EWC Finals

After the Crusaders' sack of Constantinople (1204), the pope ordered them to

A- remain there for a year to consolidate their gains

What was the Domesday?

B- A survey and census of England ordered by William

How did the general and politician Gnaeus Pompey shatter Roman tradition?

B- By demanding and receiving a consulship long before he had reached the legal age

Why were the Carolingians unable to hold their empire together after the death of Charlemagne?

The kingdom was divided up by Charlemagne's successors and became vulnerable to attacks by invading Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims

What was the term for foreigners who received permanent residence status in exchange for paying taxes an serving in the military?

A- metics

During the medieval period, Christians showed special religious devotion to

B- relics of saints

The reign of the five "good emperors" (96-180 AC)

B- represented the longest period without a civil war in over one hundred years

At the close of the twelfth century, western Europeans saw their monarchs not as rulers of a people but as

B- rulers of a clearly defined territory

The english king alfred the great gained great renown for

B- staving off viking attacks in england

What did the twelfth century heretics known as dualists believe?

B- that the universe was torn between good and evil forces

What did the Athenians do that so enraged the Persian king Darius I?

B- the Athenians aided the Greek Ionian city-states in their uprising against their Persian overlords.

Which if the following regions did Charlemagne succeed in adding to his sizable kingdom?

C- Germany

The Olympic Games were open to any socially elite

C- Greek man good enough to compete

What significance did Henry II's marriage to Eleanor have for future European dynastic holdings?

C- it gave the english crown possession of Aquitaine in southwestern france

Why did the Byzantine Empire, an empire based in the east, see itself as the continuation of the old Roman empire?

C- it maintained Roman laws and systems of taxation

The peace of god movement in the late tenth and early eleventh centuries threatened excommunication to

C- keep the powerful from preying on the weak

As a result of Solon's reforms, council members who prepared the agenda for the assembly were chosen by

C- lottery

Medieval fairs functioned primarily as

C- marketplaces

When were Christians able to complete their reconquista of the Iberian peninsula?

C- not until 1492

The Edict of Milan, promulgated by Constantine in 313 AC, decreed...

C- religious tolerance for all inhabitants of the Roman empire

The Carolingian renaissance was intended not only to enhance the glory of the Frankish kings but also to

C- resurrect the learning of the past

In eleventh-century Italy, individual families were organized into economic units in which

C- sons shared the profits of the family's wealth, but daughters were excluded

Muslim invaders primarily attacked regions in

C- southern europe

What Mesopotamian inventions most influenced later mathematical and astronomical developments?

D- Algebra, astronomical charts, and the place-value notation system

Why was the notion of citizenship such a radical innovation in ancient Greece?

D- All citizens were endowed with the right to hold political office.

What do historians now speculate to be the principal reason for the Hittites' military success?

D- their superior use of chariots

What was the most common reason for men to seek public office in the early Roman republic?

D- to achieve status and glory through service to the republic

What realm did Mieszko I place under the protection of the pope in 991?

A- Poland

The reconquista referred to western hopes of restoring christianity by retaking

A- Spain from Muslims

In early Sumerian city-states,

C- kings ruled over the people

What does the socratic method refer to?

A manner of teaching that features relentless questioning

How did medieval cities differ from cities in the ancient world?

B- Medieval cities sprang up as centers as of commerce and economic activity

What was the Hijra?

B- Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina

Students studying the quadrivium focused on

A- arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy

Which ruler founded the Persian Empire?

C- Cyrus

Cuneiform was which of the following?

A- A Sumerian script relying on wedge-shaped marks.

What triggered the First Punic War between Rome and Carthage?

A- A dispute over Sicily, where Rome wished to prevent Carthaginian troops from being too close to Roman territory

Which of the following allowed Merovingian kings to increase their power?

A- Alliances with aristocrats and churchmen

The Spartan governmental structure can be described as which of the following?

A- An oligarchy, consisting of a council of elders, or ephors; and hereditary military and religious leaders, called kinds but sharing the status of others.

The Greek word "arete" signified "excellence," a concept that historians insist led the Greeks to do which of the following?

A- Compete fiercely with one another in all field of endeavor, from the arts to politics, athletics, science, and war, for the public honor that achieving excellence bestowed.

The Concordat of Worms

A- Conceded considerable power within the church to the king

What finally convicted Sparta to send Athens an ultimatum demanding that it curtail its aggressive foreign policy?

A- Corinth, A Spartan ally, threatened to ally itself with Athens if Sparta did not intervene on its behalf to prevent future Athenian aggression.

The Roman senate was originally created as a(n)

A- Council of distinguished men whose purpose was to advise and consult with the king

Upon conquering foreign regions, Neo-Assyrian kings

A- Deported many conquered peoples to assyria to work as slaves on building projects.

Why were Egyptian deities portrayed with both human and animal features?

A- Egyptians believed that each god revealed him or herself to humans through a particular animal.

Who exerted a strong influence on Justinian's rule despite a humble upbringing as the child of a bear trainer?

A- Empress Theodora

Why did Diocletian launch his Great Persecution of Christians?

A- He believed that the wrath of the gods had caused the crisis of the third century and that returning to the ancient gods would win back divine favor

What was one of the ways that Augustus fulfilled his role as Rome's patron?

A- He created the first public fire department in Western history

Why did the emperor Constantine (r. 306-337 AC) convert to Christianity?

A- He dreamed just before winning a crucial battle that the Christian God would make them victorious

How did Charlemagne resurrect old imperial models?

A- He embarked on massive building projects, established a capital, and served as a patron of the arts

How did Diocletian indicate his autocratic intentions when he came to power in 284 AC?

A- He replaced the title of "princeps" with "dominus", which is what slaves called their owners

Although the Third Crusade (1189-1192) was intended to recapture Jerusalem after it fell to the armies of Saladin in 1187, what was the actual result of the crusade?

A- Islamic hegemony over the hold land would continue for hundreds of years

How does the office of tribune differ from most other political offices?

A- It was established to serve and protect the Plebeian order, not all of society.

The doctrine of Arianism stemmed from the belief that

A- Jesus was not co-eternal or identical with God the Father

The crusader states were treated as

A- Lordships in which rulers granted fiefs to their vassals

In what way did Muhammad's position in Medina become a model for Islamic governance?

A- Muhammad's political position in the community made Medina's political and religious institutions inseparable.

The act of homage and the promise of fealty were

A- Part of the ritual whereby citizens- both men and women- became vassals of a lord

How did the status of Roman women differ from that of Greek women in the Classical Age

A- Roman women had a slightly higher status since they not only managed their households but also were able to play an indirect but important role in politics

What was the cause of the Social War that took place between 87 and 91 BC?

A- Rome's Italian allies demanded unrestricted Roman citizenship

What is the literal translation of the term jihad?

A- Striving in the way of God

Why were Assyrian women unlikely to rise to positions of political power?

A- The Assyrian elite most admired the pursuits of warfare and hunting, which were exclusively male occupations.

What environmental change is believed to have led to a change in the nomadic Paleolithic way of life?

A- The climate in Near east regions became milder and wetter resulting in fertility of the land.

Why did Athens attract more Sophists than other similarly sized Greek city-states.

A- The demand was greater in Athens, since aspiring politicians needed the training in rhetoric that the Sophists offered to advance in Athens's democracy.

Why did Vespasian allow the imperial cult to emerge only in the provinces beyond Italy and not in Italy itself?

A- The imperial cult would have upset Roman sensibilities

Muhammad understood himself to be

A- The last and final prophet

What was the main tactic used by plebeians to force the patricians to make political and economic concessions?

A- The pressured the patricians by periodically refusing to perform military service

What did Gaius Gracchus propose in order to root out corruption among governors?

A- The use of "equites" as jurors in trials of senators accused of corruption, a proposal that lead to political influence for the businessmen in this class.

What farsighted leader convinced the Athenians to invest their resources of precious metals in the navy and later led Athens during the great Persian invasion of Greece?

A- Themistocles

How did the Greeks significantly improve the quality of their farm implements and weaponry following their Dark Age?

A- They rediscovered the lost art of bronze metallurgy by smelting tin and copper.

Which of these describes the experience of Christians and Jews living under Muslim rule in the seventh and eighth centuries?

A- They were allowed to practice their religions under certain conditions

What do the Mycenaean burial chambers known as tholos tombs reveal about the Mycenaeans?

A- They were prosperous merchants

What was the most immediate reason for the construction of the vast pyramids in Egypt?

A- To protect the mummified bodies of the rulers for the afterlife.

Which of the following is a form of social and political organization in which a small group of men dominated policymaking in an assembly of male citizens?

A- Tyranny

Why is the battle of Hastings (1066) referred to as one of history's rare decisive battles?

A- William and his army of Norman soldiers so decimated the Anglo-Saxon army, killing its leader, King Harold, that they were able to overtake England unopposed

What were shrines and hundreds in Anglo-Saxon England?

A- administrative subdivisions for judicial and taxation purposes

Most Paleolithic societies were characterized by a form of organization in which

A- all men and women had a roughly equal say in making important decisions.

The Babylonians created some of the earliest written laws, the most famous being the code of Hammurabi, which was written primarily in response of which of the following?

A- an increase in private commerce and property ownership

Which of the following statements regarding Christian bishops is true?

A- bishops performed the secular (nonreligious) role of state administrators in their cities

How did the slavic ruling classes benefit from the northern crusades?

A- by converting to christianity and profiting from other crusades further to the east

What was the term for the institutions of self-government that developed in towns?

A- communes

Debasing imperial coinage had the effect of

A- creating an inflation, because merchants raised prices to make up for the coins' lower value

In his history of the Peloponnesian War, the Greek historian Thucydides broke with tradition by

A- describing the moral failures and miscalculations of the greek

Women in Greek city-states could also be citizens, an honor that

A- did, however, grant them political rights, such as the right to vote or otherwise participate in political life.

What stabilizing factor in the reigns of the Golden Age emperors was the the first four emperors

A- had no surviving sons and were therefore able to use adoption to find the best successor

How did the fifth-century Sophist Protagoras offend many Athenians?

A- he insisted that absolute truth did not exist because every issue had two irreconcilable sides

How did Charlemagne attempt to combat corruption throughout his vast empire?

A- he sent special officials to pay visits to his royal governors and listen to the complaints and concerns of the local people

The defeat of Frederick Barbarossa at the battle of Legnano in 1176 marked the

A- independence of northern italian cities from the emperor

The majority of Athens's population consisted of

A- individuals who lacked political rights, such as women, slaves, and metics

How did the Norman conquest tie England to the continent for centuries to come?

A- it linked together dynastic holdings on both sides of the English Channel

In his mammoth work The City of God, Augustine put forward the notion of original sin and argued that human beings had a duty to

A- obey secular authority, whose purpose was the uphold a social and moral order

Which of the following is most characteristic of gothic architecture?

A- pointed arches and stained glass

In the twelfth century, royal justices toured England making visits called eyres, at which they

A- presided over trials for murder, rape, arson, and certain other crimes

When the thirty Tyrants were overthrown in 403 BC, the Athenians restored their democracy and

A- proclaimed an amnesty to prevent further civil disorder

What was one of Pericles' most important democratic innovations?

A- providing a salary to any officeholder selected by lottery, thus enabling poor men to serve as public officials

The Merovingian dynasty lasted two hundred years mainly because the Merovingians...

A- successfully melded Frankish and Roman traditions and avoided Justinian's campaign to reconquer the western empire

Why do historians consider the Greek victory over the far more numerous Persians during the great Persian invasion of 480-479 BC to have been truly remarkable?

A- the Greeks so valued their political freedom that they joined forces to preserve it.

The conflict over Christian orthodoxy that raged in England during the early seventh century was fought between the Roman Catholic church and

A- the Irish church

Modern historians believe that the cessation of Magyar raids on kingdoms in western europe around the middle of the tenth century in largely attributable to

A- the Magyars' transformation from nomads to farmers

The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals were key elements in which of the following?

A- the Neolithic Revolution

The schism of 1054 was a split between

A- the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches

Why did the 2nd Crusade lead to a massive defeat at Damascus and prove to be a failure

A- the crusaders lacked coordinated strategies, clear plans, and central organization

What institution of the early Roman republic was based on a network of relationships characterized by mutual obligations?

A- the patron-client system

How did Byzantine emperors wield power over the church?

A- they called church councils to determine dogma

How did the poor in Rome's countryside seek to better themselves in the 2nd century BC?

A- they left the countryside altogether and resettled in Rome

What was Pericles' strategy for defeating the superior Spartan army?

A- to avoid land battles whenever possible while attacking Sparta and its allies by sea

Concerns about national security and a desire for wealth led Romans to

A- undertake expansionist campaigns against their neighborhoods

Why did the birthrates of wealthy Romans decline by the first century?

A- wealthy romans increasingly spent money on luxuries and political careers instead of raising families

What caused the series of calamities that gripped the Near East from about 1200 to 1000 BC?

B- Civil war in Greece as well as foreign invasions by different bands of marauding who attacked Egypt, the Hittite kingdom, and as far inland as the Babylonian kingdom.

The autocratic emperors of the dominate...

B- Continued to refer to the empire as the Roman republic

What were chansons de geste?

B- Epic poems about heroic deeds

The Northern crusades, although less well known than the crusades to the holy land, produced longer lasting results, such as the

B- Germanization of the northern lands along the baltic sea

Which late-sixth-century-to-early-seventh-century pope is credited with having greatly expanded the political and religious powers of the papacy?

B- Gregory the Great

Why did the Roman governor Pontius Pilate execute Jesus of Nazareth in 30 AC?

B- He feared that Jesus might incite and lead a Jewish revolt against the Romans

What factor enabled Julius Caesar to triumph in the civil war that lasted from 49 to 45 BC?

B- He wielded popular support, and his army remained loyal

Which of the following helped Augustus's transformation of Roman government become permanent?

B- His reign of forty-one years was so long that by his death very few Romans had a firsthand memory of the old republic

King John angered his barons by

B- Imposing higher scutages and feudal dues on his vassals

Which statement accurately describes the complex Roman legal system during the republic?

B- It evolved in response to protracted conflicts over power.

How did Greek settlement in the eastern Mediterranean abroad influence the development of Greek culture during the Archaic Age (c. 750-500 BC)?

B- It paved the way for the Greeks to imitate Near Eastern and Egyptian statuary.

How did the praetorian guard, a creation of Augustus, come to exert a critical role in imperial politics?

B- It played a role in selecting (and assassinating) emperors

Why did Constantinople become the capital of the eastern half of the empire?

B- Its location was militarily and commercially strategic

Who or what were the ziggurats in ancient Sumer?

B- Massive temples that served religious functions

The term caliph refers to

B- Muhammad's successors as religious and spiritual leaders of Islam

How did Octavian win the Roman people's support against Antony?

B- Octavian turned many Romans against Antony by playing on their fear of foreigners and asserting that Antony intended to make Cleopatra their ruler.

When the Greeks began writing again about 800 B.C.E., they adopted and adapted an alphabet they received from the

B- Phoenicians

By the time of the New Kingdom, religious practices in Egypt for the wealthy and poor alike were often centered on which of the following?

B- Preparing for a smooth and blessed afterlife

Athens met with disaster when its generals attempted to conquer Sparta's allies in

B- Sicily

Which of the following was one of the few aspects of the former Mycenaean civilization to survive the Dark Age in Greece?

B- The economic system used by local rulers to redistribute goods from better endowed regions to the poorest communities.

What public function did gladiatorial combats provide in the Roman Empire?

B- They provided communication between ruler and ruled, as ordinary citizens staged protests at events at which the emperor was present

The centers of commerce that developed during the commercial revolution tended to grow fastest and and most densely

B- along key waterways, including seacoasts and river systems

Following a number of Celtic and Anglo-Saxon invasions, England

B- became largely pagan

Claudius (r. 41-54 C.E.) set a crucial precedent when he

B- bribed the praetorian guard to back his as the new emperor

Although Roman law was founded on the principle of equity, it nevertheless

B- did not judge all Roman citizens as equal before the law

Although Magna Carta (1215) came to be viewed as the first document to guarantee the legal rights of all Englishmen, what was it originally intended to serve as?

B- guarantee of the customary rights of the english barons

A central element of Carolingian peasant life was the demesne, which was the

B- manse belonging to the lord, on which peasants were obligated to work

In which of the following areas did Rome not seek to emulate Greece?

B- military and political organization

In medieval courts, jongleurs were

B- musicians

Although much of Europe came under the control of rural leaders as a result of the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire, urban elites continued to control some areas, including

B- northern italy

Which of the following was a lasting accomplishment of the french king Philip II?

B- philip's imposition of a royal administration based on extensive record keeping

Which of the following precipitated the first crusade?

B- the Byzantine emperor sent messengers to the pope to plead for mercenary troops to combat the Turks, but instead pope Urban II issued a general call to arms to free Jerusalem

Friar was a name used to describe the monks of which of the following monastic orders?

B- the Franciscans

What factor allowed Augustus's successor Tiberius to rule for twenty-three years?

B- the army's loyalty to him

As the church's influence in state affairs grew,

B- the bishops came to replace the curials as the emperors' partners in local rule

How did the kings of England benefit from Henry II's judicial reforms?

B- the fees and fines collected by the courts went to the king's treasury

Which of these is an important change that took place in the Byzantine Empire after 600?

B- the old elite largely disappeared

What development in the 12th century allowed peasant men to begin to win more autonomy?

B- the transformation of feudal dues and services into cash payments or money rents

Which of these was an important difference between England and other European regions?

B- the use of vernacular was common in English written culture

Why were fiefs significant in post-Carolingian society?

B- they created bonds of loyalty and service in medieval europe

Greek warships propelled by rowers on three levels and equipped with a battering ram at the bow were known as

B- triremes

The followers of St. Francis of Assisi were known as mendicants, meaning that they

B-begged

What precipitated the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire?

C- A 7th century BC rebellion and a subsequent invasion by the Medes and Chaldeans.

What did the Greeks establish as the began to recover from two centuries of economic devastation and population decimation?

C- A new form of political and social organization known as the polis, or independent city-state

What did Roman generals Sulla, Pompey, and Julius Caesar have in common?

C- A willingness to embroil Rome in civil wars to secure their own wealth and power

The fourth crusade proved to be

C- An unmitigated disaster for Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire

How did Pericles make citizenship more exclusive?

C- By granting citizenship only to those children whose mother and father both born Athenian by birth

Which of these is an important example of continuity in Byzantine life before and after 600?

C- Constantinople continued to flourish

Why do some historians speculate that the Minoans did not engage in warfare among themselves?

C- Cretan palaces were not walled or fortified

Which of the following Persian rulers expanded the boundaries of the Empire all the way to the edge of India and Greece?

C- Darius I

Why did relations between Rome and the Byzantine Empire deteriorate do markedly in the late seventh and early eighth centuries?

C- Doctrinal issues, including the thorny question of icons, began to divide eastern and western churches

In 1291, the crusader states

C- Fell permanently to the Muslims

In 507 AC, Clovis established the Merovingian kingdom, in what is today mostly...

C- France

Why did Romanization have less effect in the eastern provinces than in the western provinces?

C- Hellenistic-Near Eastern culture had long been firmly entrenched, thus making it difficult for Romanization to have much sway

Greek tragedies played a significant role in Greek society by

C- Illustrating conflicts and moral dilemmas that pertained to the society of citizens in a city-state

Which of these was never part of the Roman Empire?

C- Ireland

Why did Rome's most prominent men seek the post of pontifex maximus ("greatest bridge-builder")?

C- It allowed the officeholder to claim aristocratic status, regardless of his class at birth

Contemporaries of the German king Otto I thought him a great hero in 955 when he defeated the

C- Magyars

What was a fundamental difference between slavery in Rome and slavery in Greece?

C- Roman slaves gained citizenship with their freedom, but Greek slaves did not

Why did Augustus not create in law a formal mechanism to choose future emperors?

C- Since the Roman Empire was not formally a monarchy, no successor could automatically inherit the previous emperor's power without the Senate's approval

The Seljuk Turks who defeated the army of the Byzantine emperor Romanus IV were

C- Sunni Muslims who had already captured the Baghdad

Why did persians believe that the Athenians had agreed to behave as loyal Persian subjects?

C- The Athenian diplomats offered the Persians tokens that signified Athens's submission to Persian authority.

What factor allowed Christianity to become the dominant religion in the course of the fourth century, however gradual the process?

C- The acceptance that Christianity found among men and women of all social groups and classes.

What fundamental change took place in the army during the Pax Romana?

C- The army largely took on a defensive function, protecting the frontier regions rather than embarking on further conquests

what generally determined whom wealthier Romans would marry?

C- Their marriages were arranged by their families

Why did the ancient Israelites have such a powerful influence of Western civilization, when their kingdom never enjoyed the same level of political and military power as the other great empires in the Near East?

C- Their monotheism and sacred scripture made the Israelites a fundamental building block in the foundations of Western civilization.

Which strategy did early Persian rulers adopt to rule over their newly conquered peoples?

C- They allowed local peoples to keep their own beliefs and customs.

Why did the Roman aristocrats create a republican system of government and not a monarchy?

C- They had come to believe that it was necessary to share power between adult male citizens

Why did Romans occasionally seek the help of foreign deities?

C- They had little other recourse in times of desperation and need

The concept of divine justice that helped establish the Greek polis is illustrated in Hesiod's epic poems,

C- Which were derived from the creation myths in the Near East

Which four events were included in the original Olympics?

C- Wrestling, jumping, running, and throwing

The Albigensian crusade (1209-1229) marked the first time that

C- a pope gave all the spiritual and temporal rewards of a crusade to the holy land to warriors fighting an enemy in europe

Alcuin (c. 732-804) was invited by Charlemagne to come from England to act as

C- a scholarly advisor

How did medieval serfs' dependency differ differ from that of vassal?

C- a serf's position was inherited, not voluntary

Though Charlemagne was a man of tremendous contradictions, he attempted to implement a unifying vision of

C- an empire that would fuse Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions

The war over the English throne (1139-1153) granted new privileges and powers to which of the following groups?

C- barons and high churchmen

After the Persian Wars, a formal defensive alliance that included the city-states in Northern Greece, on the Aegean islands , and along the Ionian Coast

C- became the basis for the Athenian Empire, because, because Athens required the other member city-states to fund warships built and manned by Athenians

What was one change from Roman life in Merovingian lands during the sixth and seventh centuries?

C- cities and trade had decayed decayed drastically

In the late twelfth century, states that had been formed in Hungary and Russia by powerful individual rulers began to fragment because, compared to england and france, they lacked

C- clear mechanisms for royal succession

During the civil wars of the third century, qualifications for becoming emperor had been reduced to

C- commanding a frontier army and paying off army and paying off the troops

The religious movements of the twelfth century

C- did not retreat from society but actively involved urban populations

How did Philip II of france dramatically increase the size of his kingdom in 1204?

C- he confiscated the northern french territories held by king john of england

How did Charlemagne unwittingly unleash a new round of invasions into his realm before his death?

C- he destroyed the buffer states around his kingdom through his many campaigns

Why did Lancelot embody the ideal chivalric knight?

C- he was a brave fighter who treated women with respect

Modern historians note that Charlemagne was a complex and often contradictory individual who

C- initially refused to use the title given to him by the pope on Christmas Day in 800.

Historians refer to the period from about 500-400 BC as the Golden Age of Greece because during this period

C- the Greeks put forward innovations in architecture, sculpture, drama, and philosophy.

The three-field system, an important innovation of the early Middle Ages, enabled

C- the fallow sections of the field to regain their fertility while allowing for greater agricultural production

Why did the German kings face difficulties in turning German dukes into loyal vassals?

C- the germans viewed vassalage as beneath the dignity of free men

What caused the rise of youths, unmarried knightly vassals who lived with their lords for indefinite periods of time?

C- the introduction of primogeniture (bequeathing an entire state to the eldest son) left younger sons without property, unable to marry, and dependent on their lords

Muhammad perceived Allah as

C- the same God worshipped by Jews and Christians

Which of the following helps explain the breadth and rapidity of Islamic expansion and conquests?

C- the weakness of the Byzantine and Sasanid states

What do the Mycenaean burial chambers known as tholos tombs reveal about the Mycenaeans?

C- they were prosperous merchants

What do the art and other goods found in Mycenaean burial chambers indicate about Mycenaean society?

C- they were skilled warriors for whom prowess in warfare was highly valued.

Schools and universities were set up to do which of the following?

C- train priests and monks

The Investiture Conflict was fought by pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV over

C- whether secular rulers or popes

What do recent archaeological discoveries of graves from the Hittite Kingdom reveal?

C- women occupied positions of leadership in war and peace alongside men

During the reign of Augustus, Rome reached a population of nearly

D- 1,000,000

Most developing cities featured

D- A marketplace, a castle, and churches

How was the Spanish emirate of Cordoba in modern-day Spain created in 756?

D- Abd al-Rahman, an Umayyad, fled to Morocco during the Abbasid revolution, gathered an army, and seized southern spain after one battle

Why have historians described the Democracy created in mid-fifth-century Athens under Pericles called "radical"?

D- All male citizens, regardless of wealth, enjoyed equal protection under the laws because the court system was removed from elite control.

The term Helot was used to designate which of the following?

D- Any Greek colonist who had settled in Sicily

Which Greek city-state is renowned for having established the first democracy ("rule by the people") based on voting rights and full political participation for all male citizens?

D- Athens

Which Roman territory did the Anglo Saxons conquer in the 440s?

D- Britain

Which Roman emperor was assassinated by the praetorian guard in 41 AC after a short but brutal reign marked by decadence and corruption?

D- Caligula

Tyrants in Archaic Greece were most likely to do which of the following?

D- Cultivate the goodwill of the people through public works projects and other policies that favored the interests of the masses.

Why do historians use the term "Dark Age" when speaking of the eastern Mediterranean region between 1200 and 1000 BC?

D- Economic conditions were poor, and historians' knowledge of the era is limited.

How did Egypt benefit from its geographic location?

D- Egypt's Nile River flooded annually, depositing a rich layer of topsoil ideal for growing, and the wide swaths of deserts to the east and west protected Egypt against invasion.

Which of the following were highly valued in the early Roman republic (509-287 BC)

D- Fidelity and perseverance

What was an important long-term effect of the Investiture Conflict?

D- German princes took advantage of the conflict to increase their own power

Which of the following best describes ancient Greece's natural resources?

D- Greece had a mountainous, rocky terrain that was suitable for the cultivation of olives, grapes, and barely but little else.

What change in Athens's democracy did Cleisthenes implement by about 500 BC?

D- He established a ruling council of five hundred individuals chosen annually by lottery and representing the demes in proportion to the size of their populations.

How did Henry II's six-year conflict with the archbishop, Thomas Becket, over whether churchmen were able to submit royal courts end?

D- Henry's henchmen murdered Becket in his cathedral

What Greek physician was regarded as a pioneer in using clinical observation to make medical diagnoses and may have been the author of the view that the human body consists of four humors, or fluids?

D- Hippocrates

What brought about the end of Carolingian rule?

D- Hugh Capet was elected king and began the Capetian dynasty at the end of the tenth century

Why did sentiment grow against the use of icons in the Byzantine Empire in the eighth century?

D- Icons were pagan worship and violated bans on the worship of graven images

What name was given to those on the middle rung of the guild hierarchy in europe

D- Journeymen

Where and when did the first Western civilizations emerge?

D- Mesopotamia (4000-3000 BC), Egypt (3050), and Anatolia (2000 BC)

Which of these helps explain the weakness of the Merovingian agricultural economy?

D- Northern European soils were difficult to turn and aerate

Who formed the Second Triumvirate?

D- Octavian, Antony, Lepidus

The development of irrigation contributed to the growth of centralized authority because of the need to do which of the following?

D- Organize labor for canal maintenance

Which of the following best characterizes developments during the era of Greek colonization?

D- Private Greek entrepreneurs built settlements that became colonies.

Why was Rome's geography perfect for territorial expansion?

D- Rome possessed a river, fertile farmland, and a port on the Mediterranean

Byzantine commerce was largely controlled by which of the following?

D- The Byzantine government

Following the collapse of the Hittite kingdom in Anatolia (1000 BC), which new regional power arose to fill the power vacuum?

D- The Neo-Assyrian Empire

What finally led to Athenian defeat and the conclusion of the Peloponnesian War?

D- The Spartans enlisted the help of the Persians to build a navy that could force the Athenians to surrender.

Who conquered and colonized the region around Kiev in the late ninth century?

D- The Vikings

The term "Byzantine Empire" refers to which of the following?

D- The eastern half of the Roman empire

What new obligations did the emperors impose on the curials, the social elite in the towns, in response to Rome's economic problems?

D- The emperors forced them to serve as unsalaried members of the city senate and to use their own money to support the community.

What did the Battle of Manzikert (1071) signify?

D- The end of Byzantine domination in eastern Turkey

What facilitated the rapid spread of Islam in the seventh and eighth centuries?

D- The unification of previously fractious and divided Arab tribes

Which emperor declared Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire?

D- Theodosius I

Why did Romans such as Cato in the second century BC distrust the influence of Greek ideas and culture on Rome?

D- They believed that adopting Greek ways would weaken the Roman Empire.

How did ordinary male citizens contribute to the development of Athenian radical democracy?

D- They pressed for judicial reform and equal treatment under the law.

Why were the political forms of the Greek city-states and the Greek concept of citizenship so unprecedented and unique?

D- They were based on the concept of citizenship for all free inhabitants and allowed for some degree of shared governing, except in tyrannies.

What did Roman morality primarily emphasize?

D- Virtue, faithfulness, and respect

The primary function of epic poetry and chivalrous literature was to provide which of the following?

D- a common identity and code and behavior for knights and nobles in the midst of larger societal and military changes

The various barbarian tribes that moved into the Roman Empire during the fourth and fifth centuries shared both a terror of the Asiatic Huns, who had invaded eastern europe in the fourth century, and

D- a desire to share in Roman prosperity

Which of the following allowed Assyrians to tribe by 1900 BC?

D- an elaborate long-distance trading network between Anatolia and Mesopotamia

What caused the split between Sunni and Shiite Muslims?

D- bitter disagreements over who was to succeed Muhammad as the leader of the new Islamic state

How did Pericles make citizenship more exclusive?

D- by granting citizenship only to those children whose mother and father were both athenian by birth

Why did the vikings often single out monasteries and churches for destruction?

D- churches and monasteries offered a lucrative supply of plunder and booty

Queen Hatshepsut's reign as Egypt's "female king" demonstrates that women in the new kingdom

D- could step into men's jobs- including that of pharaoh- when circumstances permitted.

King Frederick I (Barbarossa) was elected by german princes in order to do which of the following?

D- end the protracted warfare between the Hohenstaufens and Welfs

The conversion to Byzantine Christianity of Vladimir (r. c. 978-1016), grand prince of Kiev and ruler of Rus, reflected

D- geographical conversion patterns: rulers in Southern Europe usually adopted the Byzantine form of Christianity

Which of the following describes William I's rule in England?

D- he claimed it by right of conquest and ruthlessly replaced the Anglo-Saxon nobility with his Norman followers

King Frederick I drove Henry the Lion out of Germany when the prince became too powerful and defiant, but Frederick gained little personal power as a result because

D- he was forced to distribute Henry's domains among the nobles who had helped him oust Henry

What did the term tetrarchy under Emperor Diocletian refer to?

D- his division of the empire into four loosely defined administrative units

Although Julius Caesar had won the civil war by 45 BC and appointed himself dictator, he preserved the appearance of traditional republican offices and elections

D- in order to make his rule palatable by maintaining the forms of the Roman republic

How did the growth of a money economy help change fundamental positions in the church toward wealth?

D- it spurred on the creation of new monastic orders emphasizing poverty and reform

Scholars under the direction of Justinian I produced the Codex, the Digest, and the Institutes, all of which had an enormous impact on European...

D- law

Socrates was the first philosopher in ancient Greece to

D- make ethics and morality the main focus of his teaching

What activity was most central in the lives of Paleolithic peoples?

D- searching for food

Although Frederick I subdued the northern Italian communes, he began the reversal of his own fortune when he

D- set German magistrates over the cities; their arrogance and despotism infuriated commoners and aristocrats alike

In the seventh century, the Byzantine empire was divided into military units called themes, each of which is commanded by a general called the

D- strategos

Athens's wealth during the Golden Age largely derived from

D- taxes on trade and Delian league dues

What peace accord between the Lombards and the pope secured the papacy's dominions in central Italy and confirmed the pope's independence from Byzantium?

D- the Donation of Pippin

Why did the crusaders' goal of keeping the holy land under christian rule ultimately fail?

D- the Europeans were not willing to commit the resources necessary to maintain the crusader states when more pressing needs arose at home

Why were the Greeks able to defeat the Persian fleet in the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC?

D- the Greeks forced the Persians to fight in a narrow strait between the island of Salamis, where their sturdier ships rammed the flimsier Persian ships.

What was the first political system devised by Augustus as a disguised monarchy with the "first man" as emperor?

D- the Principate

The First Triumvirate of Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar formed in 60 BC when

D- the Senate's challenge to Pompey forced him into a coalition with his two rivals

The Gothic style was first associated with which of the following?

D- the capetian kings of france

What event in 1204 drastically and permanently undercut the power of the Byzantines?

D- the capture of Constantinople by crusaders

Why did the Huns ultimately direct their energies westward and not toward the eastern half of the empire?

D- the eastern emperors paid the Huns to spare the eastern half of the empire

Why, despite King Alfred's tremendous achievements, is it not accurate to speak of England as a unified state in the tenth and eleventh centuries?

D- the kings control was fragile, since royal officials often shifted allegiance to other claimants to the throne when it was in their interest to do so

The Delian League ensured that its members were protected from Persian attack but aroused the anger of many of its smaller members because Athens

D- used its control of the league fleet to coerce dues from weaker members

Aristocratic Merovingian women

D- were often allowed to inherit property

The armies of the first crusade

D- were organized as separate militias, each commanded by a different individual

The treaty of Verdun (843)

Divided the Carolingian Empire between the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious

What advantage did serving in the army confer on noncitizens from the provinces?

It granted them the opportunity to learn Latin, live by Roman customs, and receive Roman citizenship upon discharge

Who were the Sophists?

traveling teachers who-for a fee-taught students philosophy and rhetoric

To what does the age of the castellans, which began around 1000 in France, refer?

widespread, virtually independent rule by castellans (the term castellan referred to any man who had a castle)