EVR CHAP 7

Organic farming ________. is presently limited to crops of fruits and vegetables has increased in the United States, Canada, and Europe in recent years has no state or national standards in the United States began in the 1960s and organically grown produce have not been supported by the European Union

has increased in the United States, Canada, and Europe in recent years

Which of the following is most likely to push for less restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids? European Commission European Food Safety Authority U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Syngenta

Syngenta

Leaching ________. removes water-soluble nutrients from topsoil is a common agricultural practice to improve soil adds nutrients to soil naturally is caused by movement of water upward through soil from the water table can help plant growth only if done properly

removes water-soluble nutrients from topsoil

Which of the following particles made up the dust that gave the Dustbowl its name? bouncing grains rolling grains suspended grains permanent grains

suspended grains

1. The largest portion of energy in the food system is consumed by household storage and preparation. 2. Food processing and packaging together account for a little over 25% or 3.5 quads of the energy consumed in the food system annually. 3. Purchasing organically grown food would save energy involved with agricultural production as it would reduce the energy that goes into producing chemical fertilizers and pesticides. 4. Consolidation in the food system means that there are fewer food processing operations, which increases energy used in transportation by increasing the distance between food sources and consumers. 5. Purchasing locally grown produce would reduce energy used in transportation. 6. Eating less meat would reduce energy used in agricultural production. 7. Buying frozen convenience food in bulk could increase energy used in household storage and preparation. 8. The U.S. food system is rather inefficient as it consumes almost 8 times as much energy in producing, processing, packaging, and transporting food than it makes available as food energy output.

household storage and preparation; 3.5; Agricultural production; transportation; transportation; agricultural production;household storage and preparation;8

The figure illustrates that it requires roughly ________ times more feed input to produce 1 kg of eggs than 1 kg of milk. 30 15 50 40 4

4

On a scale of 0 to 6, where 6 is the most trustworthy, how would you rate this site? (Note that all responses will be marked as "correct" at this point.) 0-1 (not trustworthy at all) 2-4 (somewhat trustworthy; want to check some things) 5-6 (very trustworthy)

5-6 (very trustworthy)

Now compare fertilizer use in 1960 to fertilizer use in 2000. Express the year 2000 N fertilizer use as a percentage of N fertilizer use in 1960. 67% 667% 15% 7%

667%

How could these data be best represented graphically? Bar graph Line graph Scatter plot

Bar graph

Assuming emissions remain the same, as regenerative farming becomes more popular, which of the following will occur? Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will increase. Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will decrease. It is unknown how the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will be impacted. Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will stay the same.

Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will decrease.

Which statement about food production since 1960 is true? View Available Hint(s) During this time our population has grown faster than our food production capabilities. During this time our food production capabilities have been severely limited, causing the population of many countries to decline rapidly. During this time 90% of the world's population has been overnourished. During this time our food production has grown even faster than our population.

During this time our food production has grown even faster than our population.

You are the assistant manager of a chicken farm in Iowa. Which of the following would be the best way to convince your boss to only raise Cobb 500s? Explain that they grow quickly. Show how they have large, meaty legs. Show how their shells do not crack. Explain how they are all female.

Explain that they grow quickly.

If GM crops can decrease pesticide use, why are environmentalists still concerned about them? Trials involving biotech fruits and vegetables have increased dramatically in recent years. Inserted genes can spread to nontarget species. There is no public opposition to GM crops. The FDA does not regulate them. The government funds most GM crop research.

Inserted genes can spread to nontarget species

As the global human population continues to rise, increased food production will most likely come from __________. View Available Hint(s) other planets increased productivity of the land already used for agriculture decreased demand for food increases in the amount of land used for agricultural production

increased productivity of the land already used for agriculture

Which of the following is true about GM crops? Europe leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops. Latin America leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops. They are unanimously favored by environmentalists. The United States leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops. They require artificial pollination methods.

The United States leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops.

All of the following practices are used to control soil erosion EXCEPT __________. View Available Hint(s) terracing of hillside farms intercropping industrial monoculture agriculture no-till planting

industrial monoculture agriculture

Which of the following is an example of the use of a biological control? View Available Hint(s) Golden rice is grown in developing nations to help control blindness in children. Honeybees are used to control the production of fruit in an apple orchard. Herbicide-resistant soybeans are planted so farmers can use herbicides without killing their crops. The use of the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, in the 1920s to control the invasive prickly pear cactus that was overrunning rangeland in Australia.

The use of the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, in the 1920s to control the invasive prickly pear cactus that was overrunning rangeland in Australia.

On what basis is the writer primarily appealing to his or her readers? The writer is appealing to the readers' intellect. The writer is appealing to the readers' emotions. The writer is appealing to the readers' sense of financial responsibility.

The writer is appealing to the readers' emotions.

You are a landowner interested in regenerative farming. Which of the following should you avoid? Planting cover crops. Leaving crop residue on the soil surface. Increasing tree cover near your fields. Tilling.

Tilling.

Are neonicotinoids currently used in the United States? Yes. Yes, but only in areas more than 50 miles from an apiary. No. Yes, but only on non-flowering plants.

Yes.

Who are most prone to overnutrition in the United States? View Available Hint(s) low-income Americans senators and representatives wealthy Americans who can afford to eat more food middle-class Americans

low-income Americans

Over time, pesticides become less effective. This is because __________. View Available Hint(s) farmers decrease the amount of application because of the high cost of product transgenic crops have been introduced federal regulations require that lower-strength pesticides be used pests can evolve defenses against pesticides

pests can evolve defenses against pesticides

About 100 years ago, agricultural production in the United States tripled due to __________. View Available Hint(s) the shift from wheat and corn crops to rice crops a tremendous increase in the amount of land used for agriculture the invention of fertilizers and use of more modern machinery the shift from raising crops on land to raising crops in water

the invention of fertilizers and use of more modern machinery

What climate is most associated with salinization? subtropical steppe tropical wet desert tropical monsoon complex mountain

desert

Salinization appears to be correlated most with what other environmental issue? coastal pollution forested regions deforestation desertification none of the above

desertification

Insects serve what beneficial role(s) in agriculture? invasive species genetically modified species essential pollinators and predators keystone species harmful herbivores that need to be eliminated

essential pollinators and predators

Which of the following correctly shows the order for grains that would blow the least distance to grains that would blow the greatest distance? suspended grains, bouncing grains, rolling grains rolling grains, bouncing grains, suspended grains bouncing grains, rolling grains, suspended grains rolling grains, suspended grains, bouncing grains

rolling grains, bouncing grains, suspended grains

Salinization is a major issue primarily in which country? Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Lanka India Maldives

Pakistan

Which country is facing the greatest overall environmental problems? Pakistan India Nepal Bangladesh Sri Lanka

Pakistan

Assign a numerical score for each category. Then add up the total score. (The highest possible score is 6; the lowest is 0.) In what range does this source fall? 0 to 1 2 to 4 5 to 6

0 to 1

Compare the world population index for 1960 to the world population index for 2000. Then express the world population in 2000 as a percentage of world population in 1960. 50% 200% 400% 100%

200%

Using the most reliable information available, how much of the Earth's land surface is used for agriculture today? View Available Hint(s) 10%, according to government surveys of land use 30 to 40%, according to satellite imagery 70%, according to surveys conducted by commercial jets 90%, according to tax records from government agencies

30 to 40%, according to satellite imagery

When it comes to American views on climate change, which of the following is true? Nobody is undecided as to if climate change is a problem. A small amount is still undecided if climate change is a problem. A large majority is still undecided if climate change is a problem. About half of all Americans are still undecided if climate change is a problem.

A small amount is still undecided if climate change is a problem.

Which of the following is true of plants whose seeds are soaked in neonicotinoids? All of the plant tissues will be lethal to insects. Only the shoots will be lethal to insects. Only the leaves will be lethal to insects. Only the pollen will be lethal to insects.

All of the plant tissues will be lethal to insects.

Which of the following is true? As carbon increases in the soil, more fertilizer is needed. The amount of carbon in the soil does not affect the amount of fertilizer needed. As carbon increases in the soil, less fertilizer is needed. It is unknown as to if the amount of carbon in the soil affects the amount of fertilizer needed.

As carbon increases in the soil, less fertilizer is needed.

Notice in the table that the energy consumed by the food retail and commercial food service component almost quadrupled from 1.05 quads in 2009 to 3.9 quads in 2016. What might be the reason(s) for this increase? Select all that apply. Agricultural production has become more efficient--increase in yield per acre relative to energy input--due to precision agriculture practices that use GPS technology to carefully study field conditions. Packaging has become more light weight partly due to the use of plastic versus glass. Consumers are purchasing more processed and ready-to-eat foods, thus outsourcing much of the food prep to retail and wholesale grocery stores. Consumers are eating out more at food establishments that serve fast food but with a focus on fresh and healthy ingredients.

Consumers are purchasing more processed and ready-to-eat foods, thus outsourcing much of the food prep to retail and wholesale grocery stores. Consumers are eating out more at food establishments that serve fast food but with a focus on fresh and healthy ingredients.

In order for this endeavor to be successful many things need to occur, including which of the following? Consumers must demand a lot of dark leg meat. Consumers must want to eat chicken very rarely. Consumers must want to eat a lot of white breast meat. Consumers must want to eat a lot of eggs.

Consumers must want to eat a lot of white breast meat.

Which of the following describes a community-supported agriculture program? View Available Hint(s) Farmers grow crops on lands on vacant lots within the communities they serve. Consumers pay farmers ahead of time for a weekly delivery of in-season produce. Consumers do their own farming at home.

Consumers pay farmers ahead of time for a weekly delivery of in-season produce.

________ is the loss of more than 10% of soil productivity in arid areas due to such factors as erosion, soil compaction, overgrazing, and forest removal. Climatization Salinization Desertification Alkalinization Stratification

Desertification

You are the head of fracking for ExxonMobil. You visit a town to discuss a new fracking project in the area. Which of the following is most likely to increase support from the public? Discuss how much money it will save customers. Discuss the environmental impacts of fracking. Discuss how natural gas is less of a concern for climate change than oil and coal. Discuss the health impacts of fracking.

Discuss how much money it will save customers.

What correlation exists between the location of forested areas in this region and climate? Forests are found mostly in milder climates. Forests are found mostly in dryer regions. Forests are found mostly in the south. Forests are found only along the coasts. None of the listed responses are correct.

Forests are found mostly in milder climates

Demographers predict that global population will continue to increase. As population increases, which of the following statements represents future agricultural changes for maintaining an adequate food supply? Higher food production per unit of agricultural land Higher agricultural land-to-population ratio Lower use of N fertilizer per unit of land Higher food production due to greater use of N fertilizer

Higher food production per unit of agricultural land

When it comes to American views on policy, which of the following is true? More Americans view health care policy and the economy as a priority than climate change. More Americans view climate change as a priority than health care policy, the economy or terrorism. More Americans view health care policy, the economy and terrorism as a priority than climate change. More Americans view health care policy as a priority than climate change.

More Americans view health care policy, the economy and terrorism as a priority than climate change.

The initial degradation of plants by soil organisms, bacteria, and fungi occurs in the __________ soil horizon. View Available Hint(s) B A O R

O

Which of the following people would be least likely to support an increase in regenerative farming? The CEO of a pesticide company. A climate change strategist for the Environmental Protection Agency. A member of the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization An organic farmer in the U.S.

The CEO of a pesticide company.

Which of the following is true? The majority of Americans do not think climate change is a problem and are not willing to pay a large amount to combat it. The majority of Americans think climate change is a problem, but they are not willing to pay a large amount to combat it. The majority of Americans think climate change is a problem and are willing to pay a large amount to combat it. The majority of Americans do not think climate change exists.

The majority of Americans think climate change is a problem, but they are not willing to pay a large amount to combat it.

Why is variety in crop plants important for "food security"? View Available Hint(s) Varieties contain genes that, through conventional breeding, might confer resistance to disease. People and the food industry naturally want a wide variety of different types of food plants. Monocultures are inherently stable. Monocultures are not capable of reproducing.

Varieties contain genes that, through conventional breeding, might confer resistance to disease.

Desertification of soil __________. View Available Hint(s) can be caused by overgrazing may be a problem in the future but has not yet caused much loss of farm land is a natural process that we cannot control can occur only on a small percentage of Earth's surface, in the very driest areas

can be caused by overgrazing

Aquaculture ________. produces less fish per unit area than ocean water harvesting frequently results in unintended catch of nontarget species requires the flooding of fields to produce water-intensive crops such as cotton and rice can bring economic benefits and food security to many developing regions has no real environmental disadvantages

can bring economic benefits and food security to many developing regions

In 1960 the ratio of food production to N fertilizer use was 40:15 or 2.7:1. By 2000 the ratio was 1:1. The efficiency of N use in agriculture _____. there is not enough data to determine the answer. increased—over time we have produced more food with the same amount of N fertilizer decreased—over time we have produced less food with the same amount of N fertilizer stayed the same—the amount of food produced with a unit of N fertilizer has stayed the same over time

decreased—over time we have produced less food with the same amount of N fertilizer

The remaining forests in this region are currently at risk. Which of the following represents the most direct environmental threat to them? desertification coastal pollution river pollution salinization All of the listed responses are correct.

desertification

In Queensland, Australia, cactus moths ________. are an invasive species are a keystone species are examples of species that have developed resistance to pesticides are raised as a food source by native Aborigines effectively cleared non-native prickly pear cactus from rangeland

effectively cleared non-native prickly pear cactus from rangeland

Since 1960, pesticide use has increased ________ worldwide. fivefold sixfold fourfold twofold threefold

fourfold

Monoculture farming ________. is always accompanied by no-till agriculture requires no artificial pesticides or fertilizers accounts for less than 1% of U.S. farmland is a development of industrial agriculture is typical of Native American farming techniques

is a development of industrial agriculture

Which of the following is least likely to be directly affected by neonicotinoids? earthworm grasshopper rabbit monarch butterfly

rabbit

Irrigation can result in the salinization of soils because ________. many of the plants grown in these regions excrete salts into the soil the irrigation water washes away soil leaving behind concentrated salts shortages of fresh water require the use of saltwater for irrigation irrigation is typically used in areas where windblown salts from sea spray can accumulate when the protective vegetation is removed salts in the water are deposited on the soil surface as water evaporates

salts in the water are deposited on the soil surface as water evaporates

Which of the following is a living museum of genetic crop diversity? View Available Hint(s) seed banks the Field Museum of Natural History biodiversity museums biogenetic banks

seed banks

Which of the following changes in your diet would decrease the size of your ecological footprint without causing health problems? shifting your protein intake from eggs and dairy products to beef and pork eliminating all protein from your diet shifting your protein intake from beef and pork to eggs and dairy products shifting to beef exclusively because of the large amount of meat from a single cow shifting your protein intake from adult cows and pigs to younger cows and pigs

shifting your protein intake from beef and pork to eggs and dairy products

Humus is ________. one of the primary causes of desertification if it is present in excess caused by agricultural runoff into waterways or into the water table an artificial fertilizer applied to monocultures the layer sometimes found in a soil horizon that is created by eluviation; it causes serious problems in agricultural fields the organic soil component that holds soil moisture and enhances soil fertility

the organic soil component that holds soil moisture and enhances soil fertility

Calculate the ratio of the agricultural land index to the population index for 1960 and compare it to the ratio for 2000. The ratios suggest that _____. the per capita demand on agricultural land has decreased over time the per capita demand on agricultural land has stayed the same over time the per capita demand on agricultural land has increased over time there is no relationship between agricultural land and population

the per capita demand on agricultural land has increased over time

Swidden agriculture is necessary in rainforests for all of the following reasons EXCEPT __________. View Available Hint(s) the soil of rainforests is not suitable for forest growth the warm temperature in the rainforest causes decomposition to occur quickly rainforest plants tend to hold the nutrients in rainforests rather than the soil excess rain in the rainforest tends to allow for leaching of nutrients to the lower layers of soil

the soil of rainforests is not suitable for forest growth

Next, can you identify what the source is trying to accomplish by providing this information? As you read the article, think about what the writer's agenda might be with regard to human meat consumption. What seems to be the main purpose of the article ? to recruit protesters who are against factory farming to encourage readers to raise their own cows for food to promote more sustainable meat production to convince readers not to eat meat

to convince readers not to eat meat

Erosion usually begins when __________. View Available Hint(s) rainfall levels decrease the O horizon is thick with material vegetation is removed either naturally or by humans there is little or no slope to the land

vegetation is removed either naturally or by humans

No-till farming would be most beneficial for farmers ________. whose cropland is in the Conservation Reserve Program who typically experience minimal soil erosion using contour strip cropping who plant a cash crop every third year with steeply sloped fields

with steeply sloped fields

The results of overapplying fertilizer can include ________. eutrophication in nearby waterways very fertile soils in future years crops spreading rapidly into nearby areas large crop yields per acre very large fruits and vegetables

eutrophication in nearby waterways

A grain of what size would be most likely to cause surrounding grains to become airborne? 0.05 mm 0.2 mm 0.5 mm 1.0 mm

0.2 mm

Despite increased agricultural production by developed countries about 100 years ago, less developed countries continued to use traditional agricultural practices. Then, in the 1960s, the research of Dr. Norman Borlaug increased crop production by nearly 500% in Mexico and India by using __________. View Available Hint(s) high yielding crops disease resistant crops modern farm equipment All of the above responses are correct.

All of the above responses are correct.

You visit a farm that practices regenerative farming. Which of the following does the farmer do? Continuous livestock grazing in every pasture. Monthly grazing in each pasture. Annual grazing in each pasture. No livestock grazing.

Annual grazing in each pasture

ou wish to have neonicotinoids banned from use in the U.S. Which of the following agencies in charge of that decision should you contact? Food and Drug Administration Environmental Protection Agency Department of Health and Human Services Department of Agriculture

Environmental Protection Agency

Which of the following is most affected by desertification? Algeria Iran Yemen South Sudan Sudan

Iran

What is the affiliation of the writer? The writer is on the board of a company that sells pre-packaged vegetarian meals. The writer is a food inspector for the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It's not clear who wrote the content on this page. The writer is an independent registered dietitian.

It's not clear who wrote the content on this page.

How can you know if the information is based on scientifically collected data and if it's corroborated by other sources? Follow the links provided throughout the article. What do you find when you click these links? The links redirect the reader to other PETA articles. The links redirect the reader to primary research articles. The links redirect the reader to government regulatory agency reports. The links redirect the reader to a mixture of sources, all from secondary news outlets.

The links redirect the reader to other PETA articles.

Of the following, ________ requires the least land to produce 1 kg of protein. eggs milk pork beef chicken

chicken

Energy use in agricultural production and transportation increased from 2009 to 2016. False Though energy used in household storage and preparation increased by 0.7 quads from 2009 to 2016, the percentage of the total energy consumption represented by household storage and preparation declined. True Energy used in food retail and commercial food service increased from 1.05 quads in 2009 to 3.9 quads in 2016. True Total energy consumed by the U.S. food system decreased by 3.6 quads from 2009 to 2016. False Between 2009 and 2016, energy use in the processing industry changed much more substantially than energy use in packaging materials changed during the same period. True As the food energy available increased from 1.4 quads to 1.75 quads between 2009 and 2016, the ratio of energy consumed by the food system per unit of available food energy also increased. True

false; true; true;false; true; true;

Normal Borlaug, who passed away in 2009, pioneered the development of ________. GM crops IPM monoculture farming high-yield wheat organic agriculture

high-yield wheat

Select Climate. In which climate is most deforestation occurring? tropical monsoon humid subtropical desert tropical savanna subtropical steppe

humid subtropical

Until about 10,000 years ago, our species depended on ________. crops hunting and gathering hunting and herding cattle crops and cattle

hunting and gathering

Recombinant DNA ________. is pollination of one plant by another of the same species was part of the Green Revolution of the 1960s is assembled in the lab from mononucleotides is cross-pollination of one plant by a different species is the merging of DNA from unrelated organisms to create new genetic varieties

is the merging of DNA from unrelated organisms to create new genetic varieties