EVR 1001 Chapter 11

Minerals are components of ________. the troposphere ~ sedimentary rocks ~ soil horizons ~ organic components of Earth's crust ~ the lithosphere

the lithosphere

Mine tailings are __________. ~ the final portions of rich veins of minerals found in subsurface mining; when the tailings are reached, a new shaft is dug to find a new mineral vein ~ the remains of ore after most of the metals have been removed ~ the product of metal smelting ~ the name given to the malformations seen in birds that have been poisoned in open pit mines

the remains of ore after most of the metals have been removed

The lithosphere consists of ________. ~ the upper mantle and core ~ the upper part of the asthenosphere ~ the uppermost mantle and the continental and oceanic crust ~ soils and vegetation ~ magma and molten metal

the uppermost mantle and the continental and oceanic crust

The Pacific "ring of fire" is a volcanic area where ________. ~ pyroclastic flow has caused landslides ~ sedimentary rock is being formed from igneous rock ~ there is severe coastal erosion ~ there are many earthquakes and active plate boundaries ~ there is a great deal of mass wasting

there are many earthquakes and active plate boundaries

Which of the following can help humans mitigate the negative impact of floods? ~ diking rivers ~ zoning laws to reduce building in flood zones ~ damming rivers ~ banning the requirement for flood insurance

zoning laws to reduce building in flood zones

The slowly increasing distance between South America and Africa is due to________. Old Faithful Geyser at Yellowstone National Park in the United States acquires its energy from a________. Layered__________exposed by erosion can be seen when looking at the Grand Canyon in the United States. Australia is composed of relatively old and thick__________. The extremely deep ocean Marianas Trench is a result of________. ___________found in the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe is composed of dense and relatively young rock. The earthquakes that occur in Southern California generally occur above a__________. ~ fault ~ continental crust ~ subduction ~ seafloor spreading ~ seafloor crust ~ hot spot ~ sedimentary rock

~ seafloor spreading ~ hot spot ~ sedimentary rock ~ continental crust ~ subduction ~ seafloor crust ~ fault

Sedimentary rock is formed ________. ~ the heating of igneous rock by the heat of the core ~ as sediment materials are pressed together and infiltrated by minerals ~ from the melting of metamorphic rock ~ the cooling of igneous rock ~ vaporization of organic material by magma

as sediment materials are pressed together and infiltrated by minerals

Volcanoes are formed ________. ~ where the earth's crust is especially thick ~ as a result of water seeping into the core from the surface ~ after earthquakes have damaged the earth's crust ~ when the earth's core erupts onto the surface ~ in subduction zones or in rift valleys

in subduction zones or in rift valleys

Sustainable minerals use and longer projected lifetimes for scarce minerals can be achieved with all of the following, except ________. ~ recycling ~ researching more efficient and environmentally friendly techniques of extraction ~ exploring for new reserves ~ increasing demand and lowering prices for products using these minerals ~ finding more available substitutes for scarce minerals

increasing demand and lowering prices for products using these minerals

What is the mechanism behind the movement of Earth's tectonic plates? ~ intense heat in the asthenosphere that generates convection ~ The oceans extend deep into the lithosphere, which allows for the drifting movement of the overlying crust. ~ Earth's outer core is a liquid and generates the convection that allows for tectonic plate movement. ~ intense heat in the lithosphere that generates convection

intense heat in the asthenosphere that generates convection

The formation of rock through compaction and cementation is termed __________. ~ mineralization ~ tectonic plates ~ lithification ~ igneous rock formation

lithification

Which of these materials is NOT currently mined from the ocean floor? ~ manganese nodules ~ Sand ~ Sulfur ~ Silica

manganese nodules

What is the downslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity? ~ Flooding ~ mass wasting ~ Earthquake ~ Tsunami

mass wasting

If a mineral is opaque, lustrous, malleable, and can conduct heat and electricity, it is a(n) ________. ~ metal ~ element ~ gemstone ~ radioactive element ~ crystal

metal

A naturally occurring solid chemical element with a distinct composition and a crystalline structure is a(n) ________. ~ sediment ~ rock ~ organic nutrient ~ horizon ~ mineral

mineral

The MidAtlantic Ridge is a divergent boundary that bisects the entire Atlantic Ocean. What is produced at this and other midocean ridges? ~ new oceanic crust ~ coal ~ water ~ oil

new oceanic crust

Most metals, such as iron and copper, do not occur in a pure state in Earth's crust, but occur within ________. ~ the O horizon of the soil ~ organic materials ~ ores ~ sediments ~ igneous rocks

ores

Which of the following does NOT define a mineral? ~ specific chemical composition ~ Solid ~ crystal structure ~ organic compound

organic compound

The dwindling supplies of rare strategic metals such as indium, tantalum, and platinum may be extended if we rigorously ________. ~ relax environmental requirements for mining ~ recycle existing supplies ~ reduce demands for social and economic justice ~ increase demand for the products in which they are used ~ scour the earth for new deposits

recycle existing supplies

What sort of far-reaching, even global, environmental impact can result from the eruption of especially large volcanoes? ~ the increased warming of the atmosphere due to heated particles in the air ~ widespread flooding due to the release of water vapor ~ the cooling of Earth's surface due to ash and emissions in the atmosphere, which block sunlight ~ warming Earth's oceans on a global scale

the cooling of Earth's surface due to ash and emissions in the atmosphere, which block sunlight

The relationship between recycling, economics, and energy consumption is demonstrated in the case of aluminum, where ________. ~ all of the metal recycling industries in the United States went bankrupt by 2009 ~ 95% of the energy expended to mine and produce items from virgin ore is saved by recycling ~ new cheap mining technologies and huge newly discovered aluminum deposits have made recycling unprofitable ~ it costs more than ten times as much to produce items from recycled aluminum than from virgin ore ~ the U.S. failure to recycle aluminum has caused energy to be lost in mining new ore

95% of the energy expended to mine and produce items from virgin ore is saved by recycling

Which of these is NOT a use for materials mined from Earth? ~ cell phones ~ Fertilizers ~ nuclear power ~ All of the above come from mined materials.

All of the above come from mined materials.

What is an alloy? ~ the material left behind after a metal has been removed from an ore ~ a disease caused by coal mining ~ An alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or nonmetal substance that has been melted and fused together. ~ It is a mining technique for recovering gold from a river basin.

An alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or nonmetal substance that has been melted and fused together.

During the formation of sedimentary rock layers, sediments accumulate over time, leading to __________ of the layers. ~ Expansion ~ Compaction ~ circum-Pacific belting ~ Polymerization

Compaction

Which of the following U.S. states would be least likely to be affected by a tsunami? ~ California ~ Kansas ~ Massachusetts ~ Rhode Island

Kansas

Strip mining, subsurface mining, and solution mining all take place in which "sphere" of the planet? ~ Atmosphere ~ Lithosphere ~ Hydrosphere ~ Magnetosphere

Lithosphere

Within which of the following layers of Earth does plate tectonic movement occur? ~ Mantle ~ Asthenosphere ~ Core ~ Lithosphere

Lithosphere

What type of rock results when rock is exposed to great pressure and high temperatures lower than the rock's melting point? ~ Igneous ~ Plutonic ~ Sedimentary ~ Metamorphic

Metamorphic

One of the steps in processing some metals is smelting. What does smelting do for a metal? ~ Smelting removes the acids generated in acid drainage. ~ Smelting is part of solution mining and is the term that describes dissolving the metal in a solvent. ~ Smelting changes one elemental metal into a more useful one--for instance iron into copper. ~ Smelting allows us to alter the properties of a metal to suit particular needs.

Smelting allows us to alter the properties of a metal to suit particular needs.

Acid drainage does not normally occur in areas before mines are built but tends to happen after the mine has been in operation for many years. What causes acid drainage? ~ Mining exposes unweathered rock surfaces that react with water and the atmosphere to generate acids. ~ Concentrated acids used to dissolve metals from the rock are picked up in rainwater. ~ The acid is already present in trapped underground pockets and is released by mining equipment. ~ Abandoned mining equipment leaks acids from batteries.

Mining exposes unweathered rock surfaces that react with water and the atmosphere to generate acids.

Tantalum is needed for mobile phones, and the Congo is a major supplier of this metal. Which of these is true of how mining for tantalum has occurred in the Congo? ~ The tantalum miners are rapidly becoming wealthy and improving conditions in their country. ~ The profits from the mining operations have been used to establish and maintain parks and reserves to protect the Congo's natural heritage. ~ Most tantalum mining is being done by large multinational corporations. ~ Profits from tantalum mining have helped fuel a war that has killed more than 5 million people.

Profits from tantalum mining have helped fuel a war that has killed more than 5 million people.

Both fossils and fossil fuels are found in __________ rock layers. ~ Molten ~ Sedimentary ~ Mantle ~ Metamorphic

Sedimentary

Why have some open pit mines been declared Superfund sites? ~ Chemicals used in the mining process to dissolve the rock have left the site permanently toxic. ~ The sites are considered dangerous because of the fear of collapsing shafts and sinkholes. ~ The size of the pit poses a serious hazard, as someone could fall in. ~ The waters in the pit become highly acidic and contain high levels of toxic metals.

The waters in the pit become highly acidic and contain high levels of toxic metals.

Earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides can displace large volumes of water in the ocean and trigger which of the following natural disasters? ~ Tsunamis ~ Tornadoes ~ Lahars ~ mass wasting

Tsunamis

If a significant amount of extrusive igneous rock is found in an area, one would expect to also find evidence of _________ in the area. ~ Flooding ~ Geysers ~ Tornadoes ~ Volcanoes

Volcanoes

Earthquakes are likely to occur ________. ~ in areas far from tectonic plate boundaries ~ where the mantle and the crust make contact ~ at the boundaries of igneous and sedimentary rock ~ along tectonic plate boundaries where there is movement ~ as a result of volcanic activity

along tectonic plate boundaries where there is movement

Which of the following areas would experience the most devastation after an earthquake? ~ a marsh-like environment that was filled with landfill in order to build a city ~ a city that has invested in strengthening structural components in older buildings ~ a city built with strict codes in place to allow for flexible buildings ~ a city built on a thick bed of stone

a marsh-like environment that was filled with landfill in order to build a city

Many types of mining, such as for coal and copper, produce a specific type of water pollution called ________. ~ radon gas ~ eutrophication ~ chlorinated pesticides ~ suspended limestone particles ~ acid drainage

acid drainage

Which of these leads to uncertainty in our ability to predict how long a mineral resource will last? ~ changes in product technologies that use minerals ~ changing rates of mineral recycling ~ development of new extraction technologies ~ all of the above

all of the above

Electronic waste, or e-waste, consists of discarded cell phones, computers, and other electronic products and is increasing rapidly. Recycling e-waste is essential because ________. ~ recycling helps reduce the amounts of hazardous substances in landfills, because e-wastes contain a number of these substances ~ recycling of e-wastes at present only captures a small fraction of the e-waste produced ~ recycling conserves valuable metals present in e-waste, such as copper, gold, tantalum, and iridium ~ recycling of e-waste reduces the need to extract new deposits of metals and other components ~ all of the above are correct

all of the above are correct

Most of the miners are likely to be local villagers supervised by Afghan mining engineers. Compensation for workers should be ________. ~ at or above the local Afghan wage with the corporate employer guaranteeing food, adequate housing, medical care, and security ~ whatever gives the greatest corporate profit for the employer ~ the same rate at which U.S. miners are paid ~ whatever the Afghan central government, in cooperation with national tribal leaders decides ~ giving the money to village leaders and local tribal leaders to determine

at or above the local Afghan wage with the corporate employer guaranteeing food, adequate housing, medical care, and security

Where do large-scale strike-slip faults, which cut through the entire lithosphere, occur? ~ at tactile plate boundaries ~ at convergent plate boundaries ~ at divergent plate boundaries ~ at transform plate boundaries

at transform plate boundaries

Subsurface mining is used extensively in the extraction of ________. ~ limestone, natural gas, peat ~ coltan ~ organic soils for landscaping ~ coal, phosphate, diamonds, gold ~ oil sands

coal, phosphate, diamonds, gold

Plate tectonic movement results from ________. ~ high surface winds and erosion ~ convective movements of rock in the underlying mantle ~ mass wasting ~ unstable surface rock formations ~ molten materials from the core escaping to the surface

convective movements of rock in the underlying mantle

Which of the following are responsible for the formation of some of the world's highest mountains? ~ transform plate boundaries ~ divergent plate boundaries ~ convergent plate boundaries ~ tactile plate boundaries

convergent plate boundaries

Which of the following correctly represents the basic layers of Earth from the innermost to the outermost? ~ crust, mantle, core ~ core, mantle, crust ~ crust, core, mantle ~ core, crust, mantle

core, mantle, crust

Tsunamis are caused by ________. ~ boiling water entering the oceans from undersea faults ~ abnormally high and sustained winds ~ global climate change ~ displacement of sea water by volcanoes, earthquakes or coastal landslides ~ abrupt changes in temperature of seawater

displacement of sea water by volcanoes, earthquakes or coastal landslides

At ________ plate boundaries, tectonic plates are pushed away from each other when magma rises to the surface, creating new crust. ~ trench ~ divergent ~ transform ~ convergent ~ subvergent

divergent

Tantalum from African coltan is used primarily for the manufacture of ________. ~ electronics: cell phones, computers, digital cameras ~ high quality steel ~ plastics ~ pesticides, fertilizers and biodiesel fuel ~ aerospace engines and aircraft hulls

electronics: cell phones, computers, digital cameras

As in the mining of coltan in Congo, coal mining in Appalachia has produced issues of ________. ~ industrial smog ~ economic prosperity for local residents, but high prices for everyone else ~ environmental damage and social and economic injustice ~ black market activity for stolen and poached minerals ~ job losses and air pollution

environmental damage and social and economic injustice

Volcanoes are created when lava cools and accumulates over time. What type of rock are volcanoes made of? ~ igneous rock ~ Granite ~ sedimentary rock ~ metamorphic rock

igneous rock

When magma or lava cools, the result is ________. ~ metamorphic rock ~ subduction ~ weathering and deposition ~ igneous rock ~ the formation of minerals

igneous rock

All of the following could be sensible appointments for the UN Council, except perhaps ________. ~ representatives of banking, marketing and corporate law from developed nations ~ mining engineers from Afghanistan and neighboring nations ~ regional economists without corporate ties ~ mining corporation engineers, university geologists from developed nations ~ experts in environmental and social justice from the Arab League of Nations

representatives of banking, marketing and corporate law from developed nations

This mining technique is utilized to get at shallow, horizontal deposits of minerals close to the surface. ~ placer mining ~ solution mining ~ strip mining ~ subsurface mining

strip mining

Which type of mining generates "overburden" as a byproduct of the mining process? ~ solution mining ~ strip mining ~ subsurface mining ~ placer mining

strip mining

Coal mining involves which two of the following mining techniques? ~ strip mining and placer mining ~ subsurface mining and placer mining ~ solution mining and subsurface mining ~ strip mining and subsurface mining

strip mining and subsurface mining

Earth's mantle ________. ~ is composed of molten metals ~ is located in Pangaea ~ surrounds the core as a thick, elastic rock formation ~ is the outermost part of the earth's crust ~ is formed by plate boundaries

surrounds the core as a thick, elastic rock formation