Euro Midterm Review
Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?
To help with the debt they accumulated during the Seven Years' War
What was the underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750-1850?
Changing sexual habits in young people
What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe?
Changing socioeconomic dynamics caused young people to be married later. They had to find a way to be independent and form a nuclear family-multigenerational household were rare.
What individuals believed the merging of Christian and classical traditions could provide reform for the church and deepen the spiritual lives of people?
Christian humanists
What did Abbe Sieyes consider the third estate to be?
Considered the third estate to be its own nation, not needing the "dead weight" of the other two
What was the primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution
Elizabeth I died with no heir and her throne was taken by James I. Absolutist beliefs were held by him, his son Charles I, and his grandson Charles II, leading to conflict with parliament and their replacement with Mary and Prince William of Orange
What did Shakespeare's history plays, such as Richard III express?
English national consciousness
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ form those of the Middle Ages Renaissance?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had gone far beyond antiquity and that intellectual progress was very possible.
What characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus
Europe produced few desirable products and was a minor outpost
What was the most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance?
Great Commercial Revival in Italy
How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?
Hard work, well done was pleasing to God. Religious work was well dignified
Who was the most prominent metal smith who helped develop metal movable print?
Heisenburg
How did governments respond to the new science?
In his essay concerning human understanding, John Locke claimed that knowledge and ideas were formed by experience and developed the concept of tabula rasa
Who wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Man" (1790) and "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792), the latter a founding text of the feminist movement?
Mary Wollstonecraft
What Florentine artist was commissioned by Pope Julius II to build his tomb and paint the Sistine Chapel?
Michael Angelo
Why was the Frankfurt Parliament in 1849 unable to create a "Greater Germany"?
Revolutionaries in Germany were too caught up with nationalist issues and were not able to overcome resistance from Austria.
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as...
Rococo
How can education for children outside the home in the early modern era be characterized?
Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls.
After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called...
St. Petersburg
What did the Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 accomplish?
Upheld conservatism and required Germany to repress liberal organizations especially in universities
The romantic movement was characterized by...
a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination
What did the Calvinist doctrine of predestination lead to?
a confidence among calvinists and their own salvation
What belief was at the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations?
a free market would benefit everyone
Who controlled political power in the Dutch Republic?
an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen
How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?
drastically decreased population
In the 18c, advocates for the agricultural innovation argued that?
enclosure was necessary for farmers to effectively rotate crops
What best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation?
encouraged individual reading and interpretation of scripture and condemned indulgences
Bartolome de Las Cases asserted that the Indians...
had human rights
In religious affairs, what was Elizabeth I of England's policy?
held the middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes. She was the first politique
What was the industrious revolution a result of?
poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods
How can the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century be described?
portrayed children as innocent products of nature, parenting focused on loving and nurturing childcare.
Mercantilist theory postulated that...
power came from wealth, which could be obtained by stressing exports, limiting imports/reliance on other countries, and keeping industry current
According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on whether it...
provided order, security, and safety to the populas
Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?
they believed their salvation came from their ability to read and appreciate scripture
Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established through what means?
violent revolution
What was the basis of financial support for the evolution of the renaissance artists?
wealthy families in Italy
What did wet-nursing practices include?
women being enlisted to breastfeed babies for mothers who felt doing it themselves would interfere socially
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe about women?
women were inferior to men and their duties were to the household
What educational book by Baldassare Castiglione provide a treatise on training a young man in the discipline and fashion needed for the courtly ideal of being a gentlemen?
"The Book of the Courtier"
Which book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment?
"The Persian Letters"
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish?
1494, divided the new world holdings of Spain and Portugal
The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found its best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government written by..
John Locke
What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?
Luther understood the power of the printing press and allowed the printing of his works
What was Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants' War?
Luther wanted to prevent rebellion. He first sided with the peasant, but once they turned violent he did not condone their behavior.
How did the Concordant resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era?
The Catholic church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the french state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and activities
Who was the wealthy Florentine responsible for the vast patronage of Renaissance artists?
The Medici family
What treaty ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British Victory on all colonial fronts?
The Treaty of Paris, 1763, ratifying British victory on all colonial fronts
How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years.
They were first happy for France's assumed downfall, but overtime became threatened by the revolution's radical messages
Why did many Europeans and Americans embrace the Greek Revolution?
because they admired the classical culture of Greece
What was the cause of the Hundred Years' War between England and France?
began over French lands possessd by the English and conflict between France's king Phillip VI and his vassal England's Edward III. Eventually Edward was persuaded to attempt to reclaim France.
How did flagellants respond to the black death?
believed the plague was a punishment from an angry god who responded by beating themselves and unknowingly spread the plague
The legal definition of the composition of the pre-Revolutionary third estate did not include which groups?
clergy and nobles
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a...
clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs
In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?
concealing reconciliation with the protestants
What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?
deal with threat interior and exterior to France
What was Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate ultimately?
A military dictatorship
How did Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa?
African tributes who would capture and sell each other
People of Spanish Ancestry born in the Americas?
Creoles
The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that did what to women?
Declared men and women equal
How did Napoleon consolidate rule?
He appealed to both disillusioned revolutionaries and old members of the nobility and offered them high posts in the expanding centralized government.
What caused the Reformation in England?
Henry VIII wanted to obtain a divorce, so he broke away from Rome and the church
What is the name given to French Protestants?
Huguenots
What did the Edict of Nantes Grant?
Huguenots their own "state within a state"
Who supported Portugal's participation in European expansion?
Prince Henry the Navigator
What correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis
Protests rejected his idea that Earth moved while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis is false in the 17th century
The Baroque style flourished in the context of the
Reformation
What French word was coined by historian Giorgio Vasari to describe the "rebirth" of the culture of classical antiquity?
Renaissance
In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of which countries?
Russia, France, and England
Which European nation- with the help of Genoese financiers, merchants, and navigators- initiated an exploration along the Atlantic Coast of Africa in search of new sources of gold, silver, and copper
The portuguese
What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the 18c?
encouraged scientific advancements in english agriculture
What happened to the people of Germany as a result of the Peace of Augsburg
ended religious war in Germany for many decades
What English weapon provided an advantage against the mounted French Knights in the battles of Poitier and Agincourt
english longbow
What did The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen guarantee?
equality before the law
What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?
equality before the law and freedom of press/speech
How did governments respond to the new science?
established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research
The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships and they also..
gave British merchants a virtual monopoly with British Colonies
According to the doctrine of laissez faire, when should the government intervene in the economy?
government should not intervene in economy
What changes around 1300 permitted a significant expansion in the movement of goods
improvements in ship design permitted year around sailing
How did the Great Reform Bill of 1832 change voting in Great Britain?
increased Britain's voting population by 50 percent
What was the result of the Consumer Revolution of the 18c?
increased the presence of luxury goods in households and blurred strict distinctions between classes, stressed individuality
What did Italian humanists stress?
individuality and secular values, along with great appreciation for ancient culture
What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?
introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress
How did the Enlightenment affect the attitudes toward popular culture?
it was not held in high esteem and typically was viewed as uncivilized and primitive
What describes the enclosure movement of the 18c?
land was divided and fenced in order to give farmers the opportunity to experiment
What did the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre lead to?
large scale catholic violence against protestants. violent revolution
The period of climate change in Europe between 1300 and 1450 is known as the
little ice age
What was the Spanish Inquisition?
movement to ensure catholic orthodoxy was kept in Spain, and Jews and Muslims were ordered to convert to Catholicism or leave. -> Drive out Jews
Louis XIV selected councilors from the...
newly enobled or upper middle class
What did the new discourse about children that emerged in the 1760s emphasize?
nurturing, tenderness, and education
What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean?
off the coast of Japan
Who benefitted from the black death?
other workers
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?
put an end to international religious conflict
What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the sixteenth century?
resulted from an inability of the government to keep up with economic demand
How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth to eighteenth century?
slavery was justified religiously and economically However, many people began to use science to back it up during the enlightenment of the 18th century
How did the encomienda system function?
spanish settlers could demand labor/tribute from natives if they provided food and shelter
In the seventeenth century, what was the Dutch East India Company able to do?
take eastern trade away from Portugal
What did Copernicus's theory of the universe postulate?
the Earth actually revolved around the Sun
What did the English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes believe about the power of the ruler?
the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war
What was the basis of Francesco Petrarch's beliefs?
the recovery of classical text would bring about a new golden era of intellectual achievment
At the Congress of Vienna, what were the victorious allies guided by?
their desire to keep France in check and maintain a balance of power