Evolution Final
Choose the correct answer: Genetic drift influences evolution by:
-reducing the average heterozygosity of populations (NOT THIS ONE) -reducing genetic diversity during population bottlenecks -acting in combination with dispersal to dramatically shift allele frequencies in newly founded populations -removing genetic variation from populations that are very large in size
In a population of diploid snails of size N=1000, what is the probability that a novel allele caused by a new mutation at a locus that previously only had one allele will increase to fixation as a result of genetic drift? 0.9998 0.0005 0.0001 0.0002 0.9995
0.0005
If the genotype frequency of a homozygous recessive genotype is equal to 0.023 and a selection coefficient roughly 10% worse than the other genotypes (i.e., s = 0.1), what would we expect its frequency to be after natural selection? 0.015 0.0023 It is impossible to answer given the information provided. 0.0207
0.0207
Flying squirrels in Ohio occupy habitat patches that are isolated from one another by inhospitable habitat. Large populations of flying squirrels found in the western United States that are effectively outbred (i.e,. wO = 0.95). However, the smaller populations in Ohio show signs of inbreeding (wS = 0.74). Calculate the degree of inbreeding depression in the Ohio population. -0.28378 1.28378 0.22105 0.7789
0.22105
The breeder's equation is useful for measuring the magnitude of evolutionary change in a trait. A biologist studying directional selection on color darkness in wild mice found a selection differential to be 0.8 and the selection response to be 0.6. What is the variability (i.e., heritability) of this trait in this population? 1 0.8 0.75 1.33
0.75
Individuals that are homozygous recessive for a particular locus produce viable offspring at only 5% of the rate that heterozygous or homozygous dominant individuals. What is the selection coefficient for the homozygous recessive genotype? 0.5 1 0.95 0.05
0.95
**picture of 12 charts showing the synteny plots** Twelve chromosomes (Chr) present in two hypothetical plant species, Bryan carstenii (x-axis) and Andi wolfii (y-axis), were compared and those comparisons were depicted as synteny plots. Given the various synteny plots that depict the comparison of twelve chromosomes (Chr) between two plant species, select all of the statements below that are correct: The evolution of genes encoded on Chr. II and V in these plant species is likely more constrained than genes on Chr III and VI If given only Chr X, it would be possible to distinguish between B. carstenii and A. wolfii If given only Chr. III, VI and IX, you can correctly conclude that these plant species are closely related, experience identical selective pressures and have very recently diverged. >90% all of the genes in Chr III are syntenic between these two species Since the divergence of these plant species, genes on Chr XII have rearranged only once or twice. It is impossible to detect inversions and deletions in genome synteny analyses At least three rearrangements have occured in Chr II since the divergence of these species Despite the several inversions in Chr IV, these two species share many of the same genes present on this chromosome
1. At least three rearrangements have occured in Chr II since the divergence of these species 2. If given only Chr X, it would be possible to distinguish between B. carstenii and A. wolfii 3. Despite the several inversions in Chr IV, these two species share many of the same genes present on this chromosome 4. The evolution of genes encoded on Chr. II and V in these plant species is likely more constrained than genes on Chr III and VI
You are an NSF research officer who gets paid the big bucks to spot fraud and errors in grant progress reports. Your assistant (a graduate of University of Michigan...) has flagged several suspect passages from some recent progress reports for you to review. Identify the correct statements so the grants associated with them will get funded! (You will lose points for each incorrect selection, so choose wisely!) Horizontal gene transfer occurs when upon viral particles encapsulate host genes and transduce them into new, recipeint hosts Genome shrinkage in endosymbionts of insects is largely driven by the loss of genes that are not essential for the maintenance of the mutualism Transposable elements are fundamentally beneficial for the conservation of genome architecture and the integrity of protein coding genes Horizontal gene transfer between eukaryotes and bacteria has not been observed Viral genomes are only circular and largely comprised of genes that encode enzymes involved in nuclear organelle and mitochondrial assembly and function.
1. Genome shrinkage in endosymbionts of insects is largely driven by the loss of genes that are not essential for the maintenance of the mutualism 2. Horizontal gene transfer occurs when upon viral particles encapsulate host genes and transduce them into new, recipeint hosts
Abstract. Opsin proteins are fundamental components of animal vision whose structure largely determines the sensitivity of visual pigments to different wavelengths of light. Surprisingly little is known about opsin evolution in beetles, even though they are the most species rich animal group on Earth and exhibit considerable variation in visual system sensitivities. We reveal the patterns of opsin evolution across 62 beetle species and relatives. Our results show that the major insect opsin class (SW) that typically confers sensitivity to "blue" wavelengths was lost ~300 million years ago, before the origin of modern beetles. We propose that UV and LW opsin gene duplications have restored the potential for trichromacy (three separate channels for colour vision) in beetles up to 12 times and more specifically, duplications within the UV opsin class have likely led to the restoration of "blue" sensitivity up to 10 times. This finding reveals unexpected plasticity within the insect visual system and highlights its remarkable ability to evolve and adapt to the available light and visual cues present in the environment. Conclusions. We found that beetle species with additional photoreceptor sensitivities had extra opsin copies suggesting duplication and subfunctionalization as a route for the evolution of novel photopigment sensitivities. If the evolution of beetle opsin duplicates has been shaped by visual ecology, one might expect to find a clear link between opsin diversity and the use of visual cues or visual environment. Indeed, duplications are widespread amongst known diurnal species and those with eye morphologies that are indicative of activity in high light environments (e.g., large compound eyes, high density of corneal pigments, apposition-type eye structure). Opsin duplications were predominantly found in species with behaviours often guided by visual cues, and in many of these species, vision has been shown to be the primary cue for such behaviours: flower visitation (Larinus minutus, Brassicogethes aeneus 51 and Heterochelus sp.), predation (coccinellids, gyrinid, Thanasimus formicarius, Carabus granulatus, Metrius contractus), host plant detection (chrysomelids, coccinellids), and mate recognition (buprestids). Duplications were notably absent in nocturnal species, with the exception of the nocturnal active predator, Carabus granulatus, which has been shown to possess a number of spectrally distinct photoreceptors. Question: Choose the best answer(s) that describes the findings from the above study. - Paralogous SW opsin gene pseudogenization likely preceded SW duplication and subfunctionalization 350 million years ago - Given the provided info, it is unclear if a beetle phylogeny constructed solely of SW opsin duplications and losses would have the same topology as a beetle species tree - Opsin expansion in beetles followed a Hartl-Dykhusien (non-positive selection) model of evolution - Opsin duplications were prevalent in beetles with behaviors that relied upon visual cues, which suggests that these duplications were under positive selection
1. Given the provided info, it is unclear if a beetle phylogeny constructed solely of SW opsin duplications and losses would have the same topology as a beetle species tree 2. Opsin duplications were prevalent in beetles with behaviors that relied upon visual cues, which suggests that these duplications were under positive selection
Perform a relative rates test using the information above (i.e. calculate the percent difference for the genes listed) select the correct answer(s) below.
1. zakE, palA, bryC and andI, but not colE, are evolving at a relatively faster rate in zebras 2. Given the genes used, zebras are evolving more quickly than wild horses, relative to African Elephants
Snails have a genome size of 3 X 109 (3,000,000,000) base pairs and a mutation rate of approximately 2.5 x 10-8 (0.000000025) mutations per site per generation. How many novel mutations would we expect each baby snail in the next generation to have? 3 X 10^9 bp / 2.5 x 10^-8 or ~1,200,000,000 3 X 10^9 * (2)( 2.5 x 10^-8) or 150 3 X 10^9 bp * 2.5 x 10^-8 or ~75 It is impossible to answer given the information provided.
3 X 10^9 bp * 2.5 x 10^-8 or ~75
In a sample of 1000 diploid individuals, 160 are observed to be homozygous recessive at the 'A' locus. Assuming that this is a two-allele system, how many heterozygous individuals should we observe if the population is in HWE? 840 480 impossible to decide 360
480
What is the issue with using paralogous genes in reconstructing phylogenies? - After duplication, each gene has the same evolutionary history - After duplication, each gene has a unique evolutionary history - After duplication, the ancestral gene always stops evolving - After duplication, the new duplicated gene always stops evolving
After duplication, each gene has a unique evolutionary history
Which scientist of those listed below was a contemporary of Charles Darwin and also developed a complete theory of evolution by natural selection? Alfred Russel Wallace William Paley Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Aristotle
Alfred Russel Wallace
Prezygotic barriers that prevent (or reduce) the transfer of gametes include: - Mating isolation, where potential mates come into contact but do not mate due to behavioral differences in animals or via the mediation by specialized pollinators in plants. - Allopatric isolation, where populations inhabit ranges that are non-overlapping and therefore do not come into contact and cannot mate. - Ecological isolation, where populations breed either at different times (temporal, like Rhagoletis) or in different places (habitat isolation, like Sticklebacks). - All of the other answers are correct.
All of the other answers are correct. - Ecological isolation, where populations breed either at different times (temporal, like Rhagoletis) or in different places (habitat isolation, like Sticklebacks). -Allopatric isolation, where populations inhabit ranges that are non-overlapping and therefore do not come into contact and cannot mate. - Mating isolation, where potential mates come into contact but do not mate due to behavioral differences in animals or via the mediation by specialized pollinators in plants.
What is the Modern Synthesis?
An attempt by a group of biologists and mathematicians to synthesize the theory of natural selection with Medelian genetics.
In what way is artificial selection different from natural selection? a. Artificial selection relies on humans choosing which traits are beneficial. b. Artificial selection results in organisms that cannot survive and reproduce. c. Artificial selection cannot result in changes in traits. d. Artificial selection is only applied to plants.
Artificial selection relies on humans choosing which traits are beneficial.
If a phenotypic trait is suspected of being under balancing (or stabilizing) selection, which of the following statements would be true:
Both 'The probability of surviving to reproductive age would be greatest for the 'average' individuals (i.e., those with a phenotype at the center of the phenotype distribution)' and 'Over several generations, the range (or variance) of the phenotypes will remain constant, such that there are always individuals at the extremes of the distribution of phenotypes.' are true
Which is an example of Fahrenholz' Rule? Pick a letter.
C
Which of the following patterns would support a hypothesis of adaptive radiation? A,B,C,D
C
Which of the diagrams shown illustrates an inversion? **diagram of different chromosomes**
C The one that goes ABC'DEFG' and the twisted into ABC'FEDG'
Fill in the blank. Cetartiodactyla (whales and ungulates) is more closely related to _________________. *Picture of the mammalian fam tree*
Carnivora
Charles Darwin married his cousin Emma Wedgewood. Why wasn't he worried about inbreeding depression?
Darwin knew very little about genetics and nothing about the loss of heterozygosity and the exposure of deleterious recessive alleles that is caused by inbreeding.
Entire species were destroyed by cataclysmic events such as Noah's flood that were caused by God. Cuvier's explanation was essentially that God caused extinction.
Darwin knew very little about genetics and nothing about the loss of heterozygosity and the exposure of deleterious recessive alleles that is caused by inbreeding.
Would you expect genetic variation in a species under directional selection to: increase remain constant decrease
Decrease
Which evolutionary force decreases heterozygosity? Mutation Balancing Selection Drift Gene Flow
Drift
An evolutionary arms race happens when -Each partner in a pairwise antagonistic interaction successively changes in response to selection imposed by the other - Coevolution involves more than two species - One partner changes in response to selection pressure imposed by another in a pairwise coevolution interaction - Both partners benefit from interactions with each other
Each partner in a pairwise antagonistic interaction successively changes in response to selection imposed by the other
Which is an example of postzygotic, intrinsic hybrid inviability - Butterfly hybrids reach sexual maturity, but neither parental species will court with hybrids for mating opportunities - Eggs from hybridizing butterflies never hatch - Sperm from one butterfly species isn't compatible with the egg of the other butterfly species - Hybrid butterflies reach sexual maturity, but are outcompeted by the parental species for resources (habitat or food)
Eggs from hybridizing butterflies never hatch
Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric aka 'Georges' Cuvier was extremely influential prior to Darwin's work. How would Cuvier have explained extinction?
Entire species were destroyed by cataclysmic events such as Noah's flood that were caused by God. Cuvier's explanation was essentially that God caused extinction.
Under the general lineage concept proposed by deQuieroz, species can best be described as - Reproductively isolated gene pools - Evolutionary lineages, but lines of evidence for species varies by taxonomic group - As a combination of ecological, morphological, and biological species concepts - A combination of ecological and morphological species concepts
Evolutionary lineages, but lines of evidence for species varies by taxonomic group
True or False: A biologist is studying the genetics of increasing pelvic size in humans. There are hundreds of genes controlling skeletal growth. In a selection analysis of one particular skeletal gene, the scientist found a dN/dS ratio < 1. Is the evolution of this gene consistent with evolution of increasing pelvic size.
False
What does the figure convey about genome size in prokaryotes? **figure of genome size vs number of protein coding genes** - The number of protein-coding genes decreases with genome size. - Free-living bacteria generally have larger genomes than do obligate symbionts. - Bacteria have larger genomes than Archaeans. - There is strong evidence of G-value paradox in prokaryotes.
Free-living bacteria generally have larger genomes than do obligate symbionts.
Which evolutionary force increases heterozygosity? a. Drift b. Self-Fertilization c. Directional Selection d. Gene Flow
Gene Flow
Nancy Knowleton published the following data in her study on marine shrimp investigation of seven species pairs that had allopatric distributions divided by the Isthmus of Panama. In this chart, behavioral compatibility is represented by a pie chart for each of the seven species pairs, where a closed circle represents a species pair that is entirely compatible in the behaviors that are involved in mating.
Given the proportional genetic divergence observed in the mitochondrial and allozyme data, it is likely that genetic drift caused by allopatric isolation on either size of the Isthmus of Panama led to the accumulation of behavioral differences.
Nancy Knowleton published the following data in her study on marine shrimp investigation of seven species pairs that had allopatric distributions divided by the Isthmus of Panama. In this chart, behavioral compatibility is represented by a pie chart for each of the seven species pairs, where a closed circle represents a species pair that is entirely compatible in the behaviors that are involved in mating. What is the most reasonable inference to make about the evolutionary process that led to speciation in these shrimp? Note that allozyme divergence refers to a measure of estimating genetic differentiation in the nuclear genome.
Given the proportional genetic divergence observed in the mitochondrial and allozyme data, it is likely that genetic drift caused by allopatric isolation on either size of the Isthmus of Panama led to the accumulation of behavioral differences.
Which of the following is the best description of how Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) is used as a null model in evolutionary genetics? a. HWE makes predictions about an ideal system that doesn't experience genetic drift. By measuring the discrepancy between the model and the actual data, we can estimate how much drift has occurred and calibrate the results. b. HWE makes a prediction about the genotype frequencies that we expect to observe in a population in the absence of evolutionary change. By comparing observed genotype frequencies to the expected genotype frequencies, populations that violate the model can be identified. c. HWE makes a prediction about the genotype frequencies that we expect to observe in a population given a set of assumptions. By comparing expected genotype frequencies to the null distribution, we can infer whether natural selection has occurred. d. HWE makes a prediction about the allele frequencies that we should observe in a system without migration. By comparing these values to the empirical data, we can identify migrant individuals.
HWE makes a prediction about the genotype frequencies that we expect to observe in a population in the absence of evolutionary change. By comparing observed genotype frequencies to the expected genotype frequencies, populations that violate the model can be identified.
The Reverend Thomas Malthus was extremely important to the development of the theory of evolution by means of natural selection. What was his greatest contribution to the development of this theory?
His essay on the Principles of Population was influential to both Darwin and Wallace.
According to Charles Lyell, what was the approximate age of the Earth? a. No older than 10,000 years, based on his estimates from pollen core samples of Scottish peat bogs. b. Hundreds of thousands of years, or much older than implied by the timeline presented in Genesis. c. Approximately 6000 years, which was calculated by adding up the generation in the Old Testament of the Bible. d. At least 4.5 billion years old, give or take the error margin on radiometric dating.
Hundreds of thousands of years, or much older than implied by the timeline presented in Genesis.
How did Charles Lyell explain Earth's geological features?
Lyell said Earth's features were a result of the same processes currently observable, which have occurred over very long periods of time in a slow, gradual manner.
Which of the following statements is true? - In order for fitness to be affected, a mutation must affect a large portion of a gene. - Most mutations are either neutral or deleterious with respect to fitness. - Most mutations are beneficial with respect to fitness. - Only a small fraction of mutations are lethal.
Most mutations are either neutral or deleterious with respect to fitness.
Two genetic loci are suspected of being in linkage disequilibrium. At the Pitx gene two alleles are observed in a population, the most common (Pitx1) with a frequency of 0.7. At the eda gene, two alleles are also observed, with the most common (eda1) at a frequency of 0.58. The four haplotype (i.e., multilocus genotype) frequencies are as follows: Pitx1 eda1= 0.299592 Pitx1 eda2 = 0.042408 Pitx2 eda2 = 0.081592 Pitx2 eda1 = 0.576408 Are these loci in linkage disequilibrium in this population? No, because D ≠ 0. We use the coefficient of linkage disequilibrium to identify loci that are genetically linked, and interpret a value of D ≠ 0 to mean that the loci are in linkage equilibrium. or No, because D = 0. We use the coefficient of linkage disequilibrium to identify loci that are genetically linked, and interpret a value of D = 0 to mean that the loci are in linkage equilibrium.
No, because D = 0. We use the coefficient of linkage disequilibrium to identify loci that are genetically linked, and interpret a value of D = 0 to mean that the loci are in linkage equilibrium.
Which example below is a case of disruptive selection?
Owls are visual hunters and are preying on mice that are living on dark and light-colored soils. The owls are preying on a higher frequency of lighter-colored mice in the dark soils and a higher-frequency of darker-colored mice in the light soils.
In Rhagoletis fruit flies, which lay their eggs in rotting fruit, Guy Bush suggested that sympatric speciation may be occurring due to differences in the timing of the emergence of adult flies. Given the figure below, what assumption did Bush make about the action of natural selection on Rhagoletis?
That flies who emerged when few ripe fruits were available would not be reproductively successful.
Which of the following is not a requirement for natural selection to act to change allele frequencies in a population:
That the population mates at random.
Why does the Stickleback fish system investigated by Dolph Schluter and colleagues represent a great example of ecological speciation? -This system demonstrates how natural selection that is related to resource acquisition in different ecological niches can lead directly to assortative mating. - Sticklebacks demonstrate how assortative mating leads directly to natural selection via the actions of the ectodysin b gene. - This system demonstrates how male secondary sexual traits are associated with feeding niche due to the action of genetic drift. - This system demonstrates how differences in habitat can influence the fate of a hybrid zone via reinforcement mechanisms.
This system demonstrates how natural selection that is related to resource acquisition in different ecological niches can lead directly to assortative mating.
After the retreat of the last glaciers some 20,000 years before present, a hybrid zone was formed between two populations of salamanders that were isolated in separate glacial refugia during the Pleistocene Ice Age. What is the best inference that we could make if we observe that a hybrid zone is present, and what prediction could we make about the ultimate fate of this hybrid zone?
We would infer that there is not a large difference in the darwinian fitness of the parental salamander populations, and predict that these populations would eventually merge and become a single population.
The experiment shown in the figure demonstrates (owl and mice in different environments)
a selective advantage to mice with coats that match the color of their environment.
Sympatric speciation may occur when - No answer text provided. - a physical barrier divides subpopulations. - a subpopulation adapts to a new ecological niche within the range of the main population. -when individuals from a population disperse to a new area.
a subpopulation adapts to a new ecological niche within the range of the main population.
What is a scientific hypothesis? a. a conclusion regarding observations of the natural world b. an explanation of a phenomenon based on natural processes c. a way to describe nature d. an educated guess
an explanation of a phenomenon based on natural processes
Based on the phylogenetic tree, which of the following two groups are most closely related?
birds and crocodilians
Based on the phylogeny, the ornithologist is making the statement that grouping reptiles and amphibians into the same discipline (herpetology) is awkward because reptiles are monophyletic with what other group(s)? *Picture of a girl pointing to a phylogeny of amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals" birds only mammals only amphibians only amphibians and birds
birds only
The Wright-Fisher model assumes a. both 'that generations are discrete' and 'that natural selection is absent' b. that generations are discrete c. both 'that generations are overlapping' and 'that natural selection is present' d. that generations are overlapping e. that natural selection is present f. that natural selection is absent
both 'that generations are discrete' and 'that natural selection is absent'
What maintains genetic diversity in populations? - both 'the balanced view is that genetic diversity is maintained by natural selection' and 'the neutral view is that genetic diversity is maintained by mutation' are likely to be important - the neutral view is that most alleles at polymorphic loci are functionally and selectively equivalent and maintained by genetic drift - the neutral view is that genetic diversity is maintained by mutation - the balanced view is that a variety of forces maintain genetic diversity - the balanced view is that genetic diversity is maintained by natural selection
both 'the balanced view is that genetic diversity is maintained by natural selection' and 'the neutral view is that genetic diversity is maintained by mutation' are likely to be important
What would we predict the fate of a hybrid zone where the parental fitness was much higher than the hybrid fitness -both 'the hybrid zone will be relatively narrow and short lived' and 'reinforcement should lead to speciation' are correct - parental populations will eventually blend together - reinforcement should lead to speciation - the hybrid zone will be stable over time - the hybrid zone will be relatively narrow and short lived
both 'the hybrid zone will be relatively narrow and short lived' and 'reinforcement should lead to speciation' are correct
Natural selection acts on _______ differences in a population.
both genotypic and phenotypic
Marine mammals (red lines) have independently evolved many adaptations for an aquatic lifestyle (etc... reduction of hair and olfactory senses, flipper-like limbs, etc...). These adaptations are examples of ________________ evolution?
convergent
**picture showing diff phylogenies and then a green lizard with a red chin** Anolis lizards are a great example of an adaptive radiation and have diversified in species and ecomorphology across the Caribbean Islands. In this study, each island (Cuba [C]; Hispaniola [H]; Jamaica [J]; and Puerto Rico [P]) has multiple ecomorph species (an ecomorph is a species that has evolved morphological traits associated with ecological specializations). In this system, competition for habitat has driven species to evolve habitat specializations. As a consequence of this, there are 6 ecomorphs (crown, grass-bush, trunk, etc...) across the Caribbean and 4 of these ecomorphs are consistently found on all of the islands (as shown in the bottom phylogeny). The topologies between the morphological-based phylogeny (top) and molecular-based phylogeny using neutral DNA sequence data (middle) are very different. The morphological-based phylogeny shows clades that are perfectly grouped by different ecomorphs and the molecular based phylogeny show clades that are almost perfectly grouped by different islands. Question: Based on the available information and assuming the molecular phylogeny is representative of the true species tree, what evolutionary process(es) has led to the same 4 ecomorphs found on different islands. hybrid speciation antagonistic coevolution neutrality mutualistic coevolution convergent evolution
convergent evolution
Why did Darwin devote so much of his time to pigeons? a. He wanted to develop credible expertise at artificial reproduction. b. Pigeons were an example of a new species, and Darwin was trying to figure out how new species were formed. c. He knew that breeders had figured out how hereditary information was passed between parents and offspring. d. He was hoping to understand how hereditary information was passed between parents and offspring, and explore the power of artificial selection to shape species.
d. He was hoping to understand how hereditary information was passed between parents and offspring, and explore the power of artificial selection to shape species.
During the voyage of the Beagle, Darwin visited both the Cape de Verde islands and the Galapagos islands. Why were these visits so important to the development of his theory of evolution? Select THE BEST answer. a. The islands were formed via marine subduction, which proved Lyell's theory of uniformitarianism and suggested that the earth was older than 6000 years. b. Darwin was struck by the diversity of finches on the Cape de Verde islands, which demonstrated that adaptation to local habitats could occur. c. The marine iguanas of the Galapagos islands demonstrated that species could acquire novel traits. d. The islands had nearly identical habitat and climate, but the species on each island resembled those on the nearby continents, rather than each other. This provided evidence against special creation.
d. The islands had nearly identical habitat and climate, but the species on each island resembled those on the nearby continents, rather than each other. This provided evidence against special creation.
To explain how varieties were on the path to becoming new species, Charles Darwin introduced the concept of a. transformational change. b. variational change c. spontaneous change. d. descent with modification.
d. descent with modification.
A recent study explored various biogeographic hypotheses to explain how different species of Tepuihyla frogs exist on different tepuis. What hypothesis was supported from the molecular phylogenetic result? ** picture of a frog and table top mountains** not enough information to support any hypothesis vicariance divergence dispersal
dispersal
Silent mutations: - result in a change in the amino acid sequence - only occur at the 3rd codon position - No answer text provided. - result in a new phenotype - do not change the amino acid sequence
do not change the amino acid sequence
Identify the best definition for the term scientific theory a. The result of long hours of careful observation and typically a surplus of caffeine. b. A set of predictions and corollaries that have a central unifying theme and that can be tested using qualitative inference. c. Educated guesses that are based on measurably evidence and that can be tested in indirect ways. d. A hunch based on careful observation of nature that help to guide a scientist's work. e. Theories are overarching explanations that make sense of some aspect of nature, are based on evidence, allow scientists to make valid predictions, and have been tested in many ways.
e. Theories are overarching explanations that make sense of some aspect of nature, are based on evidence, allow scientists to make valid predictions, and have been tested in many ways.
** Figure of 3 finches and compares beak depth for the 3 of them when they live together vs on islands by themselves) The above figure shows an example of _______________? convergent evolution reinforcement ecological character displacement antagonistic coevolution
ecological character displacement
**a chart showing perch height vs sympatry and 2 lizards** Two ecologically similar species of anole lizards have been brought into coexistence by a human-caused introduction on the island of Dominica. This island was naturally occupied by a single species of anole (Anolis oculatus). Sometime around 1998, A. cristatellus, a native of Puerto Rico was introduced by humans. The introduced A. cristatellus is ecologically and morphologically very similar to the native A. oculatus, so much so that several scientists predicted that the species would compete strongly, possibly even leading to the extinction of the native species. Extinction didn't happen, but something else did. Question: Based on the information in the figure, what was the outcome of the interaction between these species with respect to their perching height? mutualistic coevolution convergent evolution antagonistic coevolution ecological character displacement hybrid speciation
ecological character displacement
Studies of rough-skinned newts have documented their ability to produce toxins in defense against a predator attack. The common garter snake, a predator of rough-skinned newts, exhibits a resistance to the toxin produced by the newt. In response, newts have been observed to produce increasingly potent toxins, which in turn results in selection for snakes with even greater resistance to the toxin. What phrase best describes this interaction between rough-skinned newts and garter snakes?
evolutionary arms race
true or false: Ecological character displacement usually occurs when two species occur in allopatry.
false
What assumption makes the Wright-Fisher model more realistic than the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium model? Finite Population Size Non-random mating Gene Flow is absent No Selection
finite population size
Mutations in the ___________region can alter the actual gene product while mutations in the _____________ region can alter only how the gene product is expressed.
functional, regulatory
What evolutionary force causes reticulate evolution? natural selection drift gene flow (hybridization) mutation
gene flow (hybridization)
Hybridization can be an important precursor to some adaptive radiations because ____________.
gene flow increase genetic variation
Which of the following processes causes a neutral allele to increase in frequency because it is linked to an allele under selection? mutation background selection genetic drift genetic hitchhiking
genetic hitchhiking
Mathematical models are useful for a. manipulating experimental conditions in the laboratory. b. helping us understand how complicated systems work. c. disproving the theory of evolution by natural selection. d. providing observations of the natural world.
helping us understand how complicated systems work.
Which is not an example of mutualistic coevolution? plant/mycorrhizae plant/pollinator host/pathogen rumen bacteria/cows
host/pathogen
Fill in the blanks to make the following statement true: Adaptation describes _______ trait that makes an organism more fit to its environment, and that has arisen as a result of _______ . a. an inherited, natural selection b. a phenotypic, genetic drift c. an evolving, founder effect d. pleiotrophic, natural selection e. a phenotypic, in vitro fertilization
inherited, natural selection
Of the various nucleotide sites, which has the greatest probability of acquiring mutations quickly? introns twofold degenerate sites 5' flanking regions nondegenerate sites
introns
**picture of snake eating lizard and a colourful map of cali** The map shows spatial variation in the intensity of the "arms race" between newts (and their lethal toxins) and garter snakes (resistance to the toxins). Colder colors (purple, blues, and greens) represent low-intensity "arms-race" areas and warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent high-intensity areas. What factor best explains why there are high intensity areas? - lack of alternative prey for the snakes - hybridization between snakes in high and low intensity areas - the availability of lots of alternative prey for snakes - high gene flow between high- and low-intensity areas in both newts and snakes
lack of alternative prey for the snakes
Variation is generated in a population primarily by mutation inheritance changing environment conditions natural selection
mutation.
Darwin realized that the often exquisite fit of species to their environment is primarily the result of
natural selection.
Fill in the blanks to make the following sentence true: The _______________________ theory of Ohta and Kimura states that mutations are effectively neutral when the _________________ is equal to or less than 1/2Ne. adaptive, Darwinian fitness nearly neutral, selection coefficient nearly neutral, heterozygous effect genetic drive, mutation rate selective drive, inbreeding coefficient
nearly neutral, selection coefficient
With no mutation, an mRNA sequence reads "UCA," which codes for serine. A mutation arises that changes the sequence to "UCC," which codes for serine. This is an example of all of the following types of mutation EXCEPT nonsense mutation. point mutation. synonymous mutation. transversion.
nonsense mutation.
Fill in the blank. Marine mammals (red lineages) are a _____________ group. *Picture of whale, walrus, dolphin*
polyphyletic
In a case of hybrid speciation, hybrids freely court each other for mating opportunities, but do not court either parental species. The mechanism of reproductive isolation that is evolving in the hybrid species with respect to courtship is which of the following: postzygotic intrinsic - hybrid infertility prezygotic behavioral isolation postzygotic intrinsic - hybrid inviability postzygotic extrinsic - behavioral inviability
prezygotic behavioral isolation
Match the reproductive barrier with the correct isolating mechanism Divergent genital morphology --> ___ divergent flowering time for pollinator host plants --> _____ hybrid female sterility --> ___ hybrid-host plant incompatibility --> ___
prezygotic, mechanical prezygotic, temporal postzygotic, intrinsic postzygotic, extrinsic ecological inviability
Which of the following is most likely to break up linkage disequilibrium? drift recombination mutation selection
recombination
Match the reproductive barrier with the correct isolating mechanism: divergent genital morphology divergent flowering time for pollinator host plants hybrid female sterility hybrid-host plant incompatibility
repeat question
A synapomorphy is a(n) shared ancestral character shared, derived character analogous character convergent character
shared, derived character
Which phylogenetic characters are the most useful in phylogenetic analyses? symplesiomorphy autapomorphy synapomorphy
synapomorphy
The Mimulus monkey flowers investigated by Bradshaw et al. demonstrate what about the loci that code for traits that are relevant to speciation? -that some alleles are obvious in their phenotypic effects - how linkage disequilibrium can accumulate in the genome - that heterozygote advantage has an effect on the phenotype - nothing - their investigation was a colossal failure - the importance of seed dispersal in angiosperms
that some alleles are obvious in their phenotypic effects
On a phylogram, what do branch lengths represent?
the amount of evolutionary change
Broad-sense heritability is defined as the ________ genetic variation divided by the ________ variation. dominance; total phenotypic additive; total dominance additive; total phenotypic total; total phenotypic
total; total phenotypic
True or False: The tree of life can be used to find new medicines because close relatives with medicinally-important molecules may share bioactive compounds.
true
true or false: An evolutionary arms race can result in a coevolutionary adaptive radiation.
true
true or false: Synonymous substitutions tend to saturate more quickly than nonsysnonymous substitutions.
true
A local horticulturalist works with her city to design and plant flower gardens in a targeted effort to provide habitat for bees that are experiencing severe population declines. While making observations on a particular plant species she is considering for these plantings, she observes that the deep purple flowers are visited much more frequently by bees than the light pink flowers (this particular species produces flowers with shades of color varying from deep purple to light pink). She decides to collect seeds from the deep purple plants and then germinates and grows the deep purple flowered plants in her greenhouse before transplanting them to some of the city gardens. The different colors of flowers indicate different ________ of plants and the horticulturalists is demonstrating ________ selection. species; natural varieties; artificial varieties; natural species; artificial
varieties; artificial
Which biogeographic hypothesis would be tested if ancient erosion of the tepuis caused animals or plants to become fragmented on the remaining tepuis? ** picture of 3 table top mnts in the sky** vicariance none of these divergence dispersal
vicariance
Darwin's theory of evolution provided explanations for all of the following EXCEPT
why Earth is not the center of the universe.
A gene duplication followed by pseudogenization of one of the duplicated copies results in a net ____________ in gene dosage multifunctionalization zero decrease increase
zero
