European History - Ch. 28
What action did Khrushchev take in 1961 in Berlin?
Ordered Eastern German authorities to build a wall between East and West Berlin, sealing off West Berlin in violation of existing agreements between the Great Powers
What is nonalignment?
Policy of post colonial governments to remain neutral in the Cold War and play both the U.S. and the Soviet Union for what they could get
What were the Cold War ramifications of the consumer revolution?
Politicians in the East and West claimed that their respective systems could best provide citizens with ample consumer goods (capitalism vs. communism)
What are displaced persons?
Postwar refugees, including 13 million Germans, former Nazi prisoners and forced laborers, and orphaned childr
In June 1948, how did the Western allies violate the peace accords? How did the Soviets retaliate?
Replaced the currency in western Germany/Berlin; Berlin blockade: blocked all traffic through the Soviet zone of Germany
Who was Boris Pasternak?
Russian poet that wrote Doctor Zhivago (rejects violence and brutality)
What is "Big Science"?
Scientific research that's expensive and involves large teams of scientists to tackle difficult problems
What action did Khrushchev take in Cuba?
Sent missiles with nuclear war heads to be installed in Fidel Castro's communist Cuba
What was the Warsaw Pact?
Soviet-backed military alliance of East Bloc Communist countries in Europe
Who were the "Big Three" at the Teheran Conference?
Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill
How was collectivization different in Poland?
Stalinist regime tolerated the existence of private agriculture, hoping to maintain stability in the large and potentially rebellious country
What was COMECON?
Stands for Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; an economic organization of Communist states meant to help rebuild East Bloc countries under Soviet auspices
What was Cominform?
Stands for the Communist Information Bureau; an international organization dedicated to maintaining Russian control over Communist parties abroad in Western Europe and the East Bloc
What was NATO?
Stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an anti-Soviet military alliance of western governments
What is an economic miracle?
Term contemporaries used to describe rapid economic growth, often based on the consumer sector, in post-WWII Western Europe
The 6 countries signed the Treaty of Rome in 1957 creating what?
The European Economic Community or Common Market
What is the Common Market?
The European Economic Community, created by six western and Central European countries in the Western Bloc in 1957 as part of a larger search for European unity
At the Yalta conference, who held the strongest position?
The Soviet Union did because Stalin had occupied Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, part of Yugoslavia, the Czech Republic, and is 100 miles away from Berlin.
What was de-Stalinization?
The liberalization of the post-Stalin Soviet Union led by reformer Nikita Khrushchev
What is postcolonial migration?
The postwar movement of people from former colonies and the developing world into Europe
What is decolonization?
The postwar reversal of Europe's overseas expansion caused by the rising demand of the colonized peoples themselves, the declining power of European nations, and the freedoms promised by the Soviets and Americans
What is the Cold War?
The rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States that divided much of Europe into a Soviet-aligned Communist bloc and a U.S.-aligned capitalist bloc between 1945 and 1989
What happened when the British decided to leave Palestine?
UN voted to divide territory into two states: one Arab and one Jewish
Who was Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn?
Wrote One Day in the Life of Denisovich (shows Stalin's concentration camps)
What communist leader/country was able to remain somewhat independent from Soviet domination?
Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia
Who became the Soviet leader after Khrushchev?
Leonid Brezhnev
What is neocolonialism?
A post colonial system that perpetuates Western economic exploitation in former colonial territories
What were the European Coal and Steel Community?
A single, transnational market for steel and coal without national tariffs or quotas
What is the Truman Doctrine?
Also known as containment; America's policy geared to containing communism to those countries already under Soviet control
What was the Marshall Plan?
American plan for providing economic aid to Western Europe to help it rebuild
What is socialist realism?
Artistic movement that followed the dictates of Communist ideals, enforced by state control in the Soviet Union and East Bloc countries in the 1950s and 1960s
How did Brezhnev change the policy of Khrushchev?
Began a period of limited re-Stalinization and economic stagnation
What Cold War event happened in 1953?
Beginning of the Korean War
What happened in the Belgian Congo in 1960?
Belgians agreed that the Congo would be independent
Who was Mahatma Gandhi?
British lawyer that built a mass movement preaching nonviolent cooperation with the British; aided India in gaining independence
Who were the Christian Democrats?
Center-right political parties that rose to power in Western Europe after WWII
Who coined the term, "Iron Curtain"?
Churchill
In May 1945, what action did Truman take against the Soviet Union?
Cut off all aid to the Soviet Union
At Potsdam, what did Stalin and Truman disagree on?
Free elections throughout Europe because if the government was elected, it would be anti-Soviet
What happened during the Algerian War?
French army attacked Muslims and their supporters were tortured; General Gaulle accepted self-determination
What agreements were made at the Yalta concerning German, Poland, and Eastern Europe?
Germany - Each victorious power would occupy a separate zone; would pay reparations to the U.S.S.R. Poland - U.S.S.R. would incorporate the eastern Polish territories its army had occupied; would be compensated with German lands to the west Eastern Europe - Would be freely elected, but pro-Russia
What were guest worker programs?
Government-run programs in Western Europe designed to recruit labor for the booming postwar economy
What did Khrushchev agree to about Austria?
Granted their independence but they had to remain neutral
Who was Ho Chi Minh?
Guerrilla leader that defeated the French in the Indochina war with support of the Soviet Union and China
What countries belonged to the European Coal and Steel Community?
Included Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France
What are the Nuremberg Trials?
International militray tribunal organized by the 4 Allied Powers (U.S., G.B., the Soviet Union, and France) that tried and sentenced the highest ranking Nazi military and civilian leaders who survived
What were 2 goals of the European Economic Community?
- Reduction of tariffs among the 6 countries to create a single market as large as the U.S. - Free movement of capital, labor, common economic policies, and institutions
In 1959, what were 3 actions taken by French President DeGaulle?
- Withdrew all French military forces from the American controlled NATO - Developed France's own nuclear weapons - Vetoed the scheduled advent of majority rule within the Common Market
How did Khrushchev change Soviet foreign policy?
- De-Stalinized foreign policy - Believed peaceful coexistence with capitalism was possible - Believed war was inevitable
After WWII, what 3 major forces helped women searching for jobs?
- Economic boom from 1950-1973 created a strong demand for labor. - Economy continued its gradual shift away from the old male-dominated heavy industries (white collar industries) - Young Western women shared fully in the postwar education revolution and could take advantage of the growing need for office workers and well-trained professionals.
Who was Mao Zedong?
- Head of the Chinese Communists during the Chinese civil war - United China into a centralized state with a 5 year plan that boosted industrial production
The Bretton Woods agreement established what 2 things?
- Linked western currencies to the U.S. dollar - Established the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to facilitate free market and world trade
What happened in Hungary in 1956?
- Nagy, a liberal Communist reformer and the new prime minister, led the people in Budapest to rebel - Russia sent tanks and crushed the rebellion
What 3 demands were made by non-Western peoples in decolonization?
- National self-determination - Racial equality - Personal dignity