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A plan launched by Stalin in 1928, and termed the "revolution from above", aimed at modernizing the Soviet Union and creating a new communist society with new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity

5-year plan

The British policy toward Germany prior to World War II that aimed at granting Hitler whatever he wanted, including western Czechoslovakia, in order to avoid war

Appeasement

Stalin's theory of socialism in one country

Argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own

Mussolini's private militia that destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist Party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of northern Italy

Black Shirts

Britain adopted a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

Britain was militarily weak, having disarmed after the First World War

The forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large, state-controlled enterprises in the Soviet Union under Stalin

Collectivization of agriculture

An act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis that gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years

Enabling Act

A pseudoscientific doctrine that maintains that the selective breeding of human beings can improve the general characteristics of a national population, which helped inspire Nazi ideas about "race and space" and ultimately contributed to the Holocaust

Eugenics

Why did Hitler have the leadership of the S.A. storm troopers, roughly one thousand individuals, killed in 1934

Hitler wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army

The better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock under Stalin and were generally not permitted to join collective farms; many of them starved or were deported to forced-labor camps for "re-education"

Kulaks

A movement born of extreme nationalism and racism, led by Adolf Hitler that ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945 and forced Europe into the Second World War

National Socialism

Hitler's program based on racial imperialism, which gave preferential treatment to the Nordic peoples; the French, an "inferior" Latin people, occupied a middle position, and Slavs and Jews were treated harshly as "subhumans"

New order

According to Hitler's New Order, the European race that was considered subhuman, like the Jews, was the

Slavic race

A radical dictatorship that exercises "total claims" over the beliefs and behavior of its citizens taking control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of society

Totalitarianism

In Stalin's Soviet Union, women

could enter the ranks of specialists in industry and science

In the late 1920s, how did Adolf Hitler shape the Nazi party's message to appeal to middle-class voters

he deemphasized the anticapitalist elements of National Socialism and vowed to fight communism

What was the purpose of the Enabling Act in 1933

it gave Hitler dictatorial powers for four years

The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922 largely because

of the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black-shirted militants.

Why did the Soviet army stop its advance on Warsaw in August 1944

so that supplies and troops could be shift to the Asian theater of operations to counter recent Japanese gains

Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder

the murder of germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war

How did the Nazi party seek to promote the idea of the Volksgemeinschaft

the nazis created mass organizations such as the Hitler Youth and held mass rallies to spread Nazi ideology and enlist volunteers

How did the Nazis manage the Northern European states that they conquered

they established puppet governments with collaborators willing to rule the states in accord with German needs

How did the Nazis seek to give legitimacy to their racial policies

they established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science

What was the "Europe first" policy adopted by the allied powers during the World War II?

Hitler would be defeated before the Allies mounted an all-out assault on Japan.

what were the duties of the Einsatzgruppen

they followed the German army into Central Europe, systematically murdering undesirables as they moved from town to town

What problem was faced by most of the underground resistance groups who opposed the Nazis

they were not well unified, for they had differing political goals

What was the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"

to force German society to conform to National Socialist ideology

What was Germany's goal in the Battle of Britain

to gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain

What was the primary goal of the opposition of the nazis in the protestant and catholic churches

to preserve religious life in Germany

Brittan and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he

used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland