EUS 346 Exam 2
In referendum on March 16, 2014 only 2 possible scenarios for Crimea were presented
"Are you in favor of the reunification of Crimea with Russia as a part of the Russian federation?" "Are you in favor of restoring the 1992 Constitution and the status of Crimea as a part of Ukraine?"
Das Deutsche Kaiserreich
(1871-1918) - the 2nd Reich unified by Otto von Bismark, the "Iron Chancellor".
Primary economic activity - agriculture - is the basis of rural live, but Europe's urban landscape is a product of secondary sector.
- agriculture - is the basis of rural live, but Europe's urban landscape is a product of secondary sector.
Gild industry
- concentrated in towns and cities. Gild was a professional organization of the artisans skilled in a particular craft. The skills passed through apprenticeship system. The system is pretty much alive in Germany, where one finds gilds of bakers, sausage makers, masons, chimney sweepers, etc.
Josef Broz Tito (1892-1980)
- founder of Yugoslavia
Cottage industry
- largely rural. Each village had a miller, potter, cobbler, smith, weaver. Little formality surrounded passing of the skills, sons learned from fathers and daughters from mothers. Rare survival in peripheral regions of Europe.
Secondary industry
- manufacturing - is concerned with processing the materials collected by primary industries into finished products.
The effects of Industrialization in England were multifold, both positive and negative:
-People began to live healthier lives as sanitation and hygiene improved; - Urban population exploded in industrial centers; - Exploitation of workers and child labor; - Destruction of the environment
Characteristics of a Core area (see Fig. 6.3 on page 165)
1) served as a power center 2) heart of the cultural norms 3) possessed some measure of natural defense 4) had a fairly dense population 5) had a prosperous agricultural economy that produced surplus capable of supporting a sizable military establishment 6) was led by ambitious leaders
Milestones of Hungarian state
1000 AD - King Stephan I converted country to Christianity 1526 - after Battle of Mohacs, fell to the Ottoman rule for 150 years (1541-1699) 1867-1918 - a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1920 - Treaty of Trianon that led to the great loss of the territory
New EU members have substantial agricultural sectors
12 new members brought in 7 million to 6 million existing farmers and added 55 million hectares to 130 million hectares in the old European Union. Despite the fact that the new members are give subsidies for agricultural production, they are much lower than those that are received by France, Germany, Italy, and other old members.
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution to continental Europe
1820s - Belgium 1850s - the Ruhr region in west Germany After 1850 - other parts of Europe: - upper Slask, southern Poland; - the Saxon Triangle (Chemnitz, Halle and Dresden); - the Saar-Lorraine area (border between France and Germany; - northern Czechy (Czechia) - Donetz basin in eastern Ukraine By 1900s, Europe stood as the "Proud Tower" accounting for 90% of the world's manufacturing output
Unification of Italy:
1861-1871 In 1861 the basis for Italian nation-state is laid when king Vittorio Emmanuelle agrees to lead a new state. National hero of Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi led the war for independence from Austria.
Unification of Italy
1871 King Vittorio Emmanuelle was asked to lead unified Italy.
Division of the Island of cyprus
1963 - 11 year intercommunal violence 1974 - coup d'état by Cypriot Greek nationalists and Greek military junta Displacement of 150,000 Greek Cypriots and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots 1983 - Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declares its independence
1918
3 different republics announce self-determination: People's Republic of Ukraine in the west and center, Soviet Republic of Odessa in the south, and Soviet Republic of Donetsk-Krivoy Rog in the east
In former Yugoslavia Serbs made a plurality with
36.3% with Croats being the second largest group with 19.7%.
The Migration Period, aka Völkerwanderung and Barbarian Invasions
375 AD - Invasion of Europe by Huns 382 AD - Treaties with Franks and other tribes to guard the borders of the Roman Empire 476 AD - fall of the Western Roman Empire 568 AD - Conquest of Italy by Lombards (modern province of Lombardy, with Milano as capital) Barbarian Invasions had II phases: 1) took place between 300 and 500 AD, documented by Roman and Greek historians; 2) between 500 and 700 AD - movement of Slavic tribes to the Central and Eastern Europe
Great Migration Period
4-5 cc. AD
of Bosnians are Muslims
44%
From Kievan Rus' to the Russian empire
882-912 - Kievan Rus' under the rule of Prince Oleg 988 - Christianization Late 11th century - gradual decline and the state becomes fragmented 1240s - Mongol invasion 1654 - Bohdan Khmelnitsky signed Treaty of Pereyaslav with Russian kingdom
Innovations during the Industrial Revolution
After the innovation in machinery in the textile industry other innovations followed, including: - steam engine (James Watt); - use of coal as energy source (Lancashire, Yorkshire, the Midlands, but also south Wales and Newcastle on the North sea); - innovations in steel production (Coalbrookdale in the Midlands): the use of coke instead of charcoal, blast furnaces and rolling mills. Birmingham becomes a major steel producing center. Major shipbuilding centers in Britain arose where coalfields and steel mills bordered tidewater. Major center became Clydeside near Glasgow in the Scottish Lowlands. By the 1890s, British shipyards produced 80% of the world's seagoing tonnage, and Britannia ruled the waves. So, textiles, coal mining, steelmaking, and shipbuilding formed the core of the Industrial Revolution, but other industries were also involved: - machine making - production of chemicals, including dyes, paints, fertilizers, drugs, explosives, soap, and eventually synthetic fibers. - construction of railroads created well connected and fluent market thus spurring further production of goods.
Western Businesses in Russia
American companies in Russia: Pepsi - Russia is the largest market outside the USA, with 7% of its revenues McDonalds - has 413 restaurants with 9% of the company's total revenues John Deere - Russia is a growing market for its equipment sales Ford Motors - operates 3 assembly plants and has just opened a joint venture French Renault has a major joint venture, as does Danish Carlsberg
Mini-states
Andorra Liechtenstein Monaco San Marino Vatican City
Social and political dimensions of the Industrial Revolution: European colonialism
Beginning in the 15th century, the Portuguese began to colonize coastal areas of Africa, establishing bases and trade networks. Spaniards and Portuguese established the template, and the English, French and Dutch followed, eventually joined by Germans, Belgians, Italians and Russians. In the 19th century, colonies became resource sinks and by early 20th century fueled Europe's industrial growth, as colonial powers established plantations and large-scale extractive enterprises worked by the locals living in terrible conditions.
Deindustrialization
By the 1960s the industrial decline began in UK and continental Europe - the crisis began in primary sector, in particular coal mining. A shift to petroleum brought depression to mining districts of Europe. Textile manufacturing also suffered. Textile centers such as Troyes in France and mining centers like South Wales suffered most. Shipbuilding could not compete with Japanese industry.
the Ruhr area
By the end of the 1800s became the most important iron and steel producing center in Europe. A line of industrial cities sprawled from Dortmund to through Bochum, Essen, and Oberhausen to Duisburg.
Other areas of specialization within the dairy belt
Cattle/ hog fattening - differences in feed: in the Balkans, the Alps and central France maize is the principal feed crop, while in the north small grain ad root crops dominate: barley, oats, potatoes, sugar beets. Sheep raising - great portion of hardscrabble land - the Celtic fringes of the British Isles, Massif Central, Dinaric Range, Carpathians and Iceland have important sheep-raising districts. Cash grain farming - Russia, Ukraine, parts of Castilian plateau and the Paris Basin. Reindeer ranching
Blood soaked history of Crimea during the past two and a half centuries
Crimea was incorporated into the Russian empire as a result of victories in Russo-Turkish wars of 1768-1774 During the Crimean War of 1853-56, Sevastopol became the symbol of heroism of the Russian soldiers against British and French armies Heroic Battle of Sevastopol when the Soviet sailors stood firm before the Nazi army
10-12% out of 2 million residents of Crimea are
Crimean Tatars, Turkic speaking Muslims that were deported by Stalin en masse in 1944. They refused to participate in the referendum they considered illegal.
Bosnia is divided into
Croat-Bosnian Federation and Republika Srpska
Concepts associated with the former British Empire
Crown dependencies Overseas territories/ lands Commonwealth countries Associated states
Specialization within the Dairy Belt:
Denmark - butter production, with each package of butter stamped with the code of the cooperative and individual farmer. The Netherlands - focus on milk and high quality cheeses (Edam). The United Kingdom - farmers specialize in fluid milk.
Sovereignty versus Self-Rule debate
Different American views on the movements to independence around the world: Chechnya? No East Timor? Yes Abkhazia? No South Sudan? Yes Palestine? It's complicated
Northern Europe has the highest rate in internet connection. With the help of Finland, one of the former Soviet republic becomes
E-Stonia
Evolution of the Swiss state: timeline
Early Celtic La Tene culture Roman period -1-5 cc AD - Pax Romana -peaceful period when many early urban centers and villages were established 2nd half of the 5th century AD - non-violent take over by Burgundians. This will establish a lasting cultural and linguistic divide between French-speaking Romandie in the west and people speaking variants of Alemannic German in the east. Battle of Morgarten of 1315 - Swiss cantons defeat much stronger army of the Hapsburgs 1332-1353 - Lucerne, Zurich, Bern join Battle of Sempach of 1386 - gained autonomy within HRE (Legend of William Tell) 1415-1513 - "Heroic Age" of military expansion 1291-1789 - territorial expansion of the confederation as other lands become members 1648 - officially independent from HRE 1815 - "Eternal Neutrality" of Switzerland is recognized by Peace Treaty of Paris 1848 - New Constitution
cyprus Invasions and Foreign Rule
Early Egyptian, Arab and Persian raids Part of the Byzantine empire Lusignan kingdom Genoese vs. Venetians Ottoman rule (1571-1878) British administration (1878-1914) Independence - since 1960
Nation-state
Emergence of a state in the early Middle Ages. Nation - originally referred to a group of people with a shared sense of culture and history, and a desire to control its affairs. England, France, Spain and Portugal - original nation states - were based on the idea that the state was a homeland of a particular nation.
Non-EU countries by internal structure
Federations - Iceland (with Althing as world's oldest Parliament), Switzerland, Russia (?), Bosnia and Herzegovina (consists of Republic Srpska and Bosnian-Croat Federation) Unitary state - Kingdom of Norway, Croatia, Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro. Federacy - Moldova (Trans-Dniestrian Republic), Ukraine (Crimean Autonomous Region)
The Polish Issue
First three partitions of Poland occurred in the period between 1772 and 1795, as Eastern Prussia and Austria were concerned with Russia's success in its war with Turkey and feared Russian imperial expanse in Central Europe. Curzon Line was proposed by British Foreign Minister Curzon in 1919. After the Treaty of Riga (1921) Poland gained over 52,00 sq. mi of land east of Curzon Line.
New crops introduced to Europe
First wave from Arabic lands across the Mediterranean: citrus fruit, unknown to the classical Greeks, apricot, sugar cane, sorghum, cotton, and rice. From the New World two distinct diffusions occurred: 1) Mesoamerican complex of maize, chili peppers, squash, beans and pumpkins, plus tomato and turkey. This complex is most popular in the Balkans. 2) Andean Indians of highland South America provided potatoes. Arriving in Spain from Peru, it reached Belgium already in 1560s.
Age of Nationalism (1815-1925)
French Revolution of 1789 ushered in Age of Nationalism, a period during which an ideal political form was a sovereign nation-state. States that emerged from this process were results of two types of nationalism: - unification nationalism (Germany and Italy) - anti-empire nationalism, that fell into 2 types: (1) movement to split by ethnic minorities from what they viewed as empires (Ireland and Norway) (2) disintegration of explicitly multi-ethnic empires, like the Ottoman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Russian Empire.
Industrial rejuvenation
I. High-tech: electronic and microelectronic devices, data processing equipment, robotics, telecommunications apparatus, and the like. New centers include: "M-4 Corridor", a crescent-shaped area west of London "Silicon Glen", near Edinburgh "Scientific City", southwest of Paris the Dutch Ranstadt suburbs of München, Augsburg and Nürnberg II. Manufacture of high-quality expensive luxury goods, mainly for export: Italian clothes, shoes and cars, Swiss watches, French perfume, etc. The emergence of "Third Italy" : luxury cars like Ferrari, Venetian glass, silks from Como, jewelry from Vicenza tiles from Modena
Cordon sanitaire
In 1919 French president Georges Clemenceau urged newly independent states of Central and Eastern Europe to form a union and quarantine the spread of communism in Europe. Historian André Fontaine proposed that it marked the real beginning of the Cold War - thus the Cold War began in 1919 and not in 1946 as other historians argue.
Chili "peppers"
In Mesoamerica chili were cultivated and traded as early as 6,000 BC Within 50 years of European acquaintance with chili, it spread to India, Japan and China spread by the Portuguese Today it is the most common ingredient of Thai and Indian cuisine (tikki masala was declared a national dish in UK in 2007) Paprika - spread to central Europe via Balkans in the Ottoman empire and Turks began to cultivate it in Buda as early as 1529 Chili spread the fastest and most widely among even poorest peasants of Iberia. According to Pierre Bourdieu, people were used to black pepper and there was little resistance to chili, as compared to potatoes and tomatoes.
Transhumance
In dry, hot summer, sheep and goats are moved to high pastures in the mountains, and in winter they migrated down to marshy parts of the alluvial lowlands. In Spain, shepherds celebrate this ancient tradition by droving 2,000 sheep through downtown Madrid every October. The beast of burden was the donkey.
Military and defense backgrounds
In early 1990s, Ukraine (along with Kazakhstan and Belarus') gave up its portion of nuclear weapons. The Soviet missiles on the territory of Ukraine were destroyed by the end of the 1990s. In exchange, then President Kravchuk and Yeltsin signed a memorandum stipulating the territorial integrity of newly sovereign Ukraine Ukraine did not set up a goal of building up a strong army
Languages Status Policies
In eastern Ukraine 82-88% of people use Russian as their primary language of communication; In western Ukraine and parts of central Ukraine up to 61-96% of people use only Ukrainian In center-east plurality with 46% consider Russian as their first language Russian was given a status of a regional language
Saltus
In the Mediterranean agricultural system, sheep and goats roam freely in pastures and are used predominantly for milk, mohair (goats), hides and some meat (sheep).
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution began in the peripheral part of Europe - in the back-country of England and all the interconnected developments of the formative stage of the Revolution, from 1730 to 1850, occurred in that region.
Status of Crimea: de facto and de jure
Kosovo precedent? Kosovo de facto seceded from Serbia in 1999, declared independence in 2008 and was recognized in 2010 by the International Court of Justice Abkhazia and South Ossetia remain in limbo, as they have not been internationally recognized as independent states after August 2008 Russia's war with Georgia Nagorny Karabakh aspires to become a sovereign state
Traditional Land and Settlement Patterns
Latifundia - large estates controlled by the nobility were divided into small units and farmed by indentured peasants. Long and narrow fields in the north were created to accommodate the massive moldboard plow of the 3-field farmers. Different inheritance systems of Germanic and Romance Europe: larger land parcels tended to remain intact in the Germanic areas. Primogeniture as traditional form of inheritance among Germanic peoples
Rise of German nationalism under during Napoleonic era
Literary movement of romanticism and rise of German nationalism was in big part a reaction to dominance of France and political and societal upheavals Johann Gottlieb Fichte, German philosopher expressed the Zeitgeist of the early 19th century among German-speaking peoples
Lebensraum
Living Space (of the state) from Friedrich Ratzel.
Major stock exchanges:
London, Paris, Brussels, Frankfurt, Zürich, Milan Other banking centers: Hamburg, Vienna, Luxembourg, Rome, Madrid.
Environmental effects of Industrialization
Major contributors to the environmental deterioration: - smoke and soot from burning coal; - chemicals entered the atmosphere and the levels of carbon dioxide increased; - dumping of industrial waste into rivers and seas; - seepage of chemicals into ground water.
Types of traditional agriculture in Europe
Mediterranean agriculture Three-field farming system Hardscrabble herders and farmers Shifting cultivation in the north Northern nomadic herding
Mercantilism in the early Middle Ages
Northern Italy became the center of manufacturing and mercantilism as a result of dominant position of its merchants who traded from China to England. Cities like Genoa, Milan, Florence and Venice were famous for their silks and other textiles, cloth dying, brassware, weaponry, glass and shipbuilding. Manufacturing-commercial leadership then shifted north to Belgium, Switzerland and south Germany. Influence of Flanders was important in the industrial development in the Netherlands beginning in the 1400s.
Euro-Maidan
November 1913 - Then President Yanukovich refuses to sign a treaty of cooperation with the EU and the protests ensue on the main square of Kiev - Maidan March 2014 - referendum in Crimea Currently - rebels in Donetsk and Luhansk proclaim independent republics and fight the Ukrainian army
Glimpses at the history of Cyprus
One of the centers of ancient civilizations Series of invasions from three continents: North Africa Europe Asia Modern History: Independence War and Division of the Island
Orange Revolution of 2004
Orange Revolution was a result of popular protests against the rigged presidential elections, Yushenko becomes a new President It followed in the footsteps of Rose Revolution of 2003 in Georgia when a Soviet era leader Shevarnadze was ousted Orange revolution raised great hope for a new democratic and free Ukraine, but weak political leadership massive corruption hindered the socio-economic development
Importance of crops domesticated in the New World
Out of 20 most important food stuff in the world, five originated in the New World: maize (corn), potato, cassava (manioc, tapioca, or yucca), tomato, and sweet potato They globalized the commodities trade even further They changed the national cuisines around the world Chocolate and Vanilla Ice Cream!
Poland as a Role Model
Poland, a member of the EU since 2004, has been successful in restructuring its economy through the initial 'shock therapy' - privatization of state enterprise and regulation. Its GDP per capita at $13,000 is 3,5 times higher than in Ukraine Ukraine suffers from overregulation and markets monopolized by small elite groups of oligarchs and politically connected people. Court system has been used as political tool
Types of industries in Europe
Primary - mining, forestry, fishing Secondary - production of goods, textiles, machinery, etc. Tertiary - transport, energy production, retailing, wholesaling, health care, education, and tourism. Quaternary - banking, consulting, information processing, legal services, advertising, insurance, research and development. The term postindustrial refers to the rise of the dominance of the quaternary sector in Europe.
Unification of Germany 1866-1871
Prior to 1806, the Holy Roman Empire had 300 separate polities that included grand duchies, duchies, principalities, free cities (Bremen, Lübbeck and Hamburg), marks and counties. In 1806 Napoleon dismantled the Holy Roman empire that eventually resulted in the nationalism unification of German-speaking peoples (Kleindeutsche Sölung was achieved as Austria remained in its own sphere of influence - Groβdeutsche Sölung (Germany with Austria)
During the war in Bosnia (1992-1995)
Serbs interned Bosnian men and women in concentration camps
Ukraine's Economic Woes
Since 1992 the economy has shrunk 30% - its main exports being steel and agricultural products. Some economists refer to Ukraine as 'economically failed state' Corrupt government under Yanukovich has syphoned estimated 78-80 billion US dollars out of the country 60% of all the energy is bought from Russia for $400 per 1 thousand cubic meters - compare with before 2004 Orange revolution prices at $100 and current Germany's prices at $330.
Bosnians were
Slavs who converted to Islam under the Ottoman rule
Former Yugoslavia dissolved into seven independent states of
Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo and Serbia. Slovenia is a member of the EU and Croatia is a candidate.
Modern Agricultural Systems
Specialization: 1) the Mediterranean, specialization was achieved by elevating horticulture to principle agricultural pursuit. Grain fields and pastures shrank and garden marketing emerged. 2) in the north: Bretagne produces apples and Picardie - potatoes (France), Holland - flowers and bulbs, Belgium is known for tomatoes, cherries - on the shores of Bodensee in southern Germany, Iceland - bananas.
Dairying
The great European Dairy Belt - around the shores of the North and Baltic Sea, including much of northern Russia, the British Isles, coastal France, the Low Country, northern Germany and the Scandinavian lands. The dairy belt occupies the cloudest, coolest parts of northwestern Europe, a land better suited to pasture and the raising of hay. Substantial portion of Irish agriculture is in dairying. The Irish consume more butter per capita than any other nations in the world.
Sovereignty vs. Nation-state
The idea of sovereignty emerged out events in the German Empire in the 17th century and was spelled out in the treaty known as Peace of Westphalia (1648) - territorial units making up the empire could decide what religion to practice without outside interference.
The wealth of this part of the world was rooted in an economic system characterized by:
The right of manufacturers to own (and buy and sell) the property and the materials that were the part of the production process. The payment of wages to laborers. The right of individualism to hold and reinvest the profits that came from selling finished goods. These are the foundations of modern capitalism.
the black triangle
This borderland between eastern Germany, Czechia and southern Poland experienced the greatest concentration of environmental damage in the 20th century.
Turkey or Indian Chicken?
Turkey was domesticated in Mexico in 200 BC- 700 AD First arrived in Spain in 1511-12 and spread quickly throughout Europe In many languages: Armenian, French, Italian, Polish, Ukrainian, Russian - it's an Indian bird In Hindi it's called "Peru" indicating the Portuguese introduction of the bird
There are three major Slavic tongues spoken in Ukraine
Ukrainian, Russian and Surzhik (informal blend of Russian and Ukrainian languages and slang)
"In Maidan, the European Idea has won"
Ukrainians united by the hatred of corrupt regime were brought even closer by the Russian invasion of Crimea "Yanukovich freed Ukraine and Putin is uniting us" said Yegor Soboliev, a 37-old ethnic Russian who led a government commission to check on former government officials records In May 2014 presidential elections offered a new hope for building new democratic society and effective government institutions under Petro Poroshenko
The 20th century state
Unitary state - power is concentrated in central government Federal state - internal states or provinces have considerable power, or even autonomy. Federacy - form of government where one or several sub states enjoy more independence than others. Devolved states - like the UK with Scottish Parliament, Welsh and Northern Ireland National Assemblies.
Eurasianist Russia?
Will Russia turn more towards China? It is already investing trillions of rubles into the development of the Far East Some advisors who have Putin's ear, do not mind Cold War style isolation form the West, emphasizing the importance of closer economic integration with Asian markets, especially China, but also Turkey and India
France: the Quintessential Unitary State evolved from
a core center known as Île de France, which is the center of Paris Basin
Discuss political movements and processes of the 19th century that led to foundation of many European states, including unification nationalism and anti-empire nationalism
a. Age of Nationalism (1815-1925) i. French Revolution of 1789 ushered in Age of Nationalism, a period during which an ideal political form was a sovereign nation-state. b. Unification of Italy: 1861-1871 i. In 1861 the basis for Italian nation-state is laid when king Vittorio Emmanuelle agrees to lead a new state. National hero of Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi led the war for independence from Austria. c. Unification nationalism i. involves the merger of a politically divided but culturally homogeneous territory into one state, as famously occurred in nineteenth-century Germany and Italy d. Anti-empire nationalism i. movement to split by ethnic minorities from what they viewed as empires (Ireland and Norway) ii. disintegration of explicitly multi-ethnic empires, like the Ottoman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Russian Empire
Be prepared to discuss all major types of traditional agriculture in Europe.
a. Mediterranean agriculture i. Threefold system: field agriculture (agus) , horticulture (hortus), and pasture (saltus). ii. In the field: 1. wheat and barley were planted in the fall and these small grains thrived in cool wet season without irrigation. Great harvest festivals took place in spring. 2. farmers employed a two-field rotating system iii. Since ancient times farmers built terraces, cultivated vineyards and olive groves, and planted small grains in the fall - winter grain includes wheat and barley. In 1950s wheat and barley accounted for 40% of all tilled land in Italy and 50% in Greece. iv. Figs, pomegranates and carobs are native to the Mediterranean region v. Intertillage - wheat is planted in olive grove vi. Saltus 1. In the Mediterranean agricultural system, sheep and goats roam freely in pastures and are used predominantly for milk, mohair (goats), hides and some meat (sheep). vii. Transhumance 1. In dry, hot summer, sheep and goats are moved to high pastures in the mountains, and in winter they migrated down to marshy parts of the alluvial lowlands. 2. In Spain, shepherds celebrate this ancient tradition by droving 2,000 sheep through downtown Madrid every October. 3. The beast of burden was the donkey. b. Three-field farming system i. arose north of the Mediterranean, in fertile lands beyond the mountains and centered in the Great and East European plains and the Hungarian Basin ii. Three-field farming was prevalent among Germanic and Slavic peoples who invented the heavy plow. iii. The main features: 1. land was cropped 2 out of every 3 years; 2. any particular field was planted first to a summer crop, next to a winter grain, and then allowed to lie fallow for a year; 3. wheat was preferred in England, France and northwestern Iberia, while rye dominated the north - Germany, Scandinavia, Poland, and Russia. Poland and Russia produce 50% of rye today. 4. Oats and barley were the main livestock feed grain in this system. They were perhaps the only crops domesticated within Europe. 5. Flax, originally domesticated in the Middle East, made its way to the north and became major fiber crop (linen). 6. Cutting of hay provided sustenance for livestock in winter. 7. Livestock played a much greater role than in the south. Cattle provided meat, diary products, manure for the fields, and oxen, power to the heavy plow. Swine was important in Central Europe iv. The key difference between Mediterranean and three field systems: 1. close relationship between crops and livestock in the 3-field system. c. Hardscrabble herders and farmers d. Shifting cultivation in the north i. or slash-and-burn agriculture of the Finns - the infertile, highly acidic soils became temporarily productive with ash from burnt trees. This type of cultivation has not been practiced since 1920s as the population pressure grew. e. Northern nomadic herding
Be able to discuss types of modern industry in Europe and processes of deindustrialization and industrial rejuvenation
a. Types of industry i. Primary - mining, forestry, fishing ii. Secondary - production of goods, textiles, machinery, etc. iii. Tertiary - transport, energy production, retailing, wholesaling, health care, education, and tourism. iv. Quaternary - banking, consulting, information processing, legal services, advertising, insurance, research and development. v. The term postindustrial refers to the rise of the dominance of the quaternary sector in Europe. b. Deindustrialization i. By the 1960s the industrial decline began in UK and continental Europe - the crisis began in primary sector, in particular coal mining. A shift to petroleum brought depression to mining districts of Europe. ii. Textile manufacturing also suffered. Textile centers such as Troyes in France and mining centers like South Wales suffered most. iii. Shipbuilding could not compete with Japanese industry. c. Industrial rejuvenation i. High-tech: electronic and microelectronic devices, data processing equipment, robotics, telecommunications apparatus, and the like. 1. New centers include: a. "M-4 Corridor", a crescent-shaped area west of London b. "Silicon Glen", near Edinburgh c. "Scientific City", southwest of Paris d. the Dutch Ranstadt e. suburbs of München, Augsburg and Nürnberg ii. . Manufacture of high-quality expensive luxury goods, mainly for export: 1. Italian clothes, shoes and cars, Swiss watches, French perfume, etc. 2. The emergence of "Third Italy" : a. luxury cars like Ferrari, b. Venetian glass, c. silks from Como, d. jewelry from Vicenza e. tiles from Modena
Know evolution of major European states discussed in Chapter 6 (the case studies). Be ready to compare and contrast the evolution of 1 unitary state and 1 federative state
a. Unitary state - power is concentrated in central government i. Kingdom of Norway, Croatia, Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro. b. Federal state - internal states or provinces have considerable power, or even autonomy. i. Iceland (with Althing as world's oldest Parliament), Switzerland, Russia (?), Bosnia and Herzegovina (consists of Republic Srpska and Bosnian-Croat Federation) c. Federacy - form of government where one or several sub states enjoy more independence than others. i. Moldova (Trans-Dniestrian Republic), Ukraine (Crimean Autonomous Region)
Lebensraum
adopted by Hitler to justify invasions of historically 'German' lands in Mitteleuropa and Drang nach Osten. Stalin's idea of protecting the Soviet Union was to expand to the west, to warm seas and create buffer states. Ironically after invasion of eastern Poland, the Red Army came face to face with Nazi army. No buffer zone was protecting the USSR from Operation Barbarossa.
Partition of Ireland
after Government of Ireland Act of 1920 Ireland was divided into 2 parts: Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, where Catholics made up less than 30%. Home Rule returned to Northern Ireland in May 2007. It now has National Assembly and its own Prime Minister.
First order banking services
are located in London, Paris, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Zürich, Milan.
Three Field Farming
arose north of the Mediterranean, in fertile lands beyond the mountains and centered in the Great and East European plains and the Hungarian Basin.
In the 1400s and 1500s Tuscany
became the major center of Renaissance. The dialect of Tuscany becomes the basis for Italian literary language thanks to works of Dante and Petrarca.
Peaceful protests in Kiev
began as an out-poring of sentiment against Yanukovich's decision not to sign the Eastern Partnership with the EU, and gradually developed into a wider opposition to the rule of corruption and lawlessness
Germanic North vs. Romanized South:
butter vs. olive oil; beer vs. wine; German-style wachwerk houses vs. Mediterranean red tiled roofed structures.
San Marino
claims to be the world's oldest republic (since its foundation in 301 AD)
Lazio
core area of the ancient Roman empire, but the core of modern Italian state became Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia (House of Savoy) with Turin as first capital of the unified Italy
Partition of Germany and the city of Berlin after 1945 resulted in
creation of West Germany with a capital in Bonn and German Democratic Republic with East Berlin as its capital.
Russian State
developed from the core area near Moscow in the 14-15th centuries
Threefold system:
field agriculture (agus) , horticulture (hortus), and pasture (saltus). In the field: a) wheat and barley were planted in the fall and these small grains thrived in cool wet season without irrigation. Great harvest festivals took place in spring. b) farmers employed a two-field rotating system
Otto the Great
founded the Holy Roman Empire in 962 AD and took the title of Caesar. The was the first German reich (or empire)
winter grain
includes wheat and barley. In 1950s wheat and barley accounted for 40% of all tilled land in Italy and 50% in Greece.
Early Medieval Revolution
introduced several innovations: 3-field rotations, use of legumes that enrich the soil, heavy plow that allowed to turn heavy clay soils of the central Europe, and use of horses that sped the plowing process.
Andorra
is a co-principality ruled by France and Spain in turn.
Battle of Kosovo Pole of 1381
is an important event in Serbian history when they lost to the Ottoman Turks.
Nicosia:
it is the last divided capital in Europe divided between Republic of Cyprus and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus The UN Buffer Zone dissects the Old City in Nicosia
Ode to Corn:
its importance for the Mesoamerican civilizations cannot be overestimated
Two fundamental modifications accompanied the industrial revolution changes:
machines replaced human hands in extracting primary resources and in fashioning products; a second change involved the use of inanimate power, as people began to use water, steam, and eventually electricity, petroleum and the atom.
Vatican City
occupies area just over 200 acres and is the smallest state in the world
Shifting cultivation of the North
or slash-and-burn agriculture of the Finns - the infertile, highly acidic soils became temporarily productive with ash from burnt trees. This type of cultivation has not been practiced since 1920s as the population pressure grew.
Horticulture (hortus):
orchards and vineyards of drought resistant plants, most importantly olives and figs, but also pistachio, carob (St John's bread) and pomegranate.
Irredentism
policy advocating the right to annex territories administered by another state on the grounds of common ethnicity or prior historical possession
Alto Adige or South Tirol, along with Val d'Aosta (French speaking region)
pushes for more autonomy from Rome. Northern part of Italy is more industrialized and prosperous and threatens to secede from Mezzogiorno
'mezes'
servings for two - could be a mixture of seafood or meat dishes
Corsican separatism
several dozens bombs explode every year in Corsica damaging few but hurting tourism. Republic of France insists on a "nation-state for all citizens".
Hambach Festival
that took place in Bavaria in May 1832 was a demonstration by students and professors of a certain kind of nationalism - liberal and peaceful with focus on literacy and education
Sovereignty
the idea that independent countries should be free from external interference
At Berlin conference of 1884 -1885
the major European powers (USA also participated in the conference) created a new map of the African continent.
Speznaz (Special Ops)
troops severed all the air links to mainland Ukraine, isolating the peninsula. All the broadcast from Ukrainian TV and radio stations were blocked and people only could watch news broadcast from Russia.
Squash
was cultivated in the Ottoman empire already by 1539. Some attribute such quick and successive spread of the New World staples to the Jews and Muslims expelled from Iberia in 1492 and who brought their goods with them.
League of Nations (1920-1946)
was founded on the premises of guaranteeing peaceful coexistence in Europe but was essentially powerless
Three-field farming
was prevalent among Germanic and Slavic peoples who invented the heavy plow. The main features: 1) land was cropped 2 out of every 3 years; 2) any particular field was planted first to a summer crop, next to a winter grain, and then allowed to lie fallow for a year; 3) wheat was preferred in England, France and northwestern Iberia, while rye dominated the north - Germany, Scandinavia, Poland, and Russia. Poland and Russia produce 50% of rye today. 4) Oats and barley were the main livestock feed grain in this system. They were perhaps the only crops domesticated within Europe. 5) Flax, originally domesticated in the Middle East, made its way to the north and became major fiber crop (linen). 6) Cutting of hay provided sustenance for livestock in winter. 7) Livestock played a much greater role than in the south. Cattle provided meat, diary products, manure for the fields, and oxen, power to the heavy plow. Swine was important in Central Europe The key difference between 2 systems: close relationship between crops and livestock in the 3-field system.
The Sambre-Meuse-Lys valley in Belgium
was the first region in continental Europe where British industrialization diffused
Treaty of Versailles of 1919
with participation of the leaders of Allied powers and American president Woodrow Wilson established some new borders in central Europe
