Ethics

Standard 6 Record Keeping and Fees

6.01 Documentation of professional and scientific work and maintenance of records: psych create and to the extent records are under their control, maintain, disseminate, store, retain, dispose of records and data relating to professional work. this facilitates provision of later services by them or other professionals, allows for replication of research, meets institutional requirements, ensures accuracy of billing and paying, and ensures compliance w/law 6.02 Maintenance, dissemination, and disposal of confidential records of professional and scientific work: a) psych maintain conf in storing records. b) if conf info is entered into systems where other ppl have access to it not consented to by recipient, then psych de-id info c) psych make plans in advance for appropriate transfer of records in event or psych w/drawal from practice 6.03 Withholding records for non-payment: psych cannot w/hold records that are requested and needed for a client's emergency tx solely b/c payment not rec'd 6.04 Fees and financial arrangements: a) as early as feasible, psych and ct reach agreement specifying compensation and billing b) psych fees practices consistent w/law c) psych don't misreport their fees d) if limitations to services can be anticipated b/c of limitations in financing, this is discussed as early as feasible e) if recipient doesn't pay for services as agreed and psych intends to use collection agencies/legal measures, must inform pt that this will happen and provide person w/opp for prompt payment 6.05 Barter w/clients: psych may barter only if it is not clinically contraindicated, resulting arrangements not exploitative 6.06 Accuracy in reports to mayors and funding sources: in reports to payors/sources of research funding, psych take reasonable steps to ensure accurate reporting of service provided and research conducted, fees, charge, etc, findings and dx 6.07 Referrals and fees: when psych pay, receive payment from, divide fees w/another professional other than in an employer-employee relationships, payment to each is based on services provided and not on the referral itself

Standard 7 Education and Training

7.01 Design of education and training programs: psych responsible for education/training programs take reasonable steps to ensure the programs provide appropriate knowledge and proper experiences and meet requirements for licensure, certification, others goals for which claims are made by the program 7.02 Descriptions of education and training programs: psych responsible for these programs take reasonable steps to ensure there is current and accurate description of the programs content, training goals and objectives, stipends and benefits, and requirements that must be met for completion of the program. info must be readily available. 7.03 Accuracy in teaching: a) psych take reasonable steps toe ensure that course syllabi is accurate, bases for eval progress, and nature of course experiences. Doesn't mean instructor can't modify material, as long as students are made aware b) when teaching/training, psych present psych info accurately 7.04 Student disclosure of personal info: psych don't require students/supervisees to disclose personal info EXCEPT if program has clearly id'd this requirement in its admissions and program materials and info is necessary to eval or obtain assistance for students whose personal problems could reasonably be judged to be preventing them from performing their activities in a competent manner or that is posing a threat to student or others 7.05 Mandatory indiv or group therapy: a) when indiv/group therapy a program requirement, psych responsible for that program allow students the option of selecting therapy from practitioners unaffiliated w/the program b) faculty who are responsible for eval student's academic performance don't provide that therapy 7.06 Assessing student and supervisee performance: a) in academic and supervisory rel, psych est a timely and specific process for providing feedback. info about this process is provided to student at beginning of sup. b) psych eval students and supervises on basis of actual performance on relevant and est program requirements 7.07 Sexual rel w/students and supervisees: psych don't engage in sexual rel w/students or supervisees in their dept, agency, training center or over whom they have or are likely to have an eval authority

Standard 8 Research and publication

8.01 Institutional approval: when institutional approval is req'd, psych provide accurate info about their research proposals and obtain approval prior to conducting the research. conduct research in accordance w/approved research protocol 8.02 Informed consent to research: a) when obtaining informed consent, psych tell participants about purpose of research, expected duration and procedures, right to decline to participate and w/draw once its begun, foreseeable consequences of declining or w/drawing, reasonably foreseeable factors that might influence their willingness to participate (like potential risks, discomfort, adverse effects), any prospective research benefits, limits of confidentiality, incentives for participation, who they can contact for questions about the research and their rights. provide opportunity for questions and answers b) clarify to participants at outset of research the experimental nature of the tx, the services that will/will not be available to control groups if appropriate, means by which assignment to tx and control groups will be made, available tx alternatives if indiv doesn't wish to participate, compensation for or monetary costs of participating including if appropriate whether reimbursement from participant or third-party payor will be sought 8.03 Informed consent for recording voices and images in research: psych obtain informed consent prior to recording unless research consists solely of naturalistic obsv in public places and it s not anticipated that recording will be used in manner to cause personal id or harm, or if research design includes deception and consent for the use of recording is obtained during debriefing 8.04 Client/patient, student, and subordinate research participants: a) when psych conduct research w/clients, students, or subordinates, take steps to protect them from adverse consequences of declining or w/drawing b) when research participation is a course requirement or opp for extra credit, participant is given choice of equitable alternative activities 8.05 Dispensing w/informed consent for research: psych may dispense w/informed consent only where research wouldn't reasonably be assumed to create distress or harm and involves a) study of normal ed practices, curricula, classroom management b) only anonymous questionnaires, naturalistic obsv, or archival research for which disclosure of responses wouldn't place them at risk for criminal or civil liability or damage their financial standing, employability, reputation and conf is protected c) study of factors rel to job/org effectiveness is conducted in org settings for which there is no risk to employee and conf is protected OR if it is otherwise permitted bylaw or fed or institutional regulations 8.06 Offering inducements for research participation: a) psych make reasonable efforts to avoid offering excessive or inappropriate inducements for research participation when its likely to coerce participation b) when offering professional services as an inducement, psych clarify nature of services, as well as risks, obligations, and limitations 8.07 Deception in research: a) psych don't conduct a study involving deception unless they have determined that it is justified by study's sig prospective scientific, ed, or applied value and that effective non-deceptive alternative procedures aren't feasible b) psych don't deceive prospective participants about research that is reasonably expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress c) psych explain any deception that is an integral feature of the design as early as is feasible (ideally at conclusion of their participation but no later than the conclusion of their data collection, and allow participants to w/draw their data) 8.08 Debriefing: a) psych provide a prompt opp for participants to obtain appropriate info about the nature, results, conclusions of the research, and take reasonable steps to correct any misconceptions that participants may have b) if scientific or humane values justify delaying or w/holding this info, psych take reasonable measures to reduce risk of harm c) when psych become aware that research procedures have harmed a participant, take reasonable steps to minimize harm 8.09 Humane care and use of animals in research: a) psych acquire, care for, use and dispose of animals in compliance w/federal, state, local laws and reg and w/professional standards b) psych trained in research methods and experienced in care of lab animals supervise all procedures involving animals and are responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of their work c) ensure that all indiv under their sup using animals have rec'd instruction w/this d) psych make reasonable efforts to minimize the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animal subjects e) psych using a procedure subjecting animals to pain, stress or privation only when alternative procedure is unavailable and goal is justified by its value f) perform surgical procedures under appropriate anesthesia and follow techniques to avoid infection and minimize pain during and after surgery g) when appropriate for animal's life to be terminated, proceed rapidly and w/effort to minimize pain 8.10 Reporting research results: a) psych don't fabricate data b) if psych discover sig errors in their published data, take reasonable steps to correct such errors 8.11 Plagiarism: psych don't present portions of another's work as their own, even if other source is cited occasionally 8.12 Publication credit: a) psych take responsibility and credit, including authorship credit, only for work they have actually performed or substantially contributed to b) principal authorship and other pub credits accurately reflect relative contribution of indiv involved, regardless of their status. minor contributions to research or writing for publication are acknowledged appropriately in footnotes or introductory statement c) except under exceptional circumstances, student is listed as principal author on any multiple-authored article that is substantially based on their doctoral dissertation. faculty advisors discuss pub credit w/students as early as possible 8.13 Duplicate publication of data: psych don't publish as orig data data that has been previously published. doesn't preclude from republishing data when accompanied by proper acknowledgment 8.14 Sharing research data for verification: a) after research results are published, psych don't w/hold data on which their conclusions are based from other competent professionals who seek to verify their substantive claims through reanalysis and who intent to use data only for that purpose, provided the confidentiality of the participants can be protected and unless the legal rights concerning proprietary data preclude their release. psych can require that indiv/group are responsible for costs assoc w/provision of info b) psych who request data from other psych to verify the substantive claims thru reanalysis may use shared data only for the declared purpose. obtain prior written agreement for all other uses of the data. 8.15 Reviewers: psych who review material submitted for presentation, publication, grant or research proposal review respect the confidentiality or and proprietary rights of those who submitted it

Standard 9 Assessment

9.01 Bases for assessment: a)psych base the opinions contained in their rec, reports, dx statements, including forensic testimony, on info and techniques sufficient to substantiate their findings b) except as noted in c) section, psych provide opinions of the psych characteristics of indiv only after they have conducted an exam of the indivs adequate to support their statements. When after reasonable efforts an exam is not practical, doc the efforts they made and result of those efforts, clarify the probable impact of their limited info on reliability and validity of their opinions, and appropriately limit the nature and extent of their conclusions or rec c) when psych conduct a record review or provide consultation of sup and an indiv exam is not warranted or necessary for opinion, psych explain this and the sources of info on which they based their rec 9.02 Use of assessments: a) psych admin, adapt, score, interpret or use assessment techniques, etc. in a manner and for purposes that are appropriate in light of the research on or evidence of the usefulness and proper app of techniques b) psych use assessment instruments whose validity and reliability have been est for use w/pop tested. when reliability/validity not est, then describe the strengths and limitations of test results and interp c) psych use assessment methods appropriate to indiv's language preferences and competence, unless alternative language is relevant to assessment issues 9.03 Informed consent in assessments: a) psych obtain informed consent for assessments, eval, dx services except when testing is mandated by law or govt reg, informed consent is implied b/c it's conducted as routine ed, institutional, org activity, one purpose of testing is to eval decisional capacity. informed consent includes explanation of nature and purpose of assessment, fees, involvement of third parties, limits of confidentiality and sufficient opp for the client to ask questions and get answers b) psych inform ppl w/questionable capacity to consent or when it's mandated using language that is reasonably understandable c) psych using service of interpreter obtained informed consent from ct to use the interpreter, ensuring that confidentiality of test and results are maintained, and include any limits of data obtained 9.04 Release of test data: a) test data refers to raw and scaled scores, ct responses, psych notes and recordings concerning ct statements and behaviors during testing. pursuant to release, psych provide test data to ct or other person id'd in release. may refrain from releasing test data to protect client or others from substantial harm or misuse of data or test, recognizing that in many instances release of confidential info under these circumstances is regulated by law b) in absence of ct release, psych provide test data only as req'd by court order or law 9.05 Test construction: psych who dev tests and other assessment techniques use appropriate psychometric procedures and current scientific knowledge for test design, standardization, validation, reduction of bias, and rec for use 9.06 Interpreting assessment results: when interpreting results, take into account purpose of assessment as well as test factors, test taking abilities, and other characteristics of person being assessed (situational, personal, linguistic, cultural diff) that might affect psych judgments or reduce accuracy of their interp. indicate any sig limitations in their interpretations 9.07 Assessment by unqualified persons: psych don't promote the use of psych assessment techniques by unqualified ppl, except when it's used as training and is appropriately sup 9.08 Obsolete tests and outdated test results: a) psych don't base their assessment or intervention decisions on test results outdated for current purpose b) don't base decisions or rec on tests and measure that are obsolete and not useful for current purpose 9.09 Test scoring and interpretation services: a) psych who offer assessment or scoring services to other professional accurately describe the purpose, norms, validity, reliability, and app of procedures and any special qualifications applicable to their use b) psych select scoring and interp services (including automated services) on the basis of evidence of the validity of the program and procedures as well as other appropriate considerations c) psych retain responsibility for appropriate app, interpretation, use of assessment instruments, whether they score and interpret such tests or use other services 9.10 Explaining assessment results: regardless of who does the scoring and interp, psych take reasonable steps to ensure that explanations of results are given to indiv or designated rep unless nature of rel precludes provision of an explanation of results (forensic eval, some employment or security screenings) and this has been clearly explained to person being assessed in advance 9.11 Maintaining test security: test materials are the manuals, instruments, protocols, test questions (not test data). Psych make reasonable efforts to maintain integrity and security of test materials and other assessment techniques consistent w/law and in manner that permits adherence to ethics code.

Speciality guidelines for the delivery of services

APA devised specific standards in 4 applied fields of clinical, counseling, school and I/O psych. purpose is to educate the public, the profession, and interested 3rd parties as to the assoc's policies in these 4 areas and to facilitate the cont systematic dev of the profession again, to self-regulate to protect the public practice. only slightly more specific than the general guidelines and are applied to each of the four subtitles

Ethical Principles of Psychologists

has gone thru several revisions--1953, 1959, 1963, 1977, 1981, 1989, 1992, 2002 latest version is the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. this version has changes such as the elimination of prohibition to release raw test data to clients, protections for graduate students in therapy, permission to terminate therapy when threatened by a client (and some more)

Standards for educational and psych testing

purpose is to provide criteria for the eval of tests, testing practices, and effects of test use. primary standards (standards that should be met by all tests before their op use, unless a sound professional reason available to show why not necessary), secondary standards (standards that are desirable but likely beyond reasonable expectation in many cases), and conditional standards (considered primary for some situations and secondary for others). Part 1: tech standards (validity, reliability, test dev, etc) Part 2: professional standards for test use (clinical testing, educational testing, occupational licensure, program eval) Part 3: standards for particular apps (testing linguistic minorities, ppl w/handicaps) Part 4: standards for admin procedures (test admin, scoring, reporting)

Ethics committee

responsible for adjudicating ethical complaints against APA members. complaints can be made by APA members and non-APA members. primary concern is protecting public against harmful acts by psychologists committee doesn't act on anonymous complaints unless info on which the complaint is based is already in the public domain committee can act sua sponte (on its own w/o a complaint) less than 1 year after it discovered that any of the following actions became final--a felony conviction, finding of malpractice, expulsion/suspension from a state assoc for unethical conduct or de-licensure by a state board. can do this w/psych's private conduct if it has a connection to their professional function (either b/c of seriousness or b/c it impacts reputation of psych in gen) committee has following option for adjudicating ethics complaints: 1. dismiss the charges: a) no violation--committee may dismiss the complaint if the complainee has not violated any ethical standards as charged b) trivial/corrected violation--if committee concludes that any violation it might find would be trivial or is likely to be corrected, it might dismiss the complaint c) insufficient evidence--dismissals may occur when committee finds insufficient evidence to supp a finding of an ethics violation d)educative letter--at its discretion committee may dismiss the complaint and issue an educative letter to be shared only w/the complainee 2. sanctions less than formal charges: a) reprimand--appropriate when there has been an ethical violation but it's not the type likely to cause harm to another person or substantial harm to the profession b) censure--appropriate when there has been an ethical violation of the type likely to cause harm to another person, but not of the type likely to cause substantial to another person or the profession when a sanction is imposed, committee may issue following directives: a) cease and desist order--requires complainee to cease and desist specific unethical behaviors b) supervision requirement--complainee must get sup c)education, training, tutorial requirement--complainee must engage in one of these d) evaluation and/or tx requirement--complainee must be eval to determine the possible need for tx. and if dysfunction has been set, obtain tx for that dysfunction e) probation--complainee must permit monitoring by the committee to ensure compliance w/other directives 3. formal charges: a recommendation by the ethics committee that the alleged violator be dropped from membership. action is appropriate when the violations of a kind likely to cause substantial harm to another person or profession, or was serious enough to warrant expulsion. when expulsion is rec'd, the complainee has a right to request a formal hearing before a committee est by Board of Directors 4. stipulated resignation: a) in lieu of other action--committee might choose to offer complainee a chance to resign from APA membership, pursuant to stipulations such as admitting that the violations occurred or accepting a minimum time period during which complainee can't apply for membership b) in response to a "show cause" notice--when APA member convicted of a felony, committee may issue member a notice to show cause why they should not be expelled. in such cases, member has the right to resign w/admission of violation.

Licensure

state's right to license/certify professionals is based on goal of protecting the public welfare. BUT empirical evidence shows that licensure doesn't actually adequately protect the public. licensure boards are overworked, underfunded, and don't have a lot of time to monitor competence of practitioners. may actually have adverse effects. licensing exam: EPPP. requirement in US and much of Canada. produced by ASPPB. Content validity built into the test during dev process. Need to remember that selling questions not he licensing exam is both illegal and unethical. Not allowed to review test responses if you have a grievance about the exam. if a grievance, must be made thru the state board, which then deals with ASPPB.

Professional standard review org

system created by fed law for the review of the quality and utilization of health care services provided under all fed financed programs (Medicare, Medicaid). only physicians are authorized by law to be members of PSROs, and only they can make final determinations, psych may be sought for consultation and advice. only psych working in fed funded hospitals will be subject to review by those org.

Standard 1 Resolving ethical issues

1.01 Misuse of psych's work: if psych learns of misuse/misrep of their work, take reasonable steps to correct or minimize it 1.02 Conflicts b/w ethics and law, regulations, or other governing legal authority: if psych's ethical responsibilities conflict w/law, regulations, etc., psych make known their commitment to ethics code and take steps to resolve conflict. if conflict unresolvable, psych may adhere to requirements of law, regulation 1.03 Conflicts b/w ethics and org demands: if org psych is affiliated w/conflicts w/ethics code, psych clarify nature of conflict, make known their commitment to ethics code, and try to resolve conflict according to ethics code 1.04 Informal resolution of ethical violations: if ethical violation by another psych, bring it to attention of indiv (if informal resolution is appropriate and intervention doesn't violate confidentiality rights). 1.05 Reporting ethical violations: if ethical violation not appropriate for informal resolution, psych might refer to state/national committee on professional ethics, or to state licensing boards, or other appropriate authority. doesn't apply when intervention would violate confidentiality rights or when psych has been retained to review work of another psych whose professional conduct is in question. 1.06 Cooperating w/Ethics Committee: psych cooperate w/ethics investigations, proceedings, resulting requirements of APA or any affiliated state psych assoc to which they belong. failure to cooperate is an ethics violations. BUT requesting deferment of adjudication of ethics complaint pending outcome of litigation is not non-cooperation. 1.07 Improper complaints: psych don't file or encourage filing of ethics complaints made w/reckless disregard or willful ignorance of facts that would disprove allegation 1.08 Unfair discrimination against complainants and respondents: psych don't deny employment, advancement, admissions to academic/other programs, tenure, promotion based solely upon having made of being the subject of an ethics complaint. doesn't preclude taking action based upon outcome of proceeding.

Standard 3 Human relations

3.01 Unfair discrimination: in work-related activities, psych don't engage in unfair discrimination based on age, gender, etc. 3.02 Sexual harassment: psych don't engage in sexual harassment. harassment is unwelcome, offensive, or creates a hostile workplace. that is sufficiently severe or intense to be abusive to person. 3.03 Other harassment: psych don't knowingly engage in behavior that is harassing or demeaning to those based on id factors. 3.04 Avoiding harm: psych take reasonable steps to avoid harming clients, students, etc. minimize harm where it is foreseeable 3.05 Multiple relationships: when psych is in multiple roles with person, w/person who is closely related to person psych works with, or promises to enter into relationship in the future w/person or person close to that person. Refrains from entering into multiple rel if it could be reasonably expected to impair psych objectivity, competence, effectiveness. if they find a harmful multiple rel has arisen, takes reasonable steps to resolve it. if req'd by law to engage in multiple roles, then at outset clarify the role expectations and extent of confidentiality. 3.06 Conflict of interest: psych refrain from taking on professional role when interests might impair their objectivity/competence, or might expose person or org to harm or exploitation 3.07 Third-party requests for services: when psych agree to provide services to person at request of 3rd party, psych attempt to clarify at outset of service nature of rel w/all indiv or org involved. clarification involves role of psych, id of who is the client, probable use of services or info obtained, and fact that there might be limits to confidentiality 3.08 Exploitative relationships: psych do not exploit ppl over whom they have supervisory, eval, or other authority 3.09 Cooperation w/other professionals: when indicated and professionally appropriate psych cooperate w/other professionals in order to serve clients effectively and appropriately 3.10 Informed consent: a) when psych conduct research/assessment/therapy/etc., obtain informed consent from the indiv using reasonably understandable language except when conducting activities w/o consent is mandated by law/govt regulation or as otherwise provided in this ethics code b)for ppl legally incapable of giving informed consent, psych still provide an appropriate explanation, seek indiv's assent, consider such ppl's preferences and best interests, obtain appropriate permission from legally authorized ppl if such substitute consent is permitted or required by law. when consent by legally authorized person not permitted or required by law, psych take reasonable steps to protect indiv's right and welfare. when psych services are court ordered/mandated, psych inform indiv of nature of anticipated services, including whether the services are court ordered and any limits of confidentiality. psych appropriately document written or oral consent, permission, and assent 3.11 Psychological services delivered to or through org: a) psych delivering services to or thru org provide info beforehand to clients and when appropriate those directly affected by the services about the nature and objectives of the services, the intended recipients, which of the indiv are clients, rel the psych will have w/each person and the org, probable use of services provided and info obtained, who will have access to this info, limits of confidentiality. ASAP provide info about the results and conclusions of such services to appropriate ppl b) if psych precluded by law or org roles from providing such info to particular indiv or group, inform indiv at outset of service 3.12 Interruption of psych services: unless otherwise covered by contract, psych make reasonable efforts to plan for facilitating services in event services are interrupted by factors like psych illness, death, unavailability, relocation, retirement, or else by client's relocation or financial limitations

Standard 10 Therapy

10.01 Informed consent to therapy: a) when obtaining informed consent to therapy, psych inform clients as early as feasible in the rel about nature and anticipated course of therapy, fees, involvement of third parties, limits of confidentiality. also provide sufficient opp for client to ask questions and receive answers. b) when obtaining informed consent for tx for which gen recognized techniques and procedures not est, psych inform their clients about dev nature of tx, potential risks involved, alternative tx that may be available and voluntary nature of their participation c) when therapist a trainee and legal responsibility for tx provided resides w/sup, client is informed of this 10.92 Therapy involving couples/families: a) when psych agree to provide services to several ppl in rel, take reasonable steps at outset to clarify which indiv are patients and the rel the psych will have w/each. includes psych's role and probable use of services provided or info obtained. b) if it becomes apparent that psych mb have to perform potentially conflicting roles, take reasonable steps to clarify and modify or w/draw from roles appropriately 10.03 Group therapy: when psych provide services to several ppl in group setting, describe at outset the roles and responsibilities of all parties and limits of confidentiality 10.04 Providing therapy to those served by others: when deciding whether to work w/ppl already receiving mental health services, carefully consider tx issues and potential client's welfare. discuss issues w/client or another legally authorized person in order to minimize confusion and conflict. consult w/other service providers when appropriate, and proceed w/caution. 10.05 Sexual intimacies w/current therapy clients: don't engage in sexual intimacies w/current therapy clients. 10.06 Sexual intimacies w/relatives or sig others of current therapy clients: psych don't engage in sexual intimacies w/indiv they know to be close rel, guardians, or sig others of current cts. don't terminate therapy to circumvent this standard. 10.07 Therapy w/former sexual partners: don't take on clients with whom they have engaged in sexual intimacies 10.08 Sexual intimacies w/former therapy clients: a) psych don't engage in sexual intimacies w/former clients for at least two years after termination of therapy b) psych don't engage in sexual intimacies w/former clients even after two years except in most unusual circumstances. psych who engage in such activity bear the burden of demonstrating that there has been no exploitation, including the amount of time that has passed since end of therapy, nature, duration, and intensity of therapy, circumstances of termination, client's personal history, client's current mental status, likelihood of adverse impact on client, any statements or actions made by the therapist during the course of therapy suggesting or inviting the possibility of a post termination sexual or romantic relationship w/client 10.09 Interruption of therapy: when entering into employment or contractual rel, psych make reasonable efforts for orderly and appropriate resolution of responsibility for client care in event that employment ends, w/paramount consideration given to welfare of client 10.10 Terminating therapy: a) terminate therapy when it's reasonably clear that client no longer needs service, is not likely to benefit, or is being harmed by continued service b) may terminate therapy when threatened or otherwise endangered by client or other person w/whom client has rel c) except where precluded by actions of client or third party payors, prior to termination psych provides pretermination counseling and suggests alternative service providers as appropriate

Standard 2 Competence

2.01 Boundaries of competence: a)psych provide services, teach, and research only w/pop orin areas w/in boundaries of their competence--based on education, training, sup experience, consultation, study, professional experience b) where scientific/professional knowledge est that understanding of factors assoc w/age, gender, race, etc. is essential for effective implementation of their services, psych have or obtain training/experience/consultation/sup necessary to ensure competence of their services or make appropriate referrals (except in emergencies--standard 2.02) c) psych planning to provide services, teach, conduct research involving pop, areas, techniques, tech new to them undertake relevant training d) when psych asked to provide services to indiv for whom appropriate mental health services aren't available and for which they haven't obtained competence necessary, psych w/closely related prior training may provide services in order to make sure services aren't denied, if they make a reasonable effort to obtain competence required. e)in emerging areas where training doesn't exist, psych take reasonable steps to ensure competence of their work and to protect clients, students, supervises, etc. from harm f)when assuming forensic roles, psych become reasonably familiar w/judicial/admin rules 2.02 Providing services in emergencies: in emergencies where mental health services aren't available to an indiv and the psych doesn't have necessary training, psych will provide services in order to ensure that services aren't denied. services are discontinued as soon as emergency is over/services are available. 2.03 Maintaining competence: psych undertake ongoing efforts to dev and maintain competence 2.04 Bases for scientific and professional judgments: psych's work based upon est scientific and professional knowledge of discipline 2.05 Delegation of work to others: psych who delegate work to employees, sup, etc. take reasonable steps to avoid delegating work to ppl w/multiple rel w/those being served that would likely lead to exploitation or loss of objectivity; authorize only those responsibilities that the ppl can perform competently, and make sure that ppl perform these services competently. 2.06 Personal problems and conflicts: a) psych refrain from initiating an activity when they know or should know there is a substantial likelihood that their personal problems will prevent them from performing their work b)when psych become aware of personal problems that may interfere w/their work, they take appropriate measures like consultation to determine whether they should limit, suspend, terminate their work

Standard 4 Privacy and confidentiality

4.01 Maintaining confidentiality: psych have a primary obligation and take reasonable precautions to protect confidential info obtained thru or stored in any medium. recognizing that extent and limits of confidentiality mb regulated by law or est by institutional rules 4.02 Discussing the limits of confidentiality: a) psych discuss w/ppl (including those legally incapable or giving informed consent) and org w/whom they work the relevant limits of confidentiality and foreseeable uses of the info generated b) unless not feasible or contraindicated, discussion of confidentiality occurs at outset of rel and as situations warrant c) psych who offer services via electronic means inform clients of risk to privacy and limits of confidentiality 4.03 Recording: before recording ppl, psych obtain permission 4.04 Minimizing intrusions on privacy: a) psych include in written and oral reports and consultations only info germane to purpose for which comm is made b) psych discuss confidential obtained in their work only for appropriate purposes and only w/ppl clearly concerned w/such matters 4.05 Disclosures: a) psych may disclose confidential info w/appropriate consent of org client, indiv client, or another legally authorized person on behalf of client unless prohibited by law b) psych disclose confidential info w/o consent of indiv only as mandated by law, or where permitted by law for a valid purpose such as to provide needed pro services, obtain professional consultations, protect client/psych/others from harm, obtain payment for services from client, in which case disclosure limited to minimal necessary info 4.06 Consultations: when consulting w/colleagues, psych don't disclose confidential info that could reasonably lead to id of client, unless they have obtained prior consent of person or disclosure can't be avoided and they disclose info only to extent necessary o achieve purposes of the consultation 4.07 Use of confidential info for didactic/other purposes: psych don't disclose in their writings, etc. personally id'd info unless they take reasonable steps to disguise the person, person has consented in writing, or there is legal authorization for doing so

Standard 5 Advertising and other public statements

5.01 Avoidance of false or deceptive statements: a) public statements include but not limited to paid or unpaid ads, product endorsements, grant apps, licensing apps, brochures, printed material, personal resumes, comments in media, legal proceedings, oral present. Do not knowingly make public statements that are false b)psych don't make false statements concerning their training, experience, competence, academic degrees, credentials, institutional affiliations, services, scientific or clinical basis of their services, their fees, their research findings c) psych claim degrees as credential for their health services only if those degrees were earned from a regionally accredited educational institution or were basis for psych licensure by state in which they practice 5.02 Statements by others: a) psych who engage others to create or place their public statements that promote their practice retain professional responsibility for these statements b) psych don't compensate employees of press, radio, TV or other comm media in return for publicity in a news item c) paid ad relating to psych activities must be clearly id'd as such 5.03 Descriptions of workshops and non-degree granting educational programs: to the degree to which they exercise control, psych responsible for announcements, etc describing workshops, seminars, other non-degree granting ed programs ensure they accurately describe audience for which program is intended, educational objectivities, presenters, and fees involved 5.04 Media presentations: when psych provide public advice or comment via print, internet, etc., they take precautions to ensure statements are based on their professional knowledge, that they are consistent w/ethics code, don't indicate a professional rel has been est w/the recipient 5.05 Testimonals: psych don't solicit testimonials from current therapy clients or others who b/c of their particular circumstances are vulnerable to undue influence 5.06 In-person solicitation: psych don't engage directly or thru agents in uninvited in person solicitation of business from actual or potential therapy clients or other ppl who are vulnerable to undue influence. This doesn't preclude attempting to implement appropriate collateral contact for purpose of benefiting already engage therapy client or providing disaster or comm outreach services

General Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services

Adopted as a means of self-regulation to protect the public interest. specify the minimally acceptable levels of quality assurance and performance hat providers of those psych services covered by the standards must reach or succeed. Apply to psych services ordinarily involved in clinical, counseling, I/O, and school psych. Don't apply to teaching, scientific research, or writing of scientific works. Guideline 1: Providers--talks about rules for having professional psych in service units. and how non-professional psych are supervised. And how professional psych use their education and training as needed. esp when working w/special pop. AND stay up to date on scientific knowledge. Guideline 2: Programs--talks about composition and programs of psych services strive to be responsive to pop served. strive to have enough ppl to achieve goals. Need to have written description of roles, objectives, etc. written by multi-provider psych service units. providers of service avoid any action that will violate or diminish legal and civil rights of users. providers abide by APA ethics, speciality guidelines, etc. seek to conform to relevant statues est by fed, state, local govt. make info about additional human services as needed. consult and collaborate w/other professionals as needed. Promote dev of environment (physical, org, social) that facilitates optimal human fxning. Guideline 3: Accountability--promotion of human welfare the primary principle. conduct periodic evals of services. accountable for all aspects of services they provide. in public interest, may provide some services for little or no financial return.

Principle A

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence. Psych strive to benefit those w/whom they work and take care to do no harm. Seek to safeguard the welfare and rights of those w/whom they interact professionally, and welfare of animal subjects of research. When conflicts occur, try to act in a way that avoids or minimizes harm. Strive to be aware of the possible effect of their own physical and mental health on their ability to help those w/whom they work. Guard against factors (social, org, political) that might lead to misuse of their influence

Professional liability and malpractice

Best defense in event of litigation is maintenance of adequate records Types of malpractice suits: 1. breach of contract--failure to keep promise of providing good results 2. assault--physical or sexual. 3. abandonment--failure to continue to provide services when it's still needed 4. suicide--when patient kill thesmelves. 5. unauthorized disclosure of privileged comm. 6. negligence. what constitutes malpractice: three elements must be present before a malpractice suit can succeed--psych must have professional rel w/and resulting duty to the client. psych must have been negligent of or failed to live up to that duty. some harm must have occurred to the client as a result of this negligence. sexual and other dual rel--account for 43% of cases. (21% are sexual rel are malpractice claims) competence--42% of opened cases by APA Ethics board confidentiality--10% of cases opened by APA Ethics board financial arrangements--15% of cases opened by APA ethics board

Principle B

Fidelity and responsibility. est relationships of trust w/those w/whom they work. aware of their professional and scientific responsibilities to society and to the specific comm in which they work. uphold professional standards of conduct, clarify their professional roles and obligations, accept appropriate responsibility for their behavior, and seek to manage conflicts of interest that could lead to harm. consult w/other professionals to serve the best interests of those w/whom they work. concerned about the ethical compliance of their colleagues' conduct. strive to contribute a portion of their professional time for little or no compensation.

Principle C

Integrity. seek to promote accuracy, honesty, truthfulness n the science, teaching and practice of psych. Do not steal, cheat, engage in fraud, or intentional misrep of fact. strive to keep their promises and avoid unwise or unclear commitments. when deception might be ethically justifiable to maximize benefits and minimize harm, have serious obligation to consider the need for, possible consequences of, and responsibility to correct any resulting mistrust or other harmful effects that arise from the use of such techniques.

Outline of APA Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct

Introduction and applicability section: discusses intent, organization, procedural considerations, scope of app of the Ethics Code Preamble and General principles: aspirational goals to guide psych twd the highest ideals of psych. Not enforceable Ethical standards--enforceable rules for conduct as psych. not exhaustive. applies only to psych's activities that are part of their scientific, educational, professional roles. not their private lives. procedures for filing, investigating, and resolving complaints of unethical conduct described in the current Rules and Procedures of the APA Ethics Committee. may notify other bodies and indiv of its actions. may also lead to sanctions from state psych assoc, other professional groups, etc. when sanction imposed by APA is less than expulsion, 2001 Rules and Procedures don't guarantee opp for in-person hearing, but do allow complaints to be resolved only on basis of submitted record. modifiers used in ethics code (reasonably, appropriate, potentially) included in standards when they would allow professional judgement on part of psych, eliminate injustice or inequality that would occur w/o modifier, ensure applicability across brand range of activities conducted by psych, or guard against na test of rigid rules that might become outdated if ethics code est higher standard of conduct than required by law, must meet higher ethical standard

Principle D

Justice. recognize that fairness and justice entitle all ppl access to and benefit from contrib of psych and to equal quality in the processes, procedures, and services being conducted by psych. exercise reasonable judgment and take precautions to ensure their potential biases, boundaries of competence and limits of their expertise don't lead to unjust practices.

Principle E

Respect for people's rights and dignity. respect the dignity and worth of all ppl. rights of indiv to privacy, confidentiality, self-determination. aware that special safeguards mb necessary to protect rights and welfare of ppl or comm who vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision-making. aware of and respect cultural, indiv, role diff (esp those based on other ids). try to eliminate the effect on their work of biases based on these factors. don't knowingly participate in or condone activities of others based upon prejudices.

Managed health care

can restrict freedom of choice for recipient provider has to decide whether to become empaneled, but wants to not fall into the double agent role--cut quality of care in order to cut costs another concern is confidentiality. need to get client's consent, otherwise it's unethical and illegal. health care costs have risen 193% from 1980 to 1993. reason for this might be: 1. unnecessary, inappropriate service utilization 2. unlimited access to high-tech equipment and expensive procedures 3. little incentive for healthcare providers to control costs in a predominantly fee for service system 4. overemphasis on ongoing tx rater than preventative measures 5. inordinate focus on insight, awareness of exploratory factors, rather than goal focused sx reduction Health Maintenance Orgs (HMO): closed-group systems where patients can receive reimburse care only from HMO's providers. paid on a per-capita basis for most services and procedures. Preferred Provider Orgs (PPO): less restrictive, but contain health care costs by gatekeeping and external review controls. practitioners join panels or networks as preferred providers, provide services to pt in their own offices, and operate autonomously. to receive referrals under this plan, clinicians must reduce fees, negotiate contract levels, limit the length of services in a cost-effective manner. pts can see clinicians outside PPO, but at sig higher cost. Indep Practitioners Assoc (IPA): indep group of practitioners who contract w/an HMO to provide specific services w/in their own facilities. paid a capitation fee (payment method in which an agreed amount is paid to the clinician in advance of the actual services provided), or an a discounted fee for service basis. Employee Assistance Program (EAP): practitioner generally not req'd to submit to ongoing review or restrictions of the EAP.

Guidelines for providers of psych services to ethnic, linguistic, and culturally diverse pop

discusses how psych service providers need a sociocultural framework to consider diversity of values, interactional styles, and cultural expectations in a systematic fashion APA's board of ethnic minority affairs est a Task Force on delivery of services to ethnic minority pop