Ethics Chapter 1

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3. What major innovation in the Gilded Age stimulated the development of calculators and tabulators? Explain.

Adding and calculating machines increased productivity, lowered the wage for bookkeepers, reduced mistakes, and increased feminization of bookkeeping. The demand for fast reliable calculators to be developed.

11. Describe the evolution of hypertext, from its original conception to its realization as a widely used technology.

Author Vannavar Bush published a paper noting the difficulty in looking up publications of new scientific discoveries. He noted the human mind doesn't work by indexing, but by associative memory. He suggested a machine that could stimulate to some degree the mind's ability to make associations between pieces of information. Ted Nelson furthered the idea and coined the term hypertext, which refers to a linked network of nodes containing information. The links allow readers to visit the nodes in a nonlinear fashion. Xanadu was a proposed worldwide network of connected literature, but the system was never completed.

1. Think about a new computer or communication device you acquired in the past few years. Describe how the use of this device changed your view of the world or the way you related to other people.

Bs it.

2. Give two examples of how a social pressure or need led to the development of a new information technology. Give two examples of how the adoption of a new information technology changed society.

Bs it.

16. What two significant developments made personal computers more attractive to businesses in the late 1970s and early 1980s?

Computer spreadsheet program, IBM PC

11. In 1957 eight key employees of Shockley Semiconductor left to form their own company. The company founded by "the traitorous eight" was:

Fairchild Semiconductor.

19. Why was the ARPANET designed so that the loss of any single computer would not prevent the rest of the network from working?

Fear of a nuclear attack by the Soviet Union

6. How did the Cold War speed the development of the personal computer?

Increased government spending. Not in book, random guess.

13. In 1964 IBM announced the System/360, a series of 19 compatible computers. What advantage do compatible computers have for a business wishing to upgrade its systems?

It does not have to rewrite its application programs.

20. How did the National Science Foundation stimulate the development of commercial, longdistance Internet connections in the United States?

It simultaneously (1) encouraged regional networks to find commercial customers, and (2) banned commercial traffic on the long-distance, NSFNET Backbone.

7. How did the development of time-sharing help create a market for personal computers?

Many users wrote their own programs and enthusiast freely shared software with each other.

4. How did the widespread adoption of punched card tabulation pave the way for commercial digital electronic computers?

Organizations with large data processing needs found punched card tabulators and calculators to be valuable devices and continually clamorous for new features that would improve the computational capabilities and speed of their systems. These organizations would be come a natural market for commercial electronic digital computers.

10. Trace the key events in the history of the Internet from its origins as the ARPANET.

Remote computing at Bell labs, teletype transmission from teletype in New Hampshire to a calculator in NYC. In reaction to the USSR's launch of Sputnik. ARPA funded by the defense Department imagined a global computer network that would facilitate the exchange of programs and data. A packet-switching network was adopted to replace circuit switching networks. ARPA commissioned ARPNET, which was decentralized for a fear of nuclear attack. In 1972 software enabling email was developed. Researchers realized the need to connect ARPANET with other networks and created open architecture called internet working architecture. TCP/IP protocol was then developed to divide a message into packets. The internet it's the network or networks that communicate using TCP/IP (transmission control protocol)

15. The development of the personal computer was influenced by the power-to-the-people, do-ityourself movement around _____________ in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

San Francisco / Silicon Valley

17. By 1870 fire alarm boxes were in use in 75 major cities in the United States. Which popular communications technology enabled the creation of these alarm boxes?

Telegraph

18. Which device resulted in the creation of the first "on-line" communities?

Telephone

5. How did World War II stimulate the development of the modern computer?

The ENIAC and the EDVAC proved so useful during the end of WWII, development continued. Also not in book, random guess.

8. How did the culture around San Francisco in the late 1960s and early 1970s affect the development of the personal computer?

The San Francisco area was home to a anti war ant establishment community which emphasized do it yourself idealism and power to the people movement. The movement was very open sourced. Time sharing on computers was common and computer enthusiasts freely shared software with each other.

9. Describe three ways in which the widespread adoption of the telephone changed society.

Traditional boundaries between private family life and public business life became blurred. The implementation of the telephone eroded traditional hierarchies. Enabled the first online communities with the introduction of the party line. Brought the worry of loss of privacy.

7. A series of inventions led to the creation of the electronic digital computer shortly after this war:

World War II.

39. The first popular personal computer with a graphical user interface was the a) Apple Macintosh. b) Compaq Presario. c) IBM PC. d) NeXT workstation. e) Tandy TRS-80.

a) Apple Macintosh.

2. Which statement best supports the conclusion that society can control whether to adopt a new technology? a) No new nuclear power plants were built in the United States for 25 years after the accident at Three Mile Island. b) About half of all email messages are spam. c) Despite decades of research, fusion power is an elusive goal. d) People do not have to listen to Rush Limbaugh if they do not want to. e) Some new technologies are simply too expensive to even consider adopting.

a) No new nuclear power plants were built in the United States for 25 years after the accident at Three Mile Island.

40. The World Wide Web is the creation of a) Tim Berners-Lee. b) Vannevar Bush. c) Douglas Engelbart. d) Alan Kay. e) Ted Nelson.

a) Tim Berners-Lee.

29. The power of radio as a medium of mass communication was demonstrated in 1938 when Orson Welles put on a dramatization of a) War of the Worlds. b) Hamlet. c) Homer's Odyssey. d) the assassination of Franklin Roosevelt. e) 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.

a) War of the Worlds.

32. What term is used to describe a high-speed Internet connection? a) broadband b) hypertext c) Internet2 d) the Matrix e) World Wide Web

a) broadband

31. One of the first and most important applications of the ARPANET was a) email. b) voice mail. c) spreading computer viruses. d) disseminating anti-Communist propaganda to American citizens. e) stealing secrets from the Soviet Union.

a) email.

36. In the fourth century the codex replaced the scroll because a) it was more durable, and it was much easier to look up a particular passage. b) it was much lighter, and it could be made much more rapidly. c) Gutenberg's printing press had just been invented. d) there was a worldwide shortage of papyrus. e) All of the above

a) it was more durable, and it was much easier to look up a particular passage.

25. Alexander Graham Bell invented the harmonic or musical telegraph, which enabled a) more than one message to be sent over a single telegraph wire at the same time. b) human speech to be sent over a telegraph wire. c) music to be send over a telegraph wire. d) B and C e) None of the above.

a) more than one message to be sent over a single telegraph wire at the same time.

37. Hypertext is supposed to mimic a) the associative memory of human beings. b) the way that creeks flow into streams and streams merge into rivers. c) constellations in the night sky. d) road networks. e) the way that some people "channel surf" with a remote control

a) the associative memory of human beings.

21. A key application that first made personal computers more attractive to business was a) the spreadsheet program. b) the World Wide Web. c) desktop publishing. d) video editing. e) email.

a) the spreadsheet program.

28. Guglielmo Marconi originally conceived of the radio as a way to a) transmit telegraph messages without wires. b) transmit electricity without wires. c) transmit votes in national elections. d) transmit light without wires. e) All of the above

a) transmit telegraph messages without wires.

41. A Web browser enables you to a) view Web pages. b) edit Web pages. c) create Web pages. d) delete Web pages. e) All of the above

a) view Web pages.

12. A single semiconductor device containing transistors, capacitors, and resistors is called:

an integrated circuit.

38. What visionary invented the computer mouse and demonstrated windows, email, and live network videoconferencing at "the mother of all demos" in 1968? a) Vannevar Bush b) Douglas Engelbart c) Al Gore d) Alan Kay e) Ted Nelson

b) Douglas Engelbart

3. Tablets, abacuses, and manual tables a) are no longer used, because of the proliferation of calculators and computers. b) are examples of aids to manual calculating. c) were developed in Western Europe in the late Middle Ages. d) replaced Hindu-Arabic numerals as the preferred way to do calculations. e) All of the above.

b) are examples of aids to manual calculating.

1. The two principal catalysts for the Information Age have been a) books and pamphlets. b) computers and communication networks. c) movie theaters and public parks. d) newspapers and magazines. e) the printing press and the telegraph.

b) computers and communication networks.

34. A common name for a wireless Internet access point is a) broadband hub. b) hotspot. c) Internet access-ory. d) Internet café. e) wap.

b) hotspot.

12. Programming languages were developed in order to a) make it possible to program computers in English. b) make programming faster and less error-prone. c) speed translations between English and Russian during the Cold War. d) improve the computation speed of computers, which were very expensive. e) All of the above.

b) make programming faster and less error-prone.

9. Punched card tabulation was invented by Herman Hollerith, an employee of a) the Pennsylvania Railroad. b) the Census Bureau. c) the Pennsylvania Steel Company. d) the Burroughs Adding Machine Company. e) IBM

b) the Census Bureau.

4. The mechanical adding machines of Pascal and Leibniz were not widely adopted because a) they were too expensive. b) there were unreliable. c) they were too difficult to program. d) they could not handle fractions. e) bookkeepers successfully lobbied the King, and he made the machines illegal.

b) there were unreliable.

20. Who wrote "An Open Letter to Hobbyists," complaining about software theft? a) Stewart Brand b) Bob Frankston c) Bill Gates d) Steve Jobs e) Steve Wozniak

c) Bill Gates

13. Which of the following was not an early programming language? a) BASIC b) COBOL c) DATA-FLOW d) FLOW-MATIC e) FORTRAN

c) DATA-FLOW

35. The first alphabet to represent vowels as well as consonants was developed by the a) Babylonians. b) Egyptians. c) Greeks. d) Romans. e) Syrians.

c) Greeks.

7. Which of the following was not a result of the adoption of mechanical calculators? a) Less demand for "superstars" who could rapidly compute sums by hand b) Higher productivity of bookkeepers c) Higher salaries of bookkeepers d) Proliferation of companies making calculators e) Feminization of bookkeeping

c) Higher salaries of bookkeepers

17. Which company produced the System/360, a family of 19 compatible mainframe computers? a) Fujitsu b) Hewlett-Packard c) IBM d) Intel e) Texas Instruments

c) IBM

22. The software company that provided IBM with the operating system for its PC was a) Apple. b) Boeing. c) Microsoft. d) Novell. e) Tandy.

c) Microsoft.

11. The first commercial electronic digital computers were produced just after a) the Spanish-American War. b) World War I. c) World War II. d) the Korean War. e) the Vietnam War.

c) World War II.

15. A semiconductor device containing transistors, capacitors, and resistors is called a) a difference engine. b) a diode. c) an integrated circuit. d) a radio. e) a transformer

c) an integrated circuit.

10. Which of the following phrases best describes a system that inputs data, performs one or more calculations, and produces output data? a) manual calculator b) digital computer c) data-processing system d) difference engine e) cash register

c) data-processing system

42. What is the name of a program that follows hyperlinks, collecting information about Web sites? a) daemon b) hacker c) spider d) trawler e) worm

c) spider

23. The first electronic networking technology widely used in the United States was the a) Internet. b) radio. c) telegraph. d) telephone. e) television.

c) telegraph.

27. A typewriter that prints a message transmitted over a telegraph line is called a a) computer. b) monitor. c) teletype. d) terminal. e) transponder.

c) teletype.

24. The Pony Express went out of business when a) the Mexican War ended in 1846. b) the Civil War began in 1861. c) the transcontinental telegraph was completed. d) AT&T completed the national telephone network. e) the radio was invented.

c) the transcontinental telegraph was completed.

6. Which of the following phrases does not describe the Gilded Age in America? a) rapid industrialization b) economic expansion c) widespread electrification d) concentration of corporate power e) corporate mergers

c) widespread electrification

5. The invention of the _____________ addressed two challenges faced by department store owners in the late 19th century: creating detailed sales records and embezzlement by employees.

cash register

3. Demand for mechanical calculators increased tremendously in America in the late 19th Century due to the increase in size of:

corporations and government agencies.

8. Which of the following was not a feature of cash registers in the early 1900s? a) Ability to compute total of purchases b) Ability to print itemized receipts for customers c) Ability to print log of transactions for owners d) Ability to compute amount of change to give customer e) Ability to ring a bell every time cash drawer is opened

d) Ability to compute amount of change to give customer

18. The company that invented the microprocessor is a) Fujitsu b) Hewlett-Packard c) IBM d) Intel e) Texas Instruments

d) Intel

16. Which Cold War program played an important role in advancing integrated circuit technology? a) B-52 bomber b) Hydrogen bomb c) Mark 37 torpedo d) Minuteman II ballistic missile e) NORAD radar network

d) Minuteman II ballistic missile

33. Which country has the fastest broadband connections on average? a) China b) Germany c) India d) South Korea e) United States

d) South Korea

30. ARPA Director J.C.R. Licklider conceived of a Galactic Network that would a) control weapons from space. b) guide spacecraft to distant planets. c) become the world's most powerful number-crunching machine. d) facilitate the exchange of programs and data. e) All of the above

d) facilitate the exchange of programs and data.

5. The calculating machine of Georg and Edvard Sheutz a) computed the values of polynomial functions. b) typeset the results of its computations. c) performed calculations faster than they could be done manually. d) performed calculations more reliably than they could be done manually. e) All of the above.

e) All of the above.

19. Which of the following was not an activity of the People's Computer Company, a not-for-profit corporation in the San Francisco area? a) Publishing a newspaper containing the source code to programs b) Allowing people to rent time on a time-shared computer c) Hosting Friday-evening game-playing sessions d) Promoting a culture in which computer enthusiasts freely shared software e) Developing the world's first graphical user interface

e) Developing the world's first graphical user interface

14. Software that allows multiple users to edit and run their programs simultaneously on the same computer is called a) a data-processing system. b) an intranet. c) a microprocessor. d) a programming language. e) a time-sharing system..

e) a time-sharing system..

26. Nearly all early telephones were installed in businesses, because a) people were afraid that telephones were dangerous. b) people thought that the government was using telephones as eavesdropping devices. c) only men were allowed to use a telephone. d) most homes did not have electricity. e) leasing a telephone was expensive.

e) leasing a telephone was expensive.

23. The two most popular applications of the Internet are:

email and the World Wide Web.

22. In January 1984 Apple Computer released the Macintosh. The Macintosh is notable because it was the first commodity personal computer with a _________.

graphical user interface

24. Devices used in the creation, storage, manipulation, exchange, and dissemination of data, including text, sound, and images, fall into the category of _______ technology.

information

21. Hypertext is a _______ of nodes containing _______.

linked network information

4. The adoption of mechanical calculators in offices changed the profession of bookkeeping. Employers:

lowered wages and replaced men with women.

2. Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Leibniz are remembered as computer pioneers for their invention of:

mechanical adding machines.

14. An integrated circuit that can be programmed to perform a wide variety of tasks is called a:

microprocessor.

8. In the earliest digital computers every instruction was coded as a long number. People invented ______________ to make coding faster and less error-prone.

programming languages

6. Herman Hollerith invented ______________ to help the U.S. Bureau of the Census tally information about tens of millions of residents.

punched card tabulation

1. Three important aids to manual calculating are:

the tablet, the abacus, and mathematical tables.

9. In the 1960s the invention of _____________ allowed multiple people to interact more-orless simultaneously with a single computer.

time-sharing systems

10. In the first half of the 20th century, AT&T used vacuum tubes to construct amplifiers that made long distance telephone calls possible. AT&T funded research to develop a semiconductor replacement to the vacuum tube. The research resulted in the invention of the:

transistor


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