Ethical Decision Making Exam II Chapters 5-7

10. According to Fyfe and Kane, on-duty abuse is: a. the use of excessive force, psychological abuse, or discrimination. b. all offenses except those that are drug-related with the goal of profit. c. simple failure to meet expectations. d. violating one or more departmental rules.

A

12. is the right of people in certain roles to use any means to overcome resistance. a. Power b. Duty c. Authority d. Persuasion

A

13. According to Klockars, lying to a mentally ill person by telling him/her that the police will take care of laser beams from Mars is an example of: a. blue lies. b. deviant lies. c. police placebos. d. tolerated lies.

A

16. is different from the other three means of control in that it is physical. a. Force b. Authority c. Argument d. Persuasion

A

17. In Barker and Carter's study, they found that up to what percent of police may have used drugs on duty? a. 20 b. 2 c. 60 d. 40

A

17. Which of the following statements is true? a. One of the biggest problems with informants is that their reliability is often highly questionable. b. In most cases, officers have manufactured informants. c. Generally speaking, informants tend to be cost-prohibitive. d. "Confidential informants" are usually more trustworthy than witnesses.

A

18. Muir's typology of police styles includes which of the following: a. the professional b. the avoider c. the enforcer d. the watchman

A

20. In Brown's typology of police styles, the old-style crime fighters: a. are concerned only with action that might be considered crime control. b. avoided situations where they might be challenged. c. balanced coercion with compassion. d. had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace.

A

20. The term "entrapment" refers to an incident wherein an otherwise innocent person commits an illegal act because: a. of police encouragement or enticement. b. they were told by police that it was not against the law. c. he or she was following the lead of an informant. d. they were unable to leave the location.

A

21. The Buddy Boys operated in which city? a. New York b. Los Angeles c. Boston d. Detroit

A

22. In Brown's typology of police styles, which type of officer emphasizes public order and peace officer tasks? a. the professional-style officer b. the service-style officer c. the clean-beat officer d. the old-style crime fighter

A

24. In the case of United States v. Russell (1972), which approach to determine entrapment did the U.S. Supreme Court endorse? a. the objective approach b. the subjective approach c. the combined approach d. the U.S. Supreme Court refused to endorse any particular method

A

25. Some new officers experience cynicism when they encounter citizen disrespect, bureaucratic barriers, and the realities of the justice system. This can lead them to distrust the department's administration and the citizens of the community, leaving them more prone to corruption. This process is known as the a. spiral of cynicism. b. disillusionment process. c. chain of corruption. d. continuum of compromise.

A

26. In terms of undercover operations, ethical formalism would most likely: a. condemn undercover operations where innocent people are deceived because the actions could not be justified under the categorical imperative. b. support undercover operations even if innocent people are deceived, as long as the greater good was being served. c. support undercover operations under any circumstances. d. allow undercover operations only if the general community approved the action ahead of time.

A

3. The term "grass eaters" refers to police officers in: a. New York City officers who accepted bribes, gratuities, and protection money. b. Boston officers who sold their services to the highest bidders. c. Los Angeles officers who "shopped" at burglary scenes. d. Chicago officers who used marijuana on a regular basis.

A

30. According to the text, the most common reasons for false convictions include all of the following except: a. inaccurate reporting in the media. b. false confessions. c. inaccurate eyewitness identifications. d. mishandled evidence.

A

4. According to Packer, which of the following is one of the principles under which the due process model operates? a. Protection of the process is as important as protection of citizens. b. Efficiency in casework is a top priority. c. There is a presumption of guilt. d. Emphasis is on speed and finality.

A

7. A model of law enforcement that addresses underlying problems rather than simply enforcing the law is referred to as: a. crime control policing. b. reactive policing. c. traditional policing. d. community policing.

A

7. According to research provided in the text, which of the following is not a factor associated with the use of force by police? a. time of year (season) b. suspect's mental illness c. suspect's gang membership d. presence of onlookers

A

8. The concepts of community policing, problem-oriented policing, and accountability mechanisms are components of which model of policing? a. preventive policing b. reactive policing c. traditional policing d. intelligence-led policing

A

10. In Barker and Carter's proposed typology of lies, those that are considered "necessary evils" are known as: a. deviant lies. b. tolerated lies. c. encouraged lies. d. placebo lies.

B

11. Items of value received by an individual because of his or her role or position rather than because of a personal relationship with the giver are called: a. pay offs b. gratuities. c. bribes d. rewards

B

12. Lies that are used to control a suspect or to avoid the use of force are called: a. deviant lies. b. blue lies. c. tolerated lies. d. accepted lies.

B

13. Persuasion is defined as: a. the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance. b. the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance. c. the use of force and coercion to get one's way. d. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role.

B

14. An important distinction between a gift and a gratuity is that a gift is: a. clearly given with expectations of reciprocity. b. clearly given with no strings attached. c. something that can only be given to an off-duty police officer. d. something that is received from someone recently arrested.

B

15. According to Klockars, what are the four elements of police power? a. power, persuasion, threat, and force b. power, persuasion, force, and authority c. authority, threat, force, and persuasion d. force, coercion, persuasion, authority

B

16. Civilians who are used to obtain facts and intelligence about criminal activity and/or participate in it so evidence can be obtained for an arrest are called: a. snitch. b. informants. c. tattlers. d. witness.

B

17. Wilson's descriptions of the various types of police include all of the following except which? a. legalistic b. service c. watchman d. caretaker

B

18. According to Carter, the elements of police work that can lead to drug use include all of the following except: a. exposure to a criminal element. b. time spent in traffic patrol duties. c. relative freedom from supervision. d. uncontrolled availability of contraband.

B

2. The crime control and due process models were developed by: a. Carl Klockars. b. Herbert Packer. c. Lawrence Sherman. d. John Crank.

B

23. Cohen and Feldberg include all of the following as ethical standards derived from the social contract except: a. safety and security. b. efficiency. c. fair access. d. teamwork.

B

24. The "rotten bushel" explanation is which type of explanation for police deviance? a. societal b. organizational c. individual d. philosophical

B

27. The "blue curtain of secrecy" refers to: a. the law that prevents the release of some victim information from police reports. b. the practice of police officers to remain silent when fellow officers commit unethical actions . c. the practice of voting in secret during elections of police union leaders. d. the news media's reluctance to report on certain police issues.

B

28. Research on abuse and corruption complains finds that: a. these are widespread problems. b. these activities are dis-proportionally engaged in by a small number of officers. c. these problems are more prevalent now than ever in the past. d. these issues are particularly a problem in the northeast.

B

28. The classic father confessor approach to interrogations involves: a. physical force in the form of beatings to get a confession. b. a sympathetic figure for the defendant to confide to. c. one nice officer and a seemingly brutal, threatening officer. d. one nice officer and a seemingly uncaring, withdrawn officer.

B

29. Lack of background checks, poor internal discipline procedures, and poor supervision are all examples of what type of explanations for police deviance? a. societal b. organizational c. individual d. philosophical

B

4. The continuum-of-force approach allows the officer to: a. overwhelm the suspect with force to deter resistance. b. employ increasing levels of force in direct response to escalating resistance of the suspect. c. call for assistance from additional officers if a suspect is unruly. d. remain at a safe distance from a violent suspect until backup arrives.

B

6. According to Barker and Carter, harassment and ridicule are examples of which of the following types of abuse? a. physical abuse b. psychological abuse c. legal abuse d. sexual abuse

B

1. "Baksheesh," which is an expected procedure in many developing countries, is another term for: a. nepotism. b. physical abuse. c. graft. d. rewards

C

1. The crime control approach is consistent with the following except: a. Criminals are the enemy. b. Police officers are like soldiers in a war. c. Police officers serve all the people. d. Efficiency is a top priority.

C

10. In relation to community policing and ethics, all of the following is true except: a. community policing ethical issues arise from the closer relationships formed with community members. b. community policing models often foster more corruption than traditional law enforcement models. c. community policing reduces cynicism and burnout among police officers, which may reduce corruption. d. community policing may increase the potential for gratuities.

C

12. Kania believes that gratuities should be allowed because: a. officers don't make much money. b. they cement social bonds. c. they are payment for special services. d. they are without cost.

C

13. Ethical formalism would reject a policy of allowing gratuities if they: a. are expressly against the law. b. occur frequently. c. are offered for the purpose of receiving a later favor. d. are not offered to all officers

C

14. Force is defined as: a. the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance. b. the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance. c. the use of physical coercion to overcome the will of the individual. d. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role.

C

14. Which of the following is not included in Barker and Carter's typology of lies? a. accepted lies b. deviant lies c. normative lies d. tolerated lies

C

15. The practice of declining to issue a ticket to an off-duty officer who is stopped for speeding or for other driving violations is called: a. blue gratuity. b. professional gift. c. professional courtesy. d. blue graft.

C

16. Which of the following is not considered graft? a. bribes b. protection money c. taking merchandise from a crime scene d. payments for referring certain bail bondsmen

C

18. The strongest ethical argument against undercover officers having intimate relationships with suspects comes from: a. utilitarianism. b. ethical formalism. c. ethics of care. d. religion.

C

19. In Muir's typology of police styles, the professional: a. used coercion exclusively. b. avoided situations where they might be challenged. c. balanced coercion with compassion. d. had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace.

C

2. The Knapp Commission coined the term "grass eaters" to refer to officers who did all of the following except: a. taking offered bribes. b. taking offered gratuities. c. taking valuable items from crime scenes. d. accepting unsolicited protection money.

C

20. A comparison of the rates of sexual harassment in policing finds: a. women in policing experience harassment at a higher rate than women in the general workforce. b. women in policing experience harassment at a lower rate than women in the general workforce. c. women in policing experience harassment at about the same rate as women in the general workforce. d. there is no reliable data available to accurately compare women in policing with those in the general workforce.

C

21. There are two approaches used to determine whether entrapment has occurred: a. the primary and the secondary approaches b. the objective and the subjective approaches c. the before- and the after-the-fact approaches d. whether entrapment has occurred cannot be determined

C

23. The approach looks at the defendant's background, character, and predisposition toward crime to determine if entrapment occurred. a. secondary b. objective c. subjective d. primary

C

24. Cohen and Feldberg proposed five ethical standards that can be derived from the social contract between society and the individuals. Which of the following is not one of these standards? a. teamwork b. objectivity c. equality d. fair access

C

25. According to the objective approach, if the state provided an "essential element" that made the crime possible, or if there was extensive and coercive pressure on the defendant to engage in criminal actions, a court might rule that: a. the defendant was guilty. b. the case can move to the trail stage. c. entrapment had occurred. d. entrapment had not occurred.

C

27. Which of the following statements about interrogations is true? a. The "third degree" approach involves a sympathetic paternal figure to whom the defendant confides. b. The "good cop/bad cop" approach is only used in the movies and on television. c. The "third degree" is no longer officially allowed. d. The father confessor approach typically involves physical force.

C

29. The use of physical force to obtain a conviction became illegal with which Supreme Court case? a. Diaz v. Texas b. Bartley v. Montana c. Brown v. Mississippi d. Miranda v. Connecticut

C

29. Which of the following statements about police subculture is false? a. Increasing diversity of police recruits has eliminated the social homogeneity of the workforce b. Civil litigation has increased the risk of covering for another officer c. Decreasing crime rates have reduced the need for a "code of silence" d. Police unions have contributed to the weakening of the police subculture

C

3. According to Packer, which of the following is one of the principles under which the crime control model operates? a. Efficiency is rejected if it involves shortcuts. b. Protection of process is as important as protection of innocents. c. A conveyor belt is the model for the system. d. The coercive power of the state is always subject to abuse.

C

30. Scheingold points to each of the following as a contributing factor to the development of the police subculture except: a. police work in a uniquely stressful work environment. b. police typically form a homogenous social group. c. police perceive themselves as receiving unfair treatment from the media. d. police officers participate in a basically closed social system.

C

4. A study of police ethics around the world revealed that in the United States, the offense considered most serious by the officers surveyed was: a. accepting bribes. b. accepting kickbacks. c. stealing from a crime scene. d. lying under oath.

C

5. The public servant model of policing includes all the following except which? a. Criminals are not a distinct group. b. Police have a limited ability to control crime. c. Protection of the process of justice is as important as crime control. d. Police should focus on processing cases through the system as efficiently as possible.

C

6. Which one of the following is not a true statement about civil lawsuits? a. The level of proof necessary to show legal liability is lower in a civil suit than in a criminal prosecution. b. Civil suits are often settled by cities before they proceed to trial. c. Civil suits cannot be used against police for disciplinary reasons unless accompanied by a criminal charge. d. Civil suits are more likely to be successful than criminal prosecutions.

C

7. According to Barker and Carter, unlawful searchers or seizures are examples of which of the following types of abuse? a. physical abuse b. psychological abuse c. legal abuse d. sexual abuse

C

8. In Barker and Carter's typology of lies, accepted lies are: a. those that occur in court, for the purpose of securing a conviction. b. used to control a violent or dangerous person. c. those used during undercover investigations. d. never acceptable in police work.

C

1. Which of the following statements is false? a. Most studies indicate that blacks express more distrust of police than whites or Hispanics. b. Blacks are more likely than Hispanics to believe police will use excessive force. c. More blacks report disrespectful language or swearing by police officers. d. Hispanics are less likely than blacks to report feeling that the police would treat them fairly.

D

11. According to Barker and Carter, accepted lies must meet all of the following standards except: a. they must be in furtherance of a legitimate organizational purpose. b. there must be a clear relationship between the need to deceive and the accomplishment of an organizational purpose. c. the nature of the deception must be such that it will better serve the public interest than the truth. d. those involved in the lie must reveal the truth as soon as it becomes safe to do so.

D

11. Authority is defined as: a. the right inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance. b. the use of signs and symbols to induce compliance. c. the use of words and arguments to induce compliance. d. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role.

D

15. In Barker and Carter's proposed typology of lies, "deviant lies" are: a. those that are "necessary evils." b. used to control the person. c. those used during undercover investigations. d. those used in the courtroom to make a case or cover up a wrongdoing.

D

19. "Graft" is defined in the text as the exploitation of one's role by: a. utilizing excessive force while arresting someone. b. utilizing excessive force to obtain a confession. c. accepting free coffee from convenience stores. d. accepting bribes, kickbacks, or protection money.

D

19. According to South, some of the ethical problems with informants include all of the following except: a. officers becoming personally involved with informants. b. overestimating the veracity of the informant's information. c. using coercion and intimidation to force the informant to cooperate. d. falsely complimenting the informant to make him feel essential to the operation.

D

21. In Muir's typology of police styles, the reciprocator: a. used coercion exclusively. b. avoided situations where they might be challenged. c. balanced coercion with compassion. d. had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace.

D

22. In order to determine whether entrapment has occurred, the approach examines the government's ____ participation and whether it has exceeded accepted legal standards. a. secondary b. objective c. subjective d. primary

D

23. According to the text, explanations of corruption include all of the following except: a. individual explanations. b. institutional explanations. c. subcultural explanations. d. systemic explanations.

D

25. The four major themes of formal ethical codes for law enforcement include all except: a. fairness. b. personal conduct. c. service. d. education.

D

26. The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics and the Oath of Honor were developed by: a. the U.S. Department of Justice. b. the Police Benevolent Association. c. the National Sheriffs' Association. d. the International Association of Chiefs of Police

D

26. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is: a. a tool used to evaluate the work performance of police officers. b. a tool used to screen potential informants. c. a method for debriefing undercover officers after their operation has concluded. d. a pre-employment screening tool used by law enforcement

D

27. A consent decree is an agreement between a local police department and: a. local government. b. a victim of police brutality. c. local gang leadership. d. the U.S. Department of Justice.

D

28. Souryal argued that there are different kinds of loyalty to superiors or to fellow officers, including all of the following except: a. integrated loyalty. b. personal loyalty. c. institutional loyalty. d. fragmented loyalty.

D

30. Murphy and Caplan argue that each of the following societal factors lead to police corruption, except: a. lack of support from prosecutors and the courts. b. unfair reporting in the news media. c. lax community standards over certain behaviors. d. mixed messages regarding certain crimes such as prostitution.

D

5. Barker and Carter proposed that police abuse of authority comes in all of the following areas except: a. physical abuse. b. psychological abuse. c. legal abuse. d. sexual abuse.

D

5. Which of the following statements about use-of-force statistics is false? a. It is difficult to determine the true number of incidents of excessive force because they often do not find their way into official statistics. b. Researchers use civil rights complaints to document use-of-force incidents. c. Researchers use official documents, such as police incident reports, to help guide them. d. The vast majority of people believe that excessive force is used fairly frequently.

D

6. A shift in police focus away from serving political bosses and toward serving the law was a characteristic of the: a. professional era. b. community policing era. c. political era. d. legalistic era.

D

8. Fyfe and Kane's list of types of police misconduct includes all of the following except: a. police crime. b. on-duty abuse. c. obstruction of justice. d. false disability claims.

D

9. According to Fyfe and Kane, "conduct-related probationary failures" is: a. the use of excessive force, psychological abuse, or discrimination. b. all offenses except those that are drug-related with the goal of profit. c. simple failure to meet job expectations. d. violating one or more departmental rules.

D

9. In confrontations between police and citizens, research has shown that factors leading to disrespectful interaction include each of the following except: a. time of day. b. presence of intoxicants. c. number of bystanders. d. being in a disadvantaged neighborhood.

D

9. The policing strategy that utilizes data analysis to drive decision-making in order to prevent crime is known as: a. professional policing. b. traditional policing. c. community policing. d. intelligence-led policing.

D