EVR ch18

provide guidelines for city development to separate areas desired to be urban from areas desired to be rural

An urban growth boundary (UGB) is intended to ________.

increased use of fossil fuels

Any consideration of the true costs of sprawl must include ________.

the wetlands include oyster beds and shallow estuaries that are habitats for shrimp, crabs, and fish which are supporting many local industries

As an ecological resource manager, your preliminary environmental studies should include inquiry into whether ________.

1,500 MWh

How many MWh per year of savings are possible for HVAC?

rural people are moving to the cities in large numbers

In developing nations, such as India and Nigeria, ________.

buildings constructed out of sustainable materials, which limit the use of energy and water, minimize health impacts, control pollution, and recycle waste

What are green buildings?

zoning

What practice classifies areas for different types of land use?

Copenhagen

Which city on the graph has both low to medium density (between 10 and 30 persons per hectare) and low carbon emissions?

Make cities self-sufficient.

Which of the following best summarizes the future plans for cities?

designate lanes as carpool-only

Which of the following is a method that governments use to improve urban transportation?

automobiles

Which of the following types of transportation consumes the most energy (in BTU per passenger mile)?

the loss of working-class people from traditional neighborhoods as housing prices become too expensive

A city undergoing gentrification is experiencing ________.

No, carbon emissions are actually lower than average in the city with average density.

Calculate the average population density of the cities on the graph. Does the city that has average population density also have average carbon emissions?

farms surrounding the suburbs and from long distances away from the city

From where does the food that most city-dwellers consume originate?

In Phoenix, ethnic minorities are more likely to be exposed to such hazards, whereas in Baltimore, those living in working-class white neighborhoods are more likely to be exposed.

In the study of urban ecology in Baltimore and Phoenix, how do the two cities differ in their citizens' exposure to toxic chemicals?

conserve energy and water and improve indoor air quality

LEED standards in the construction of new buildings establishes criteria that __________.

increased traffic jams

How can urbanization threaten communities and landscapes?

The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees.

How did the University of Florida help address the problem of global warming?

They plan to rely more on recycling and upcycling.

How do the speakers in the video hope to treat waste generated by cities of the future?

by limiting future growth into already urbanized areas

How does an urban growth boundary attempt to limit sprawl?

The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow.

How does planting trees offset carbon generated by the University of Florida athletic program?

Because people pack densely together in cities, more land outside cities is left undeveloped.

How does the existence of densely-packed cities help preserve wilderness and rural areas?

30 MWh

How many megawatt hours (MWh) per year of savings did the students identify for computers at the Penn State Mueller Laboratory Building?

decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere

The Neutral Gator program used methods that _____.

promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon

The University of Florida's athletic program became carbon neutral because it _____.

as biofuels that will not add any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

The bioenergy garden at Georgia Southern University is used to show plants that can be used __________.

indicate that, when all operating costs are included, rail is the most sensible means of transport

The operating costs for transportation ________.

2.7 cents per kWh

The student report estimated $45,500 in electricity savings. What was the approximate cost of electricity in cents per kilowatt hour (kWh) used to calculate this savings?

suburbs

What are smaller communities that surround cities called?

the pollution of streams by oily runoff water from parking lots

What environmental problem is being addressed by the use of bio swales, large vegetated ditches or depressions, on the campus of Georgia Southern University?

urban ecology

What field of study applies the characteristics of the natural world to urban settings?

It is a line on a map separating regions open to urban development from rural areas.

What is an urban growth boundary (UGB)?

The 2007 UGB restricts development that is on a large scale or that impacts sensitive natural areas outside its boundaries.

What is specifically restricted outside of urban growth boundaries (UGBs) as mentioned in the video concerning the UGS put into place in 2007?

The spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center.

What is sprawl?

desire to live in less crowded, more peaceful conditions

What is the major factor driving the move to the suburbs from cities?

Older cities were founded along waterways or rail hubs so that goods could be easily transported.

What is true about the importance of location for cities that were founded over 100 years ago versus the cities that are rapidly growing today?

the need for cars increases

What occurs as sprawl increases in, or adjacent to, a city?

buildings

Which of the following consume the bulk of the electricity used in the United States?

Future cities should repurpose compacted metal as building blocks for buildings.

Which of the following ideas was suggested by speakers in the video?

the urban heat island effect

Which of the following is a problem that occurs within cities because of the concentrated use of energy in buildings and vehicles and the large amount of dark surfaces that absorb solar energy?

People in small cities generally drive shorter distances to and from work and thus less likely to waste fuel while caught in traffic jams.

Which of the following is the most likely reason why it costs less per mile to operate an automobile in a small city than in a large city?

They can encourage sprawl.

Which of the following is true regarding zoning laws?

Rural populations are projected to drop in both more developed and less developed regions. In 2050, urban populations in less developed regions are projected to reach 5 billion. In 1950, urban populations in more developed regions and less developed regions were almost equal. In 2050, rural populations in less developed regions are projected to drop below 3 billion.

Which of the following statements are supported by the graph? Select all that apply.

industrialization

Which of the following was most influential in shifting the population of developed countries from the farms to the cities?

widely spaced homes spread evenly across a vast tract of land

Which of the following would be characteristic of sprawl?

in developing nations, such as Delhi, India

Worldwide, the fastest growing cities today are mostly ________.

lighting

You are a member of a student committee at your college that is evaluating building energy use and potential savings. If your committee finds that your college's potential savings would be similar to those shown for Penn State, action in which area or combination of areas would result in approximately 5% energy savings?

50% decline

You work for the city planning agency in Houston and successfully pass ordinances designed to double population density. Based on the graph, predict the approximate change in carbon emissions.

2018

According to the projected data, after what year will the majority of people in less developed regions be living in urban areas?

remain connected while living in less centralized locations

Air travel, the Internet, cheap fossil fuels, and television all have allowed people to ________.

7:1

Compare the population densities of the most and least dense cities on the graph. What is the population ratio of the most- to least-dense cities?

a walkable city center and expanded bus system can solve a large city's traffic congestion

Curitiba, Brazil, has shown us that ________.

As urban density increases, per capita carbon emissions decrease.

Describe the relationship between carbon emissions and urban density as shown on the graph.

62%

Estimate the total energy use at the lab building and the total estimated savings. Approximately what percentage of the total electrical energy use do these savings represent?

fossil fuels used to get fans to and from the stadium

Fans attending University of Florida athletic events are responsible for providing carbon offsets for _____.

thorough city planning program

L'Enfant's 1791 Plan of the U.S. capital represented the first ________.

revenue generated from users will pay for the changes and the maintenance of such a facility

Members of several local environmental groups propose that nearly all of the buildings be removed and the area turned into a regional hiking, fishing, and camping area, with very limited vehicle access. This will preserve the natural areas while providing recreation for the city dwellers. The most likely issue raised by opponents is whether ________.

all of these are benefits of green buildings

Of the following, the benefits of green buildings include ________.

foods that are grown locally

One common way to increase the sustainability of a food system is to buy and consume __________.

the way soils, air, and water are needed to sustain people in the city

One of the speakers in the video made an analogy between a city and a very large tree. In this analogy, the root system of the tree was compared to __________.

passed a bill giving property owners the right to ignore UGB's

Oregon's strong policy of enforcing UGB's (urban growth boundaries) to create livable cities has been exemplary for many years, but between 2004 and 2007, voters ________.

It will be easier to have a place for a vegetable garden if they move to the suburbs.

Pat and Terry are considering moving from near the center of a large city into the suburbs. Which of the following discussion points is valid?

use renewable energy sources and recycle materials

People who seek to improve resource sustainability of our cities urge us to ________.

conserves water by using treated city wastewater instead of city tap water for irrigation

The water reuse system on the campus of Georgia Southern University __________.