Evolutionary bio - Gamble: Ch. 14

Calcium, oxygen, habitats, food web

A concurrent rise in --- levels brought the appearance of shells and other hardened defenses and weapons.---concentration also increased in oceans, providing cells the fuel needed to power bodies for motion and larger growth. Animals that could burrow into the ocean floor created new --- and larger animals began to eat smaller animals, which increased the complexity of ---

Loss of habitat, overhunting, exceeds

Although the previous statements are true, humans create unique challenges for other species. Resource extraction and agriculture have resulted in --- In addition, humans have caused the extinction or near extinction of species through --- Humans are also altering global climate and ocean acidity through the burning of fossil fuels. These pressures have led to an extinction rate that --- the normal background rate of extinction.

Uncommon, abundant, easily, species turnover, clades

Because fossilization is --- for most species, scientists use specific criteria when they study macroevolutionary patterns in the fossil record. Paleontologists choose species that were --- and fossilize ---. From the fossil record, they determine for how long each species is found in the geologic record. From this information, paleontologists can follow patterns of --- and the evolution of --- over millions of years.

Disperal

Black sea bass have historically inhabited the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Virginia. Because the ocean has warmed in recent decades, black sea bass are now also found more than 200 miles north off the coast of New Jersey. Vicariance event or a dispersal event?

Vast majority of species, variable, highest

Extinction is a normal process. --- have become extinct. Historically, global extinction rates are --- Some of the ---rates of extinction in the past were related to natural, dramatic changes in climate.

Environmental change

Identify the mechanism in each scenario that led to adaptive radiation. After the expansion of grasslands in North America during the Miocene epoch, horses radiated quickly into a range of morphologies, including the number and arrangement of teeth, suitable for grazing on rough vegetation.

Colonization

Identify the mechanism in each scenario that led to adaptive radiation. Over fifteen million years ago, marsupials were the only mammals on the island of Australia. Since then, marsupials have radiated into over 200 species today, from the wombat to the Tasmanian wolf.

Key innovation

Identify the mechanism in each scenario that led to adaptive radiation. Some evolutionary biologists have proposed that the evolution of the sticky toe pad of Caribbean anole lizards has allowed the species to interact with its environment in a novel way, thus facilitating access to new resources.

Competitor or predator extinction

Identify the mechanism in each scenario that led to adaptive radiation. The end-Permian extinction, which occurred over 250 million years ago, killed off approximately 70% of Earth's terrestrial vertebrate species and was followed by the rise of both mammals and dinosaurs.

A, C, E

Identify which scenarios are likely to give rise to adaptive radiation. A) The extinction of dinosaurs decreased competition for resources, allowing large mammals to rapidly evolve. B) The steady decline and eventual extinction of a competitor species allows a stickleback fish population to increase. C) A flood event connects a river to a new lake, allowing species of fish to quickly diversify into new ecological niches. D) Insects developed wings over many generations, allowing them to gradually inhabit new ecological niches. E) Beetles evolved elytra, hardened forewings that protect their hindwings, allowing the clade to diversify rapidly.

Microevolution, small scale, natural selection, macroevolution, millions

Microevolution and macroevolution are two different ways of describing the evolutionary process. --- explains evolution on a --- and describes it as a change in allele frequencies within a population. These changes in allele frequency are driven by ---, mutation, genetic drift, and migration. --- includes the origination, diversification, and extinction of whole taxonomic groups over --- of years. It explains evolution at a scale above the species level.

Dispersal

Movement of the Caribbean Plate has shifted the island of Cuba eastward, away from Central America where the island originated. Cuban lizards and their mainland relatives share many mutations that occurred after the island formed. Vicariance event or a dispersal event?

Punctuated equilibria

Paleontologists discover a sequence of clam fossils that has large changes in morphology over shallow depths of fossil layers. Punctuated equilibria or anagenesis.

Anagenesis

Paleontologists discover a sequence of fossil molar teeth of grass feeding voles with all transitional forms present in a graded series. Punctuated equilibria or anagenesis.

Anagenesis

Paleontologists discover a sequence of marine worm fossils that has a gradual series of changes with gaps that can be explained by disturbance to the geological strata. Punctuated equilibria or anagenesis.

Punctuated equilibria

Phylogenetic analysis of living and fossil Bryozoa in the genus Metrarabdotos showed long branches with splits deeper in the tree occuring nearly simultaneously. Punctuated equilibria or anagenesis.

Asteroid, Mexico, iridium, photosynthesis

Scientists also believe other events, such as an --- striking the planet, have triggered mass extinctions. Scientists discovered a ten‑mile wide crater off the coast of --- that may be evidence of a celestial impact. Additionally, the fossil record shows a thin layer of --- an element found more frequently in space than on Earth, deposited between the Cretaceous and Paleogene Periods. The impact would have projected dirt into the atmosphere, blocking the sun for an extended period of time. --- would have been affected and the composition of the atmosphere would have changed.

Five, thousands, large igneous provinces

Scientists have a few hypotheses identifying the causes of the known --- mass extinctions on Earth. One hypothesis is that massive volcanoes errupted for --- of years, producing ---. These volcanic formations depleted the --- layer, produced toxic gases in the atmosphere, and acidified the ocean.

genetic toolkit, developmental, environment, tectonics, phosphates

Scientists hypothesize that the Cambrian Explosion of animals was caused by many factors. The spark for adaptive radiation may have been the occurrence of changes in the --- that allowed for the evolution of new body plans. Besides these --- factors, changes in the ---contributed to diversification. --- led to an increase in sea level, which created new habitats for marine animals and deposited --- in the ocean that contributed to their growth.

D, E

Select the examples of extrinsic factors that are producing macroevolutionary change. A) A few years of good weather in a region result in the loss of fewer local populations than average. B) Damage from a hurricane exterminates populations of several species in its path. C) Solar radiation causes mutations that make a population more genetically diverse. D) Gases from volcanic activity change the climate faster than many species evolve responses. E) Glaciers slowly melt and species diverge as they occupy the new habitats opening up.

C, D

Select two reasons why speciation events can be difficult to discern when examining the fossil record. A) Speciation events are sometimes lost from the fossil record due to plate tectonics. B) The fossil record of speciation events are often destroyed when paleontologists dig for fossils. C) Species are defined by reproductive isolation, which cannot be shown from fossils. D) In the early stages after speciation, little change in physical appearance of new species may have occurred.

Vicariance

The formation of the Isthmus of Panama created a solid land bridge between North and South America. Snapping shrimp from the waters east and west of the isthmus refuse to mate when placed together, although they appear identical. Vicariance event or a dispersal event?

Scale, microevolution, macroevolution

The overall underlying processes driving microevolution and macroevolution are the same. The --- is the major difference between them. Additionally, ---focuses on the evolution of populations or species over time; therefore, genetics are a primary focus. --- focuses on the evolution of large taxonomic groups over time, so dispersal patterns, biogeography, vicariance, and extinction are important.

B

What do the rates of origination and extinction of species tell scientists about macroevolutionary change? A) The rates allow scientists to study and observe one species. B) The rates indicate patterns in biodiversity over time. C) The rates explain why large‑scale changes occurred. D) The rates show allele frequency changes by natural selection.