummins, which of the following is a context-embedded task?

conducting a science experiment

Which of the following is the correct term for the idea that the human brain's capacity to acquire language appears to diminish over time?

critical period hypothesis

An intermediate ELL is discussing a tradition of his family and says the following, "Every summers my family go to my grandma's house. She has firepit in her yard. We make the marshmallows and chocolate snacks. It is so much fun." The student makes at least one error in the use of:

determiners

It is important for ESL teachers to teach English learners when it is appropriate to respond to questions, ask questions, stay silent, and follow politeness rules. These are all elements of which of the following?

discourse

An English learner states the following in his informal presentation to the class: "Today I'm gonna talk about the culture and traditions of Italians. First, I'll discuss a little about the history of the country, and on the other hand, I'll describe how history affected the current culture." What element of discourse is the learner struggling with?

discourse markers

An ESL teacher has a class of students who fall into the pre-production stage of second-language acquisition. All of the following teaching strategies should be used with this group EXCEPT:

encouraging speaking with classmates in small groups.

An ESL teacher provides her students with the following excerpt: "Learning a second language can be difficult. In fact, it can take years to truly master a second language. According to the US Department of State's Foreign Service Institute, it can take up to 4400 hours to become fluent in another language." What style of discourse is depicted in the excerpt?

exposition

In 2017, the French president Emmanuel Macron was visiting Australia. While speaking at a press event, he thanked the prime minister at the time and his wife for their hospitality, saying, "Thank you and your delicious wife." His error was due to the fact that the words "delicious" and "delightful" are the same word in French. What is this an example of?

false cognates

Eleanor is a 4th grade student who wrote the following sentences during a "share a small moment" prompt in class. "My Dad got a new car. I sit in the backseat. The car is blue. I wear my seat belt." Eleanor would benefit from instruction related to:

formation of complex sentences.

An English learner at an advanced proficiency level has the following dialogue with his teacher: Student: "I want to help Maria. She work so hard, but is really struggling with the content."Teacher: "Yes, she works very hard." Student: "Oops, she works, not work! Anyway, do you think she want some extra help?" Teacher: "Yes, she probably wants some extra help."Student: "Ah, wants. She wants. That's what I meant." Teacher: "It's a great idea. We can speak with her after class tomorrow." What is likely to be the cause of the student's errors in the dialogue?

fossilization

Ms. Peterson has her English learners read the following sentences: "That was unexpected," he thought as he looked at his test score. He was unhappy. He was usually unprepared for tests, but this time he had spent a lot of time studying, and he wasn't sure why he had failed. Something unusual must have happened! After reading the passage, the teacher asks the class, "What might have happened?" and a student replies, "He could have accidentally left a part of the test uncomplete." What cognitive process is causing the student to make this error in his response?

generalization

A teacher presents her class with a series of simple sentences. For each sentence, the teacher asks the students to identify how many times a specific letter is used. This activity requires students to use which processing skill?

graphophonemic

An advanced English learner talks about the upcoming vote for class president. He says the following: "Whom do you think will win the election? Between you and I, I think John is going to win." The student is demonstrating which of the following language features?

hypercorrection

An eighth-grade teacher writes two sentences on the board and asks students to combine them in the most coherent, logical way possible. Combine: The automobile raced down the road with little regard to those passing. The well-mannered Great Dane sat calmly in the passenger seat. Single Sentence: The automobile raced down the road with little regard to those passing, but the well-mannered Great Dane sat calmly in the passenger seat. This activity is likely to help

improve the students' ability to write and comprehend compound sentences.

The following is based on a student's excerpt about her favorite time of day. "In the afternoon, I often see birds and rabbits on the way home from school. It is really nice to watch the animals and listen to the sounds of nature walking on the trail. It is the most peaceful and relaxing time of my day." The errors primarily involve:

misplaced modifiers.

A sixth-grade student with a speech-language impairment is having difficulty with suffixes. For example, when talking about an event that happened the previous day he might say, "Chris play with me during recess." Instead of "Chris played with me during recess." With which component of language is the student showing difficulties?

morphology

A student is able to distinguish the structure and form of words. This level of language development is called

morphology

A student who understands how to create a word by adding a prefix to another word has learned about:

morphology.

Mr. Jameson notices that one of his English learners almost always adds the suffix "ion" when he wants to change a word to a noun, often resulting in made-up words. This student could use some extra practice with:

morphology.

A science class was assigned a project of creating an instrument using recycled items as part of their unit on sound energy. When presenting her project to the class, an ELL named Teresa said, "So I put beads inside this bottle and then my baby brother tried to take them! I ran after him and he yelled like, 'Eeeeee!' Then I put plastic over the top and put a rubber band around it. Now I can shake it and it makes noise. It's kinda cool." Teresa's presentation needs improvement in the area of:

register.

An elementary student is reading aloud to her teacher. When she encounters the unfamiliar word "encounter," she says the word in three chunks, "en-coun-ter." Which of the following best describes the principle that she is using to determine the pronunciation of the word?

segmentation

When ELL students hear these phrases, "It's raining cats and dogs outside," or "This is just a drop in the bucket," they may be confused, as they probably need to have specific instruction in:

semantics.

A student is having difficulty constructing full sentences out of words and phrases. Which component of language is the student having difficulty expressing?

syntax

An ESL student consistently writes sentences and places the adjective after the noun, as in "I went to the house blue." What is this student struggling with?

syntax

What principle of language will the reader use to determine the part of speech of the word "hits" in the following sentence: Max ended the baseball game with a total of four hits!

syntax

If a student is struggling with applying grammar rules and the structure of sentences when writing, the student is most likely needing development in the area of:

syntax.

Students with home languages that derive from Latin will have an easier time learning the English counterparts of science vocabulary than students with Germanic home languages because:

the lexical items are similar.

Pragmatics is:

the study of language in its use.

Use the conversation between Daniel, a high school English-language learner (ELL), and his teacher to answer the questions that follow. Mr. Jedson: What are some ways we can stay healthy? Daniel: We can to exercise and eat healthy foods. Mr. Jedson: Yes, and what else? Daniel: Well, we shouldn't smoking or drinking too much alcohol. Based on the grammatical errors that Daniel makes in the conversation, which of the following topics would he most benefit from a lesson on?

the use of modal verbs

An eighth-grade teacher reads her students Emily Dickinson's poem "Success," seen here: Success is counted sweetest By those who ne'er succeed. To comprehend a nectar Requires sorest need. Not one of all the purple host Who took the flag to-day Can tell the definition, So clear, of victory, As he, defeated, dying, On whose forbidden ear The distant strains of triumph Break, agonized and clear! The teacher asks which words in the poem are verbs. One of the students says success is a verb because the speaker succeeds in making a point. Another student says that success is a noun because it is simply an idea and the word comprehend is a verb. The class then discusses the points made by each student. This discussion could help students realize that:

understanding the structure of language can assist with text comprehension.

A student who has a language disorder typically struggles to form meaningful sentences in spoken and written form. Which communication strategy would benefit a student who struggles with forming sentences?

use sentence completion and cloze techniques

Which of the following words ends with a voiceless sound?

wait

Slang and idiomatic expressions are confusing to second language learners because:

word for word translations of the expressions do not make sense.

An ELL student says the following: "What address should I address the letter to?" The student makes an error in the pronunciation of the noun and verb form of "address." The error in pronunciation of these words indicates a problem with:

word stress patterns.

Which of the following is an example of an independent clause?

working through the night was common for him

Which of the following is a morpheme?

write