Ethics Rev 123

State the first formulation of Kant's categorical imperative and give an example of how it can be applied.

1)The 'Golden Rule' (in its positive form) says: "Treat others how you wish to be treated". Kant's first formulation of his Categorical Imperative says: "Act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law."

State the second formulation of Kant's categorical imperative and give an example of how it can be applied.

2) The second formulation of the categorical imperative is called the Formula of the End in Itself: "Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end."

Explain the role of intentions in Kant's moral thought.

3) Kant's theory is an example of a deontological moral theory-according to these theories, the rightness or wrongness of actions does not depend on their consequences but on whether they fulfill our duty. Kant believed that there was a supreme principle of morality, and he referred to it as The Categorical Imperative. Doing an act out of respect for Moral Law

Explain how Kant differentiates between perfect and imperfect duties.

4) Kant differentiates between perfect and imperfect duties by saying the perfect duties lead to a logical contradiction when universalized. He states imperfect duties having no logical contradiction but no truly rational person would want to live in a world where this takes place. According to Kant perfect duties always take preference over imperfect ones.

Define "teleological worldview" and the role in plays in Aristotle's Virtue Theory.

6) Teleological Worldview can be defined as everything in nature has a goal or purpose, such as an acorn that can be used to become a tree or serve as food for a squirrel. The role it plays in Aristotle's virtue theory is that humans have activity within the soul that accorlates with reason or virtue.

Briefly explain the differences between the "male" and "female" moral voice, according to Carol Gilligan.

According to Gilligan, the female voice is more focused on relationships, and caring, along with context, sympathy, and compassion whereas the mail voice is more focused on universal laws such as justice rights and more about talking things out

Provide example of Aristleian Virtue

An example of Aristoelian Virtue is courage, the excess being foolhardy and the deficiency is cowardice

How does Aristotles view differ from Kants and Mills in impartality

Aristotles view rejects impartilaty of utilitariasm and kantianism. Differetn relationships require different treatment and behavior. There is no forumla of how to calculate virtue or what to do in situations

PART 2 KOHLBERH

Lastly Nel Noddings 3 tenets are as follows. "Caring attitude" is univarsbile accesbile, there is a comitment to sustaning the caring attitude, and we are all interdependent on our quest for moral goodness.

Give an example of one potential source of "feminine" morality.

One example of feminine morality is social conditiong, whereas the different roles that men and women play tend to be true and correlate to the female and male voice, also the biology of women makes them naturally more caring according to Gilligan.

Explain (1) objection to Aristotle's virtue theory.

One objection to Aristotle's virtue theory is there are little structure criteria for a person's actions. IN Virtue theory you improve as you go, so there are no boundaries as to what actions to take which a critique might state is not good for moral growth

Explain three of the key strengths of Virtue Theory as well as two objections. Remember to be clear, concise, and appeal to example often.

Strengths: Flexibility to each person, allows moral growth, Morality which takes practice, you improve as you go Objections: Little structure criteria for actions, some question theory as strong focus on implication,

Lawernec kolhberg

in Kohlbergs experiment he looked at different scales involving moral development. He stated yougn men would score a 5/6 on his scale and young womenn a 3/4. He stated men have a superior moral reasoing. However Gilligans argued that no number in his scale is better then the other. Men and Women do show differnt qualtitles usually but whats to say a man cant show women like moral intutions and vis vursa. She stated while msot men and women show different moral intuions, they can share them as well and that doesnt make someone better then someone else.