Ethics chapter 3+4
Spirituality in group work
"addressing spirituality in counseling can help clients improve holistic wellness, optimize functioning, and expand their overall quality of life" They emphasize the importance of group members engaging in "respectful dialogue and tolerance of views other than one's own rather than to use the group as a platform to proselytize for their faith"
oppressed group
refers to a group of people who have been singled out for differential and unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.
Death Competence
A specialized skill in tolerating and managing clients' problems related to dying, death, and bereavement
Religious teachings and counseling
At their best, both counseling and religion are able to foster healing through an exploration of self by learning to accept oneself; by giving to others; by forgiving others and oneself; by admitting one's shortcomings; by accepting personal responsibility; by letting go of hurts and resentments; by dealing with guilt; and by learning to let go of self-destructive patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Refferal
Consider a referral only when you clearly lack the necessary skills to deal with the issues presented by the client. Do not try to convince yourself that you are working in a client's best interest by referring a person because of value conflicts.
ACA code of ethics end of life care guidelines
Counselors take measures to ensure that clients: (1) receive high quality end-of-life care for their physical, emotional, social and spiritual needs, (2) have the highest degree of selfdetermination possible, (3) are given every opportunity possible to engage in informed decision making regarding their end-of-life care, and (4) receive complete and adequate assessment regarding their ability to make competent, rational decisions on their own behalf from a mental health professional who is experienced in end-of-life care practice.
ASERVIC Competencies for addressing spiritual and religious issues in counseling.
Culture and worldview, Counselor self-awareness, Human and spiritual development, communication, Assessment, Diagnosis and treatment. 1. The professional counselor can describe the similarities and differences between spirituality and religion, including the basic beliefs of various spiritual systems, major world religions, agnosticism, and atheism. 2. The professional counselor recognizes that the client's beliefs (or absence of beliefs) about spirituality and/or religion are central to his or her worldview and can influence psychosocial functioning. 3. The professional counselor actively explores his or her own attitudes, beliefs, and values about spirituality and/or religion. 4. The professional counselor continuously evaluates the influence of his or her own spiritual and/or religious beliefs and values on the client and the counseling process. 5. The professional counselor can identify the limits of his or her understanding of the client's spiritual and/or religious perspective and is acquainted with religious and spiritual resources and leaders who can be avenues for consultation and to whom the counselor can refer. 6. The professional counselor can describe and apply various models of spiritual and/or religious development and their relationship to human development. 7. The professional counselor responds to client communications about spirituality and/or religion with acceptance and sensitivity. 8. The professional counselor uses spiritual and/or religious concepts that are consistent with the client's spiritual and/or religious perspectives and are acceptable to the client. 9. The professional counselor can recognize spiritual and/or religious themes in client communication and is able to address these with the client when they are therapeutically relevant. 10. During the intake and assessment processes, the professional counselor strives to understand a client's spiritual and/or religious perspective by gathering information from the client and/or other sources. 11. When making a diagnosis, the professional counselor recognizes that the client's spiritual and/or religious perspectives can (a) enhance well-being; (b) contribute to client problems; and/or (c) exacerbate symptoms. 12. The professional counselor sets goals with the client that are consistent with the client's spiritual and/or religious perspectives. 13. The professional counselor is able to (a) modify therapeutic techniques to include a client's spiritual and/or religious perspectives, and (b) utilize spiritual and/or religious practices as techniques when appropriate and acceptable to a client's viewpoint. 14. The professional counselor can therapeutically apply theory and current research supporting the inclusion of a client's spiritual and/or religious perspectives and practices.
culturally encapsulated counselor
Defines reality according to one set of cultural assumptions • Shows insensitivity to cultural variations among individuals • Accepts unreasoned assumptions without proof or ignores proof because that might disconfirm one's assumptions • Fails to evaluate other viewpoints and makes little attempt to accommodate the behavior of others • Is trapped in one way of thinking that resists adaptation and rejects alternatives
Openness in discussing values
If you feel secure in your own values, you will not be threatened by really listening to, and deeply understanding, people who think differently or people who do not share your worldview. Listen to your clients with the intent of understanding what their values are, how they arrived at them, and the meaning these values have for them.
End of life options and ethical considerations
Respecting client autonomy; assessing an individual's capacity for decision making; honoring advance directives; respecting an individual's cultural values; maintaining confidentiality; dealing with medical futility; establishing and maintaining appropriate boundaries; and including families in the scope of care.
"freedom of conscience" clauses
Some states such as Arizona's Senate Bill 1365 ensures that mental health professionals will not put their licensure status in jeopardy by denying services to clients on the basis of sincerely held religious beliefs. This bill was signed into law by the governor of Arizona in May 2012.
ASERVIC
The Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling. Developed a set of competencies in spirituality which outline the knowledge and skills counselors need to master to effectively engage clients in the exploration of their spiritual and religious lives.
bracketing
The ability of counselors to manage their personal values so that they do not contaminate the counseling process. Counselors are expected to be able to set aside their personal beliefs and values when working with a wide range of clients
Discussing religion and spirituality
The first step is for the therapist to be sincerely interested in the client's spiritual beliefs and experiences and how he or she finds meaning in life when the client is interested in talking about these matters. Johnson believes that a client-defined sense of spirituality can be a significant avenue for connecting with the client and can be an ally in the therapeutic change process. When counselors fail to include questions about a client's spiritual or religious values and concerns during assessment, the client may assume that such matters are not relevant for counseling.
Discriminatory Referrals
The overuse of client referral among mental health providers often involves discriminatory practices that are rationalized as ways to avoid harming the client and practicing beyond one's level of competence. The psychological community needs to critically examine why mental health practitioners may refer clients over value conflicts and why these practitioners assume that such practices are appropriate, reasonable, and acceptable.
Julea Ward
Was enrolled in a counseling program at Eastern Michigan University. She frequently expressed a conviction that her Christian faith prevented her from affirming a client's same-sex relationship or a client's heterosexual extramarital relationship. During the last phase of her program in 2009, Ward was enrolled in a practicum that involved counseling clients and was randomly assigned to counsel a gay client. Ward asked her faculty supervisor either to refer the client to another student or to allow her to begin counseling and make a referral if the counseling sessions involved discussion of his relationship issues. Ward was dismissed from the program and sued the university in U.S. District Court, claiming that her dismissal violated her religious freedom and her civil rights. The district court ruled that the university was justified in dismissing Ward for violating provisions of the code of ethics that prohibit discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, age, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, disability, marital status/partnership, language preference, or socioeconomic status. With help from the Alliance Defense Fund (ADF), Ward appealed her case to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, which sent the case back to district court for a jury trial. To avoid a costly trial, the case was settled out of court. As part of the settlement, the ADF dropped their demands that the university's curriculum, policies, and practices be changed.
Clarify your values
You must clarify your assumptions, core beliefs, and values and the ways in which they may influence the therapeutic process. If counselors rarely reflect on their own values, it is unlikely that they can provide a climate in which clients can examine their values.
Multiculturalism
a generic term that indicates any relationship between and within two or more diverse groups.
Cultural pluralism
a perspective that recognizes the complexity of cultures and values the diversity of beliefs and values.
Ethnicity
a sense of identity that stems from common ancestry, history, nationality, religion, and race.
palliative care
a specialized approach to medical care for people with serious illness. Although palliative care is not limited to people near the end of life or to those who refuse curative treatment, palliative care teams often assist in the care of the dying individual and his or her family. Palliative care is generally an interdisciplinary approach that holistically addresses patients' physical, emotional, and spiritual needs.
Culture
associated with a racial or ethnic group as well as with gender, religion, economic status, nationality, physical capacity or disability, and affectional or sexual orientation
Multicultural counseling
can be operationally defined as the working alliance between counselor and client that takes the personal dynamics of the counselor and client into consideration alongside the dynamics of the cultures of both of these individuals"
Aid-in-dying
consists of providing a person with the means to die; the person self-administers the death-causing agent, which is a lethal dose of a legal medication.
Value imposition
counselors directly attempting to influence a client to adopt their values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. It is possible for mental health practitioners to do this either actively or passively.
Globally literate counselors
display a cultural curiosity that is characterized by an openness to engaging in new cultural experiences. Global literacy goes beyond tolerance of diverse cultures and worldviews; it promotes mutual respect and understanding
Jennifer Keeton
enrolled in a counseling program at Augusta State University, was dismissed from the program when she declined to participate in a remedial program designed to assist her in managing to keep her personal values separate from those of a client. Keeton stated her intention to recommend "conversion therapy" to gay clients and to inform them that they could choose to be straight. The federal appeals court upheld the right of the university to enforce standards expected of students in a counseling program, even when a student objects on religious grounds. Keeton asked the court to order her reinstatement in the program, but the court dismissed her case, stating that the university was justified in enforcing ethical standards for its students.
Transitions and palliative care therapy model 7 core components
getting ready, assessing the situation, managing conflict, providing information, identifying roles, processing essentials, and follow through. This "model of patient-centered care enhances interactions among providers, departments, and health care settings
Cultural tunnel vision
is a perception of reality based on a very limited set of cultural experiences. Culturally encapsulated counselors define reality according to a narrow set of cultural assumptions and fail to evaluate other viewpoints, making little attempt to understand and accept the behavior of others.
Cultural pluralism
is a perspective that recognizes the complexity of cultures and values the diversity of beliefs and values.
Culture-centered counseling
is a three-stage developmental sequence, from multicultural awareness to knowledge and comprehension to skills and applications. The individual's or group's culture plays a central role in understanding their behavior in context
Hastened death
means ending one's life earlier than would have happened without intervention. It involves speeding up the dying process, which can entail withholding or withdrawing treatment or life support.
Rational suicide
means that a person has decided—after going through a decision-making process and without coercion from others—to end his or her life because of extreme suffering involved with a terminal illness
Advance directives
pertain to decisions people make about end-oflife care that are designed to protect their self-determination when they reach a point in their lives when they are no longer able to make decisions of their own about their care. The two main forms of advance directives are a Living Will and a Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care. The Living Will is a document in which the person specifies the conditions under which he or she wishes to receive certain treatment or to refuse or discontinue life-sustaining treatment. A Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care enables a person to identify one or more individuals who are empowered to speak for the ill person if this individual becomes unable or unwilling to speak for him- or herself.
color blindness
some helping professionals fall into the trap of making statements that reveal their reluctance to acknowledge a client's ethnicity. Sue
