EVR1001 Exam 1: Chapter 3 review

Which of the following best represents the overall growth rate of a population? View Available Hint(s) (birth rate - death rate) + (immigration rate - emigration rate) immigration rate - emigration rate birth rate - death rate (birth rate + immigration rate) + (death rate + emigration rate)

(birth rate - death rate) + (immigration rate - emigration rate)

If the UV-B radiation at the surface has an intensity of 0.27 watts/m2, approximately what is the intensity at a depth of 100 cm? 25 watts/m2 1.08 watts/m2 6.75 watts/m2 0.07 watts/m2

0.07

__________ is the visitation of natural areas for enjoyment, often in areas near less-affluent communities that economically benefit from conserving the natural area. View Available Hint(s) Enviro-tourism Envirocation Eco-vacation Ecotourism

Ecotourism

Which of the following is accurate? Costa Rica has declared national bankruptcy because of its failed ecotourism industry. Ecotourism combines wildlife conservation with economic benefits. Any damaged ecosystem can be completely restored. Our understanding of genetics allows us to replace extinct species. Humans can find and make their own resources if they destroy natural ecosystems.

Ecotourism combines wildlife conservation with economic benefits.

Which of the following statements are true of logistic growth? Select all that apply. As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly. When the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing. As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more rapidly. The population grows at a steady rate.

- When the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing. - As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly.

Which water depth had the biggest difference in survival rates for embryos with UV-B protection versus embryos without UV-B protection? 50 cm 0 cm 10 cm 100 cm

10 cm

Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of these yeast population? Graph A Graph B Graph C

A

Which of the following statements are true of a population at carrying capacity? Select all that apply. The birth rate equals the death rate. The rate at which resources are used is equal to the rate at which they are supplied. The population growth rate equals zero. The population continues to grow at a constant rate.

ALL BUT The population continues to grow at a constant rate.

What prediction(s) can researchers make based on the egg-viability hypothesis? Select all that apply. The probability of hatching failure will be higher in large clutches. The probability of hatching failure will be higher for eggs laid later within a clutch. The probability of hatching failure will be higher later in the spring season. The probability of hatching failure will be lower at higher latitudes.

ALL BUT The probability of hatching failure will be higher for eggs laid later within a clutch

Your cousin has bedbugs. Pyrethroid insecticides failed to eliminate them. Which of the following is most likely true? Aprehend has about a 50-50 chance to eliminate most of them. Aprehend will likely work to eliminate most of them. Aprehend will likely work to eliminate them, but only in the presence of a neonicotinoid. Aprehend will likely not work eliminate most of them.

Aprehend will likely work to eliminate most of them.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between UV-B transmission and embryo survival rates shown on the graph? At lower depths UV-B transmission is low and unprotected embryo survival rates are low. At shallow depths UV-B transmission is high and unprotected embryo survival rates are low. At shallow depths UV-B transmission is high and unprotected embryo survival rates are high. At lower depths UV-B transmission is high and unprotected embryo survival rates are high.

At shallow depths UV-B transmission is high and unprotected embryo survival rates are low.

Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of this coyote population? Graph A Graph B Graph C

B

Which graph best represents the growth of the beetle population in the sack of corn meal? Graph A Graph B Graph C

C

According to the graph the percent transmission of UV-B relative to light intensity at the water's surface: Decreases with increasing depth. Increases with increasing depth. Remains unchanged. Decreases only below a certain threshold depth.

Decreases with increasing depth.

Which of the following is true? The use of commercial insecticides on bedbugs has always had variable results. Commercial insecticides used to be less effective at eliminating bedbugs. Commercial insecticides used to be more effective at eliminating bedbugs. The effectiveness of commercial insecticides on bedbugs has not substantially changed in decades.

Commercial insecticides used to be more effective at eliminating bedbugs.

Adaptive radiation is rapid, branching speciation under conditions in which there is little ___________. Genetic drift Gene flow Competition Microevolution Paedomorphosis

Competition

Which of the following would best represent a clumped population dispersion pattern? oaks planted on city streets earthworms within the soil of a garden eagles nesting in the tallest trees in the Grand Canyon pine trees within a pine plantation a pod of 40 migrating gray whales in the Bering Sea

Gray Whales

Based on the data shown here, what conclusion would you present to stakeholders? The Hakalau Forest NWR, where recent restoration efforts aimed to improve native bird populations, is the only region where no native bird species has been extirpated in recent history. Hakalau Forest NWR is the only region where all populations of native bird species are either increasing or stable, highlighting the critical role that habitat restoration plays in the protection and recovery of native birds. The majority of native bird populations are stable or increasing within all three regions, so habitat restoration efforts in the Hakalau Forest NWR are probably not the reason for the recent recovery of its native bird populations. Native bird populations are mostly stable or declining in all three regions, including the Hakalau Forest NWR, where recent restoration efforts aimed to improve native bird populations.

Hakalau Forest NWR is the only region where all populations of native bird species are either increasing or stable, highlighting the critical role that habitat restoration plays in the protection and recovery of native birds.

Based on these graphs, which species of bird saw the largest increase in its population between 1987 and 2007? Hawai'i 'Amakihi 'Apapane House finch All three species show a similar increase in population density between 1987 and 2007.

Hawai'i 'Amakihi

In England, dogs with large, floppy ears called hounds came into existence. These dogs were favored for hunting because of their excellent sense of smell. Which statement most accurately represents the process that produced such dog breeds from the wild-type (feral) dog? View Available Hint(s) Natural selection has resulted in the evolution of the wild-type dog into several separate species, including the hounds. Natural selection directed the gene mutations and reproductive success of these breeds. Humans noticed dogs with large, floppy ears and a great sense of smell and wanted more like them. They then bred them with similar dogs over many generations. Gene mutations in dogs arose spontaneously so that hounds replaced the feral dogs in the wild.

Humans noticed dogs with large, floppy ears and a great sense of smell and wanted more like them. They then bred them with similar

As a population approaches carrying capacity, environmental resistance __________. decreases cannot be determined from the graph increases remains constant

Increases

According to the figure, which of the following birds is most closely related to the Palila? Kaua`i Creeper Anianiau `I`iwi Laysan Finch Common Rosefinch

Laysan Finch

Consider the effects of several drier-than-average years on the western toad population. If the average depth of pools available for toad spawning declines, what other effects might be associated with the drier climate? No changes are likely. Complete extinction of western toads. Lower than average embryo survival rates. Local extinction (extirpation) of western toads.

Lower than average embryo survival rates.

Based on the graphs in Part A, what can you conclude about the impact of the restoration on both native and non-native bird species monitored in the upper study area between 1987 and 2007? Population densities decreased for native bird species but increased for non-native bird species. Population densities of all native and non-native bird species increased. Population densities of all native and non-native bird species decreased. Population densities increased for native bird species but decreased for non-native bird species.

Population densities of all native and non-native bird species increased.

__________ is the number of individuals in a population per unit area. View Available Hint(s) Population density Population dynamics Population distribution Population size

Population density

Which of these species typically has a mortality rate that remains fairly constant over an individual's life span? Which of these species typically has a mortality rate that remains fairly constant over an individual's life span? grasses humans oysters elephants robins

Robins

According to the figure, which of the following is true? Reptiles (turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodiles) are more closely related to each other than they are to any other animals. Amphibians have a skull with two openings. Snakes are more closely related to crocodiles than they are to turtles. Sharks possess a swim bladder. Lampreys have lungs.

Snakes are more closely related to crocodiles than they are to turtles.

Which of the following are testable hypotheses that could explain the researchers' data? Select all that apply. The number of cars driving on these roads has increased over time. The population size of cliff swallows living near roads has decreased over time. Traits that help individuals avoid being hit by cars have evolved through natural selection in the cliff swallow population. An unknown element has been protecting the swallows. Scavenger population sizes have increased, and more road-killed swallows get eaten before they can be found.

The population; Traits; Scavenger

The key to the success of this product lies in which of the following? Fungal mycelium entrapping bedbugs. Bedbugs must ingest the fungus. Bedbugs must touch the chemical secreted by the fungus. The spread of fungal spores.

The spread of fungal spores.

Territoriality generally results in what kind of population distribution? View Available Hint(s) Aggregated Uniform Random Clumped

Uniform

Which of the following describes a graph of the Kaibab deer population between 1906 and 1923? a J-shaped upward curve with a very rapid increase an S-shaped curve that shows a smooth, rapid increase and then levels off a rapidly decreasing slope from left to right a "sine wave" curving up, down, up, down a straight line slanting upward, showing a steady increase over time

a J-shaped upward curve with a very rapid increase

Which of the following is likely to be a direct or indirect effect of removing top predators from an ecosystem such as the Kaibab Plateau? Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona. Between 1907 and 1923, cattle grazing was greatly reduced, mule deer hunting was eliminated, and predators were killed. Over 800 cougars, 20 wolves (most had already been killed in the 1800s), and 7000 coyotes were trapped or shot. In response, the mule deer herd began to increase: By 1915, deer numbers were estimated at 25,000; 50,000 by 1920; and 100,000 by 1923. Which of the following is likely to be a direct or indirect effect of removing top predators from an ecosystem such as the Kaibab Plateau? a decrease in the carrying capacity of their prey a decrease in the populations of their prey a decrease in ground-level vegetation such as tree saplings greater competition among the remaining top predators in the ecosystem conversion of grassland into forest

a decrease in ground-level vegetation such as tree saplings

A coyote, which can alter its food intake to match seasonal abundance of plants, fruits, or small animals, is considered to be ________. herbivorous a generalist density independent and resource neutral a specialist, able to specialize on whatever is available at the time an endemic

a generalist

If a population had a carrying capacity of 1000 individuals, which of the following populations would be experiencing the greatest rate of growth as a percentage of the current population size? View Available Hint(s) a population of 10 individuals 500 individuals 1000 individuals The answer cannot be determined.

a population of 10 individuals

Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____. paedomorphosis genetic drift gene flow microevolution adaptive radiation

adaptive radiation

The appearance of an evolutionary novelty often promotes _____. gene flow paedomorphosis adaptive radiation mass extinction mutation

adaptive radiation

The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____. adaptive radiation gene flow artificial selection paedomorphosis mass extinction

adaptive radiation

Oyster populations are primarily, if not exclusively, composed of _____. prereproductive oysters larvae juveniles adults larval and juvenile oysters

adults

According to the figure, crocodiles are most closely related to ________. mammals lampreys snakes and lizards birds turtles

birds

Which of the following factors does not contribute to environmental resistance? environmental toxins competition for food birth rate weather conditions competition for space

birth rate

When the organisms of a particular population seek habitats or resources that are unevenly spaced, the distribution of the individuals in the population tends to be ________. uniform clumped binary evenly dispersed random

clumped

Drag the blue labels to the graph below to indicate what data researchers should plot on the x- and y- axes. Then select the graph line that would support their hypothesis.

clutch size ;Female plumage; upward slope

1. From 1984 to 2012, the wing length of cliff swallows in the general population generally decreased. 2. During the same time period, the wing length of cliff swallows killed on the roads generally increased. 3. In most years where data was collected, the wings of cliff swallows killed on the roads were longer than the wings of swallows found in the population at large. 4. Shorter wings allow cliff swallows to take off from the ground more vertically, enabling them to better avoid oncoming cars. As a result, cliff swallows in populations near highways with shorter wings have a survival advantage. 5. The data suggest that, over time, natural selectionresulted in the evolution of shorter wings in the cliff swallow population. 6. Shorter wings are a(n) adaptation in this population. Alleles for shorter wings were already present in the general population.

decreased; increased; longer; shorter; natural selection; adaption; already present

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of humans? elephants oysters robins grasses cats

elephants

An ecosystem ________. is the total population of a specific kind of plant, animal or microbe and all members of which do or potentially can interbreed and produce young is a regional grouping of plants, animals and other biotic factors is a collection of interacting species living in a specific area encompasses all the organisms and the physical and chemical environment within an area is a grouping of plants and animals that interacts with one another in a way that causes the grouping to die

encompasses all the organisms and the physical and chemical environment within an area

Populations lacking any environmental resistance tend to increase by ________. pyramidal growth linear growth immigration emigration exponential growth

exponential growth

Click on the diagram to start the animation. What process is illustrated by this animation? Click on the diagram to start the animation. gene flow stabilizing selection natural selection nonrandom mating mutation

gene flow

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of oysters? robins grasses elephants humans cats

grasses

Density-dependent factors __________. View Available Hint(s) cause decreases in numbers of species in an ecosystem as a result of temperature extremes act at the community level have a greater impact at higher population densities are less important for regulating population size than density-independent factors

have a greater impact at higher population densities

Density-dependent factors ________. include the effects of a hard freeze on an entire community include the effects of a hard freeze on a single species within a community cause decreases in the number of species in an ecosystem include the effects of rainfall on an entire community include the effects of disease, predators, and food on a single species within a community

include the effects of disease, predators, and food on a single species within a community

1. Graph A shows that the probability of hatching failure increases later in the season. The data support Prediction #2. 2. Graph B shows that the probability of hatching failure decreases at higher latitudes. The data support Prediction #1. 3. Graph C shows that the probability of hatching failure is highest for both the largest and the smallest clutch sizes. The data do not support Prediction #3. 4. Researchers were unable to test Prediction #4. This is because it was too difficult for volunteers to collect data on which eggs were laid earliest.

increase; support; decrease; support; both; do not support; laid earliest

A uniform distribution will occur when __________. View Available Hint(s) members of a population try to avoid predators individuals are competing for an evenly distributed resource such as space a resource is found in limited, isolated areas within the habitat not enough of a resource is available to support the population

individuals are competing for an evenly distributed resource such as space

Members of two separate species cannot __________. View Available Hint(s) take on similar appearances interbreed compete for the same food resources live in the same area

interbreed

What does the orange graph line represent? exponential growth logistic growth carrying capacity population size

logistic growth

Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is _____. natural selection microevolution genetic drift mutation macroevolution

microevolution

A niche specialist is ________. more likely to adapt to climate change than a niche generalist more likely to thrive in human-modified environments than a niche generalist more likely to use a wide variety of resources than a niche generalist more likely to go extinct than a niche generalist more likely to have a large geographic distribution than a niche generalist

more likely to go extinct than a niche generalist

Part B Part complete Click on the diagram to start the animation. What process is illustrated by this animation? Click on the diagram to start the animation. mutation natural selection gene flow nonrandom mating migration

natural selection

A community ecologist would study which of the following? View Available Hint(s) the dynamics of population change in white-tailed deer the effects of soil moisture and nutrients on the growth of the invasive European buckthorn patterns of interactions between wolves and coyotes in Yellowstone National Park the effects of waterborne microorganisms on humans

patterns of interactions between wolves and coyotes in Yellowstone National Park

Which of the following is considered a community? View Available Hint(s) an ecosystem several interacting species living in the same area a single population whose individuals are similar enough to each other to be able to breed successfully all of the living and nonliving things on Earth

several interacting species living in the same area

Which of the following is the broadest (most all-encompassing) level of ecological organization? View Available Hint(s) an ecosystem a population a kingdom the biosphere

the biosphere

Assuming the populations of fruit flies are the same size, the length of time necessary for significant divergence to take place in the populations depends on ________. the rapid restoration of contact between the two populations how quickly the fruit flies can fly between the two habitats the kinds of mutations in the populations and the similarity of the two isolated habitats the area of the two mountain habitats the absence of natural selection

the kinds of mutations in the populations and the similarity of the two isolated habitats

The y-axis to the right represents ___________. resources increasing as population increases the level of resources available per capita the level of excess resources available for population growth the population available to use the resources

the level of resources available per capita

You are an ecologist researching divergent evolution on the Galapagos Islands. Which of the following might you be studying? You are an ecologist researching divergent evolution on the Galapagos Islands. Which of the following might you be studying? the similarities that have arisen between two completely unrelated species of birds that are competing for the same resources the geological processes by which the islands were formed millions of years ago the processes by which several unrelated species of birds developed flightlessness as a result of the islands lacking natural predators the processes by which the various species of finches on the islands diverged from a common ancestor the introduction and spread of an invasive bird species that has been introduced onto some of the islands

the processes by which the various species of finches on the islands diverged from a common ancestor

The barrier between the fruit fly populations ________. produced distinct species as soon as the barrier became impassible was the first part of an extinction event for both populations caused completely different mutations to occur in the two populations was an effective barrier to mating and gene flow between the two populations did not greatly interfere with both populations accessing both mountaintops

was an effective barrier to mating and gene flow between the two populations

Entomopathogenic fungi would likely be most successful in helping with which of the following outbreaks? Onchocerciasis, spread by a snail vector. Lassa fever, spread by a rat vector. Yellow fever, spread by a mosquito vector. Influenza B, spread without a vecto

yellow Fever