ethics

Aristotle

"Nature does nothing in vain", so it is only when a person acts in accordance with their nature and thereby realizes their full potential that they will do good and therefore be content in life.

Six of the values that commonly apply to medical ethics discussions are

1) Beneficence 2) Non-maleficence 3) Autonomy 4) Justice, 5) Dignity, 6) Honesty

. Meta ethics 2. Normative ethics 3. Applied ethics.

3 types of ethics

Hedonism

Affirms that the principal ethic is maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.

Diogenes of Sinope

As a moral teacher, emphasized detachment from many of those things conventionally considered "good".

Epictetus

Creator of stoicism

Greek philosopher Diogenes of Sinope, who lived in a tub on the streets of Athens.

Cynicism creator

Stoicism

Epictetus posited that the greatest good was contentment, serenity and peace of mind, which can be achieved by self-mastery over one's desires and emotions, and freedom from material attachments.

Pyrrho

Founder of Skepticism

Socrates

He asserted that people will naturally do what is good provided that they know what is right, and that evil or bad actions are purely the result of ignorance: "There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance".

Aristotle

He encouraged moderation in all things, the extremes being degraded and immoral, (e.g. courage is the moderate virtue between the extremes of cowardice and recklessness), and held that Man should not simply live, but live well with conduct governed by moderate virtue.

Socrates

He equated knowledge and wisdom with self-awareness (meaning to be aware of every fact relevant to a person's existence) and virtue and happiness.

Diogenes of Sinope

He taught that a life lived according to Nature was better than one that conformed to convention, and that a simple life is essential to virtue and happiness.

Epictetus

In particular, sex and sexual desire are to be avoided as the greatest threat to the integrity and equilibrium of a man's mind.

Code of Hammurabi

In the Louvre in Paris there is a black Babylonian column with a relief showing the sun god Shamash presenting the code of laws

Bioethics

Issues include consideration of cloning, stem cell research, transplant trade, genetically modified food, human genetic engineering, genomics, infertility treatment, etc,

Environmental Ethics

It addresses questions like 1) "Should we continue to clear cut forests for the sake of human consumption?", 2) "Should we continue to make gasoline powered vehicles, depleting fossil fuel resources while the technology exists to create zero-emission vehicles?",

Ethical Naturalism

It assumes cognitivism (the view that ethical sentences express propositions and can therefore be true or false), and that the meanings of these ethical sentences can be expressed as natural properties without the use of ethical terms.

Normative

It attempts to develop a set of rules governing human conduct, or a set of norms for action.

Normative or Prescriptive Approach Normative Approach (or Prescriptive Ethics)

It attempts to develop a set of rules governing human conduct, or a set of norms for action.

Meta-Ethics

It concerns itself with second order questions, specifically the semantics, epistemology and ontology of ethics.

Information Ethics

It is concerned with issues like the privacy of information, whether artificial agents may be moral, how one should behave in the info sphere, and ownership and copyright problems arising from the creation, collection, recording, distribution, processing, etc, of information.

Applied Ethics

It is strict principle-based ethical approaches often result in solutions to specific problems that are not universally acceptable or impossible to implement.

Applied ethics

It is strict principle-based ethical approaches often result in solutions to specific problems that are not universally acceptable or impossible to implement.

Subjectivist Theory

It may be thought that the existence of such apparently altruistic behaviour is odd, for evolutionary theory states that those who do not struggle to survive and reproduce will be eliminated through natural selection.

Natural Law theory

Living things have the ability to discern what is right from wrong through th years of evolution and learning. One might theorize that the instruments were given by God or inherent within everything all along.

Consequentialism, Deontology and Virtue Ethics

Normative ethical theories are usually split into three main categories

Bioethics

Public attention was drawn to these questions by abuses of human subjects in biomedical experiments, especially during the Second World War, but with recent advances in biotechnology, bioethics has become a fast-growing academic and professional area of inquiry.

G. E. Moore

Supporter of Ethical Non-Naturalism

Ten Commandments

The Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) account of God's giving the _______ to Moses (flourished 14th-13th century BCE) on Mount Sinai might be considered another example.

Ethical Non-Naturalism

This doctrine holds that ethical statements express propositions (in that sense it is also cognitivist) that cannot be reduced to non-ethical statements (e.g. "goodness" is indefinable in that it cannot be defined in any other terms).

Business Ethics

This includes Corporate Social Responsibility, a concept whereby organizations consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, employees, shareholders, communities and the environment in all aspects of their operations, over and above the statutory obligation to comply with legislation.

Ethical Naturalism and Ethical Non-Naturalism

Two main variants of Metaethics

1. The Supernatural Theory 2. The Natural Law Theory 3. The Subjectivist Theory

Where does Ethics comes from?

Corporate Social Responsibility,

a concept whereby organizations consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, employees, shareholders, communities and the environment in all aspects of their operations, over and above the statutory obligation to comply with legislation.

Legal Ethics

an ethical code governing the conduct of people engaged in the practice of law.

Hedonists

are people who believe that the most ethical pursuit maximizes pleasure and happiness for oneself or the most people.

Consequentialism (or Teleological Ethics)

argues that the morality of an action is contingent on the action's outcome or result. Thus, a morally right action is one that produces a good outcome or consequence.

G. E. Moore

claimed that a naturalistic fallacy is committed by any attempt to prove a claim about ethics by appealing to a definition in terms of one or more natural properties (e.g. "good" cannot be defined in terms of "pleasant", "more evolved", "desired", etc).

1. Integrity. Being straightforward, honest and truthful in all professional and business relationships 2. Objectivity 3. Professional competence and due care. ... 4. Confidentiality. ... 5. Professional behaviour.

code of ethics made up of five fundamental principles

Bioethics

concerns the ethical controversies brought about by advances in biology and medicine.

Environmental Ethics

considers the ethical relationship between human beings and the natural environment.

Meta-Ethics

deals with the meaning of ethical judgments, and seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments and how they may be supported or defended.

Meta-ethics

deals with the nature of moral judgement. It looks at the origins and meaning of ethical principles.

Media Ethics

deals with the specific ethical principles and standards of media in general, including the ethical issues relating to journalism, advertising and marketing, and entertainment media.

Aristotle

denotes doing the right thing to the right person at the right time to the proper extent in the correct fashion and for the right reason - something of a tall order.

Epictetus

difficult problems in life should not be avoided, but rather embraced as spiritual exercises needed for the health of the spirit.

A meta-ethical theory

does not attempt to evaluate specific choices as being better, worse, good, bad or evil; rather it tries to define the essential meaning and nature of the problem being discussed.

Meta-Ethics

does not attempt to evaluate specific choices as being better, worse, good, bad or evil; rather it tries to define the essential meaning and nature of the problem being discussed.

Business Ethics

examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment.

Dialogue, Protagoras by Plato

humans were physically no match for the other beasts. To make up for these deficiencies, Zeus gave humans a moral sense and the capacity for law and justice, so that they could live in larger communities and cooperate with one another.

Information Ethics

investigates the ethical issues arising from the development and application of computers and information technologies.

Metaethics

is Descriptive in nature. Describing or understanding the nature and dynamic of ethical principles, and the way we learn and acquire moral beliefs.

Normative Ethics

is Prescriptive in nature.

Applied Ethics

is a discipline of philosophy that attempts to apply ethical theory to real-life situations.

Applied ethics

is a discipline of philosophy that attempts to apply ethical theory to real-life situations.

Morality

is a practice of Ethics. It deals on the "practice", rightness or wrongness of human action for prescribing or telling us what we ought to do.

Ethics

is a science of morals. The "theory of right action and the greater good" for "systemic study of the underlying principles of morality.

Meta-Ethics

is concerned primarily with the meaning of ethical judgments, and seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments and how they may be supported or defended.

Normative or Prescriptive Approach Normative Approach (or Prescriptive Ethics)

is concerned with establishing how things should or ought to be, how to value them, which things are good or bad, and which actions are right or wrong.

Normative ethics

is concerned with the content of moral judgements and the criteria for what is right or wrong.

Applied ethics

is much more ready to include the insights of psychology, sociology and other relevant areas of knowledge in its deliberations. It is used in determining public policy.

Applied Ethics

is much more ready to include the insights of psychology, sociology and other relevant areas of knowledge in its deliberations. It is used in determining public policy

Normative

is the branch of ethics concerned with establishing how things should or ought to be, how to value them, which things are good or bad, and which actions are right or wrong.

Applied ethics

looks at controversial topics like war, animal rights and capital punishment

Supernaturalism

makes ethics inseparable from religion. It teaches that the only source of moral rules is God.

Pyrrho, the founding figure of Pyrrhonian Skepticism

taught that one cannot rationally decide between what is good and what is bad although, generally speaking, self-interest is the primary motive of human behavior, and he was disinclined to rely upon sincerity, virtue or Altruism as motivations.

Medical Ethics

the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to medicine.

Ethical Intuitionism

which claims that we sometimes have intuitive awareness of moral properties or of moral truths.