Ethics Test
Name all 4 laws of ecology
1.) Everything is Connected to Everything Else 2.) Everything Must Go Somewhere 3.) There Is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch 4.) Nature Knows Best
A model in game theory called centipede allow players to ratchet up their playoffs if neither of them cares who is winning. It depends on each player being willing to sacrifice for the other. Our players get more in the long run if they do. And example: when Susan offers to help Pedro harvest his corn in September and then Pedro offers to help Susan harvester apples in October. As long as they both keep giving their time and labor each other, they won't have to hire any help and therefore they both can make a profit on their crops a. True b. False
a.
According to Hobbes, what is the condition of man, what he calls, what is the condition of man, what he calls the "state of nature" ? a. A war of all against all. A nasty brutish and short existence. A dog-eat-dog world b. The utopian society we can create by establishing a Commonwealth c. The afterlife
a.
According to studies by Penacook et.al., what is the cognitive profile of people that fall for fake news? a. They are poor analytic reasoners (as judged by the cognitive reflection test) or just mentally lazy b. They are liberal democrats c. They are recent immigrants
a.
All the formulations of categorical imperative amount to the same which is, " if you wouldn't like it if everyone did that, then you shouldn't do that" a. True b. False
a.
An 'issue' raises a question that an argument hopes to settle. An 'argument' is composed of a set of sentences, one of which is the conclusion and all the rest are the premises. a. True b. False
a.
Duties covary with_____. In other words, you can't have one without the other. a. Rights b. Privileges c. The good Will
a.
How do we acquire virtues a. By role modeling people whose virtues we admire. Then by habitually practicing that virtue ourselves, over and over until it becomes a habit. Overtime that habit becomes internalized and then becomes a part of our character and personal identity. It is who we are b. By studying ethical theory c. By meditating on perfection and allowing those thoughts to filter all the vice out of our bodies
a.
How does philosophy free us from prejudice and dogmatism? a. It teaches us to suspend judgment until all the relevant facts are in. Also, it teaches us to have an open mind and listen to others b. Prejudice people are not allowed to take philosophy courses, so the rest of us are free from their influences, c. Every time someone says something prejudicial, we give them back an electric shock.
a.
How many theorists tried to fix the problems inherent in utilitarian theories? a. By delimiting the thesis that "An act as right iff it results in as much good as any available alternative" With rules b. By embracing other ethical theories when utilitarian theories fail to be just c. By converting to islam
a.
If you love the taste of pizza, then the value you place on that eating experience is mostly __________. a. Hedonistic b. Non-hedonistic
a.
Moral objectivism states that there are objective moral principles (at least some), valid for all people and all social environments. These moral principles are part of the fabric of the universe and as objectively real as the physical laws, such as gravity. a. True b. False
a.
One of the traits of a moral principle is overridingness. It means that in a given situation some moral principles take precedence over others. An example of this trait would be "You should not interrupt someone who is speaking, unless the room is on fire and you have to interrupt to yell 'Fire!' to save them". a. True b. False
a.
One of the traits of a moral principle is practicability. It means that moral principles must be workable. The rules can't be too heavy of a burden to follow. The strain of commitment shouldn't exceed our limits. An example of this trait would be, " A good parent would not over schedule their child's week without any free time for play" a. True b. False
a.
One of the traits of a moral principle is prescriptivity. It means that moral principles are normative, practical, and action-guiding. It means that the principle commands others to do (or not do) something. It prescribes what we ought to (or ought not) do. An example of this trait would be the biblical imperative to "love your neighbor" a. True b. False
a.
One of the traits of a moral principle is publicity. It means that moral principles must be made known. An example of trait would be, "You can't blame people for not using the politically correct term if they never hear the preferred one. However, if it's publicly known that a term is derogatory or insulting, then people can be held accountable and blamed for not being politically correct. " a. True b. False
a.
One of the traits of a moral principle is universalizability. It means that moral principles apply to everyone and that no one should make an exception of themselves. No double standards. An example of this trait would be "Do onto others as you would have them done onto you" a. True b. False
a.
Relationships need to be considered in morality because morality is defined in terms of them, i.e. morality is a social activity using a set of rules that enable us to reach our collective goals a. True b. False
a.
Sometimes you can say something that is not true, but it wouldn't be considered a lie because there's no deliberate intention to deceive or misrepresent. For instance, imagine you are a hostage of Isys and they force you to read a script declaring all sorts of falsehoods, such as having been treated well and that you now believe in their cars, etc. you hope your listeners will not take your false words literally but rather understand your meaning, which is the opposite a. True b. False
a.
The satisfaction you feel after having done the dishes is mostly ________. a. Hedonistic b. Non-hedonistic
a.
Utilitarian ethical theories are
a.
Utilitarian ethics teaches that the end justifies the means. In other words, sometimes its permissible to do somethin wrong to achieve a good consequence a. True b. False
a.
Values are central in moral deliberation because we derive principles from them, we make judgments by using them as standards, and we then make decisions based on them which we can then act on. a. True b. False
a.
Virtue ethics are theories based on in other words it focuses mainly on a. Being rather than doing b. doing, rather than being c. Both doing the right thing and being a good person
a.
We begin life with the genetic complement of the human species. A such, we are two legged, language users, rational beings, and moral agents. Even though we are so gifted, we still must be taught to walk, to use words, to understand, and how to be good. Any judgment we make first depends on this natural endowment of "Justification" a. True b. False
a.
What did Aristotle mean by the golden mean a. The virtues are in the middle between a vice of deficiency and a vice of excess b. The virtues are at the top of the golden scale of goodness c. The virtues are what is 'nice' and the vices are what is 'mean'
a.
What do you call new stories that are fabricated and promote it on social media in order to deceive the public for idea logical and/ or financial gain? a. Fake news b. The news (haha don't you dare choose this one!)
a.
What do you call the form of lying that aims to destabilize and delegitimize The recipient by persistent denial, misdirection, contradiction, etc.? It is a common form of brainwashing in which an abuser tries to falsely convince the victim that the victim is defective, for any purpose whatsoever, such as making the victim more pliable and easily controlled by making the victim more emotional and therefore more needy and dependent a. Galighting b. Zombie phishing c. Institutional bullshit
a.
What's Hill's main thesis? a. Being able to appreciate, and even cherish, nature is the basis for the development of other virtues. b. Being able to make reasonable judgements about sustainability is the basis for human economic growth
a.
When we say that values depend on the relationship, or interactions between our conscious minds and the social world, we are claiming that values are ____________ properties. a. Emergent b. Plutonic Forms c. Featureless
a.
Diontic ethics teach that the end justifies the means a. True b. False
a. True
Relationships need to be considered in morality because morality is defined in terms of them, i.e. morality is a social activity using a set of rules that enable us to reach our collective goals a. True b. False
a. True b. False
According to Kant, we discover the principles that ought to guide our actions by a. praying to god b. Reason c. Employing the hedonistic calculus
b.
Before we can make a decision to act, we must weigh and balance our options and come to a conclusion, or judgment. Our judgments are always based on our moral. a. Rationality b. Principles c. Forms of life
b.
If telling the truth involves deliberately trying to accurately represent reality, then what is lying a. Diliberate attempt to persuade somone to believe what you believe b. A diliberate attempt to misrepresent reality c. Accidentally telling a falsehood d. Accidentally being inaccurate in your own representation of reality
b.
If you hate the taste of kale but eat it anyways because you believe it is healthy, then the value you place on eating kale is mostly ________. a. Hedonistic b. Non-hedonistic
b.
In virtue ethics, morality involves a. Producting persons who can perform the hedonistic calculus flawlessly, and therefore can weigh and balance options and decided on the best course of action b. Producing excellent persons, who act well out of spontaneous goodness and serve as examples to others. c. Producing persons who can follow the rules and fulfill their obligations to society, as well as fulfilling their part of social contracts
b.
Medicine is instrumentally valuable only because it gets us what we really want, i.e. health. If we were healthy, we wouldn't want any. Money is instrumentally valuable, as well, because we can buy stuff with it. That stuff is also instrumentally valuable to make us happy. But, happiness is good for its own stake. this kind of value is called___. a. Extrinsic b. Intrinsic c. Integrated
b.
People collectively agreeing to behave morally as a way to reduce social chaos and create peace is the central idea behind a) Social Reciprocity Theory b) Social Contract Theory c) Socialism theory
b.
The doctrine that there are no absolute universal moral standards, and that moral rightness and wrongness vary from person to person and society to society, is called a. Ethical objectivism b. Ethical relativism
b.
The theory that we always act in our own perceived best interest, or that everyone ought to act in their own perceived best interest, is called a. Egoism b. Egotism c. Altruism
b.
This is the form of categorical imperative; if you want a, then do b a. True b. False
b.
To be picky about the definition of virtue, is the intelligence of virtue, or morally supporting virtue? a. A virtue b. A morally supporting virtue because intelligence can always be used for evil, as well as good
b.
What does the title of Thomas Hobbes book mean, i.e. what is "Leviathan"? a. The state of anarchy that happens in a society without central authority b. The commonwealth or sovereign authority c. The state of nature
b.
What is The dilemma in the prisoners Dilemma? (remember the definition of 'dilemma'; an argument forcing an opponent to choose either of two unfavorable alternatives) A. Individual rationality leads to the best outcome for both players, however, reciprocity confuses the players into making wrong choices b.Individual rationality leads to a worse outcome for both that is possible. Reciprocity leads to the best outcome for both players, however it is irrational to choose to cooperate. c. It is better to choose not to play at all, but not to play at all, but by not playing you receive the worse outcome
b.
What is fallacy a. A mathematical error b. An error in reasoning c. A mythical story
b.
What is moral value is determined by utilitarian theories? a. Principles, doing your duty, fulfilling your obligations b. The best outcome c. Intensions
b.
What is more value is determined by the Deontic theories a. Consequential b. Non-consequential
b.
What is the main concern about living in a post truth nation, with fake news, lying and other forms of deception rampant? Remember how the Oxford English dictionary defined it "relating or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion and appeals to emotion and personal belief" a. Because it leads to mental illness b. Because it erodes our democracy c. Because it makes us vulnerable to nuclear attack
b.
What is the main tool used by philosophers? a. Filibustering b. Argument c. Scientific inquiry d. Persuasion
b.
When you are enjoying a game of peek-a-boo with your baby, the value of that interaction is mostly. a. Hedonistic b. Non-hedonistic
b.
When you get up in the middle of the night to feed the baby, the value of that interaction is mostly ______. a. Hedonistic b. Non-Hedonistic
b.
Why does Hill, along with G. E. Moore, want to shift the focus from the act (of exploiting the environment and its life forms) to the agent (the person, corporations, on governments justifying the action)? a. Because thinking of nature as something to be exploited shows a deficit in analytic reasoning, i.e. a short-sighted view of gain, in other words, not calculating profits in the long run. b. Because thinking of nature as something to be exploited shows a character flaw in the agent, i.e. a retardation in moral development.
b.
The theory that we always act in our own perceived best interest, or that everyone out to act in their own perceived best interest, is called a. Egotism b. Egoism c. Altruism
b. Egoism
"Act as though the maxim of your action or by your will to become a universal law of nature" "so act as to treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, in every case as an end and never nearly as a means" "so act that your Will can regard itself at the same time as making a universal law through its maxims" all these formulations of the categorical imperative mean a. Don't make an exception of yourself. Don't use double-standards b. Don't use people c. All of the above
c.
A 'Premise' is what part of an argument? a. The thesis b. The issue that the argument hopes to settle c. One of the reasons that supports the conclusion
c.
Define 'environmental ethics' a. The discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship that studies the moral relationship of human beings to the environment of its non-human contents. b. The discipline in philosophy that studies the value and moral status of living entities in nature. c. All of the above
c.
Define autonomy a. Self-reliance b. Self-control c. Self Legislation
c.
Game theory provides models for understanding more complex social situations. The idea is to present situations in the form of a game in which each player has to make decisions that bring about the greaterest benefit for him/ herself. We talked a lot about the Prisoner's Dilemma. W e learned that when playing it once, the most rational thing to do is not cooperate, nomatter what the other person does. However, playing an iterated Prisioner's Dilemma (Playing an unkown number of times) shows us that a. You can never trust anyone b. Altruism is always the most rational choice c. Cooperation, which is based on reciprocity, can evolve between egoists, even among enemies
c.
Hill says that people who are indifferent to nature, who can't see the beauty in it or value it for its own sake, lack the virtue of humility. They are too full of an inflated sense of self-importance to become aware of their own place in nature. However, humility leads to psychological maturity, which leads to a. veganism b. Animal rights advocacy c. Self-acceptance
c.
Name the moral principle on which utilitarianism is based a. 'Do unto others as you would have them do unto you' i.e. don't do anything you wouldn't want anyone else to do, too b. The 'Live and Let Live Principle', i.e. as long as someone's action is not harming anyone, they don't oppose it c. The 'Happiness Principle', i.e. the most happiness for the greatest number of people
c.
The milligram experiment shows us that a. The Nazis were evil mutants, which is why they could follow orders to do the horrific things they did in WWII b. Only those people who have Neanderthal genes, I.e. the Nazis and their descendants, have the tendency to follow orders from authority figures, even against their own conscience. c. All people have the tendancy to follow orders from authority figures, even against their own conscience
c.
Values are rooted in the Forms of Life we are born into. Forms of life are a. The particular species we are b. The various ways we each choose to live our lives c. The subcultures we're embedded in; including our family roots, cultural heritage, societal beliefs, ect.
c.
What do you call the commitment to act on your best judgment? a. Rationalization b. Justification c. Decision
c.
What is it called when someone misrepresents reality and gets between you and the fact a. A fallacy b. Ad hominem c. A lie
c.
What is the difference between a lie and bullshit a. A liar deceives by omission and the bulshitter deceives by omission b. A bullshitter respects the truth, then manipulates it. A liar does not respect the truth, but sees the instrumental in manipulating it. c. A liar respects the truth, then manipulates it. A bullshitter does not respect the truth, but sees the instrumental value in manipulating it
c.
When the centers for disease control rush into contain an outbreak by setting up a quarantine (isolating people who may have contracted the disease) this action is a good example of a. Virtue ethics b. Deontology c. Utilitarianism
c.
Who put forth the idea of "the state of nature" , which says that life is naturally "solitary, nasty, brutish, and short?" Without a central government to enforce laws, we would be reduced to this state of nature, therefore we should make a collective contract as a society to trade some of our freedom for security a) John Steward Mill b) Immanuel Kant c) Thomas Hobbs
c.
Do we have a moral obligation to protect the environment? a. No, humans have all the power so we should just take what we want from nature. b. Yes, we owe it to ourselves and the next generation of people. c. Yes, we owe it toother living entities because they have intrinsic worth. Because all life is valuable, in and of itself, an agent who disrespects nature shows a character flaw. d. b & c are both correct
d.
Given the state of nature, a rational person is willing to compromise and enter into a social contract, or agreement, with each other. We also realize that we need a way to enforce this contract by punishing violators, so we give the power to do that to the government. So, morality (enforced by law) can be understood as a form of social control. What does this do for us? a. Keep society from falling apart by resolving conflicts in just orderly ways b. Reduces human suffering and promotes human flourishing c. Is a way to assign praise or blame, reward, or punishment, and guilt d. All of the above
d.
How do humans side-step the limiting factors that normally restrain the growth of other species? a. We save our sick and injured with medicines and surgeries. b. We have invented clothing and artificial means of heating and air conditioning our environments. c. We're developed means of sanitation, so we don't catch diseases as often. d. All of the above
d.
In the thought exxperiment called, "The happiness machine" , most people would rather live an unhappy life outside the pleasure machine than a happy one inside. Why? a. Because there seems to be seems to be something more important in life than pleasure (a non-hedonistic view) and that something is meaning. Life doesn't seem to have meaning and purpose in a fake experiment. b. Illusion only gives temporary happiness, but for the long term we want what's real more. c. There are no real relationships. It's just like reading a novel where all the characters exist only in the imagination of the writer and reader. So it's solipsistic. There are no real people there so we have relationship to anyone but ourselves. d. All of the above
d.
Name a complex human relationship in which it would be smart to use nonzero sum strategy a. Marriage b. Business c. International peace negotiations d. All of the above
d.
The computer software program called tit for tat won a competition designed to discover the best strategy for zero sum games. The results can be used to model many human encounters, such as war. It was discovered that cooperation can emerge when these elements are employed a. Being nice, i.e. being the first want to cooperate, but being willing to retaliate if the opponent doesn't cooperate b. Being forgiving, i.e. being willing to cooperate if the opponent is sorry and goes back to cooperating c. Being clear, i.e. making sure your behavior is easily understood by the opponent d. All of the above
d.
What are some key divisions within the study of ethics? a. Descriptive morality b. Ethical theory c. Applied ethics d. All of the above
d.
What are some strengths of Utilitarianism? a. The principle is simple, i.e. pursue happiness and avoid pain (do what will promote the most utility) b. It's a practical, common sense, guide for action rather than being formal system. c. It's well suited to address the problem of posterity, i.e. we have an obligation to maximize good for as many people as possible, including the next generation. E.g. suppose we have to vote on an energy policy now, either The Safe Policy (Leaves the environment in better condition 200 years from now) or the Risky Policy (in 200 years there will be too much radiation, loss of topsoil, less biodiversity, dirty air to breath, ect.) Do we say, let's get as much as we can today, who cares what hardships our greatgreatgrandchildren will have to endure? d. All of the above
d.
What factors increase the probability that any of us will fall for fake news? a. Familiarity (the more we are exposed to it, the more likely we are to believe it) b. Motivated reasoning (the more we would like it to be true, the more we are likely to believe it) c. Bullshit receptivity (the more we avoid critical analysis of a story, the more likely we'll accept anything that "feels" truthy) d. All of the above
d.
What important selfish reason do we humans have for protection our forests and oceans? a. The trees and microscopic ocean organisms provide us which the majority of the oxygen we need to survive. b. Forests are carbon-sinks which "scrub" the air of C02. Deforestation is probably the #1 contributor to green house gasses (according to some scientific research). Keeping them healthy keeps us healthy. c. We depend on green plants for food (they are the first element in the one-way energy flow of the earth). We depend on oceans for the water cycle that fills our aquifers with fresh water to drink and that brings the rain to water our crops. d. All of the above
d.
What is 'sustainability', according to the United Nations? a. An ecological balance, such that natural resources are renewed as fast as they are used. b. Development that meets the needs of present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to make their own needs. c. Improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems. d. All of the above
d.
What is the problem with thinking of nature as a 'natural resource'? a. We'll think of it only in terms of instrumental value b . We'll only think in terms of cost/benefit economic analysis, rather than by ethical analysis. c. We'll fail to appreciate the interconnectedness of the world's ecosystems and how exploitation of any part will negatively affect all species, including our own. d. All of the above
d.
Why is lying an exercise of power a. A lie gets between the liar and the recipient by the use of force b. The recipient does not give voluntary consent to having their perception of reality altered, so it is altered against their will c. The liar justifies the mental manipulation of the recipient on the assumption that his reasons to misrepresent are more important that the recipient's need to know. d. All of the above
d.
What are some potential problems of having a commonwealth? a. It could evolve into an authoritarian, fascist, or totalitarian regime b. It could force its citizens into war, even against majority resistance c. Partisan division could make the government ineffectual d. It cold collect (via taxes) and waste the citzens money, or collect 'big money' e. All of the above
e.
What are some problems for utilitarian theories/ a. Unfairness to a small group of innocents b. The minority may suffer for the greater good of the majority c. The practical difficulty in application. How do we calculate utility/ d. Distributive justice is not maintained because of the failure to appreciate the separateness of persons who have different needs, wants, projects, etc. e. All of the above
e.