Ex Psych 5523 Final Ch 1-8

In the protection motivation theory, decisions to engage (or not engage) in health-related behaviors are thought to be influenced by two primary cognitive processes. List them.

(1) threat appraisal, which is an evaluation of the factors that influence the likelihood of engaging in an unhealthy behavior (e.g., smoking, sedentary lifestyle), and (2) coping appraisal, which is an evaluation of the factors that influence the likelihood of engaging in a recommended preventive response

The WHO guidelines for the general adult population (18 to 64 years) recommend at least ___________ minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or at least ________ minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity. .

150; 75

Between 2000 and 2050, the proportion of the world's population over 60 years is expected to increase from 605 million to: . 1. 800 million 2. 1 billion 3. 2 billion 4. 3 billion

2 billion

Which of these three measures of body composition is considered the most significant for understanding the health impact of overweight or obesity? 1. body mass index (BMI), 2. waist circumference, 3. abdominal adiposity?

BMI

What is a psychiatric disorder in which feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or frustration interfere with everyday life for weeks, months, or years? ch8 A. Clinical depression B. Seasonal affective disorder C. Clinical anxiety D. Nonclinical depression

Clinical depression

The cognitive process that regulates an individual's ability to organize thoughts and activities, prioritize tasks, manage time efficiently, and make decisions is called? ch8 a. Attention b. Processing speed c. Memory d. Executive function

Executive function

__________________ refers to planned, structured, and repetitive activities aimed at improving physical fitness and health

Exercise

Rewards that convey information that the recipient is no longer fully in control of the reasons for behavior enhance intrinsic motivation. True or False

False they reduce intrinsic motivation

According to social cognitive theory, what is the most important, potent source of self-efficacy? a. Vicarious experiences b. Mastery experiences c. Physiological states d. Mood states

Mastery experiences

_________________ is an intermediate stage between the expected cognitive decline of normal aging and the more pronounced decline of dementia. It involves problems with memory, language, thinking, and judgment that are greater than typical age-related changes. A. Mild Cognitive Impairment B. Alzheimer's Disease C. Mild Depression D. Dimentia

Mild cognitive impairment

Emphasizing only the pros of a behavior is a strategy for people in what stage of change? a. Termination b. Preparation c. Action or maintenance d. Precontemplation

Precontemplation

__________________ ____________________ ______________________ is an intense fear and avoidance of negative public scrutiny, embarrassment, humiliation, or social interaction. (3 words) ch8

Social Anxiety Disorder

Define cognition? How is cognition measured? (ch7)

a wide group of mental processes that reflect a person's knowledge or awareness. These mental processes interact in a hierarchical fashion and include thinking, knowing, remembering, reasoning, decision making, learning, judging, and problem-solving. cognitive tests are measured in various forms of IQ tests

What is a negative psychological and psychological state characterized by feelings of nervousness, worry, fatigue, concentration problems, and apprehension and arousal of the body? ch8 a. Anxiety b. Depression c. Fibromyalgia d. Cardiometabolic disease

anxiety

___________________________ represents an individual's positive or negative evaluation of performing a behavior. a. intention b. attitude c. Subjective norm d. Perceived Behavioral control

attitude

Throughout history, the use of a _____________ __________ has been the traditional approach to understanding health and disease.

biomedical model

Which is a term referring to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension? .a. Anxiety b. Feeling states c. Depression d. Cognition

cognition

Self-determination theory is based on the premise that activities are more likely to be selected and maintained if they satisfy three psychological needs:

competence self-determination relatedness.

In the case of exercise, a _______________ is a variable that is associated with either an increase or decrease of physical activity.

correlate (Ch 1)

What is the difference between clinical and nonclinical depression? ch 8

nonclinical depression is viewed as a transient mental state characterized by feeling unhappy, sad, miserable, down in the dumps, or blue. clinical depression is a psychiatric disorder in which feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or frustration interfere with everyday life for weeks, months, or years. Clinical depression is marked by a depressed mood most of the day, particularly in the morning, and a loss of interest in normal activities and relationships.

Exercise psychology is defined as the study of ______________and ________________ related to physical activity.

psychological issues and theories (Ch 1)

What is it called when a judgment regarding one's ability to perform a behavior required to achieve a certain outcome, and it is an important component of behavior change

self-efficacy

Preliminary research suggests that high amounts of exercise may have some negative physical and mental health outcomes. true or false

true

The three main parts of the brain are the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. true or false

true

The concept of stages—or a ________________________philosophy forms the basis for the transtheoretical model of behavior change.

"one size does not fit all"

In regards to the Health belief model the following three variables are considered important for predicting health behavior. list them.

(1) demographic factors, such as age, sex, and race; (2) psychosocial factors, such as personality and peer pressure; and (3) structural factors, such as knowledge

List six topics of interest for the psychology of physical activity.

(1) individual attitudes, 2) moods, 3) cognitions, 4) behaviors in the context of exercise 5) social factors and physical factors that influence those attitudes, moods, cognitions, and behaviors.

Exercise Psychology is devoted to gaining an understanding of what two things .

(1) individual attitudes, moods, cognitions, and behaviors in the context of exercise and (2) the social and physical factors that influence those attitudes, moods, cognitions, and behavior

List and describe each of the six stages of change of the transtheoretical model. (ch6) table 6-1 pg3308

(1) pre-contemplation (not intending to make changes); (2) contemplation (intending to make changes within the foreseeable future, which is defined as the next 6 months); (3) preparation (intending to change in the immediate future, which is defined as within 1 month); (4) action (actively engaging in the new behavior); (5) maintenance (sustaining change over time); and (6) termination (the probability of relapse is eliminated)

According to the health belief model, what are the two main reasons one would engage in health behaviors? (CH4)

(1) the value placed by an individual on a particular behavioral goal, and (2) the individual's estimate of the likelihood that a given action will achieve that goal

Outline the methods used in an elicitation study.(ch5)

- An elicitation study forms the basis for developing questions to assess the theory's variables in a specific population. - The elicitation study enables a practitioner to determine the specific beliefs in a specific population. - Structured items that arise from the elicitation study should be specific to the target at which the behavior is directed, the action or specificity of the behavior under study, and the context and time in which the behavior is being performed (Ajzen & Fish-bein, 1980). This means, for example, that when trying to develop a walking intervention for older adults, you should ask a sample of older adults to "List the advantages of walking briskly three times a week for 30 minutes outside during the summer." This information will help researchers to develop an intervention based on the salient behavioral beliefs of these older adults that is specific to the behavior.

How much time do college students spend on cell phone use daily? How does this affect their levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior? (ch2) p1358

-students averaged just over 300 minutes (5 hours) of cell phone use per day. -Physically active students reported fewer minutes of total screen time than inactive students.

List the three things learned from the "tomato effect:

1. Yes, physical activity is an efficacious therapy. 2. Yes, people either ignore or reject physical activity. 3. Yes, people know the benefits of physical activity.

Outline some of the potential advantages of the transtheoretical model. (ch6)

1. adopting stages of change approach provides for the opportunity to subdivide the at-risk population into pre-contemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages. This identification of the three types of people at risk allows healthcare professionals to proactively try to recruit individuals who are most in need but the least likely to react to a physical activity program 2. Another advantage is associated with recruitment and retention. An individual's readiness to change can predict the likelihood that that person will successfully adopt and maintain a healthy lifestyle. .

List 3 changes in the brain than occur due to exercise. (ch7)

1. aerobic exercise induces the formation of new blood vessels in the brain during childhood and adulthood, improving brain circulation function, and health. 2. exercise can lead to changes in the brain, making it more plastic and improving memory and motor skill coordination. 3. greater levels of physical activity are associated with increased gray matter in the brain

3. Describe three limitations of the theory of planned behavior. (ch5)

1. factors such as personality, affect, mood, demographic variables (e.g., age, gender, socioeconomic status), past exercise behavior, and habit are not directly taken into consideration within the theory of planned behavior 2. to the construct of subjective norm. It is generally a weaker predictor of intention norm, in that the role of significant others may not be important in encouraging participation of physically active individuals. 3. There is ambiguity regarding how to define perceived behavioral control, and this creates measurement problems

The five leading global risks for mortality are:

1. high blood pressure (responsible for 13% of deaths globally), 2. tobacco use (9%), 3. high blood glucose (6%), 4. physical inactivity (6%), and 5. overweight and obesity (5%).

How good is physical activity for our health?

1. increased bone density when younger and helps prevent osteoporosis when older 2. increased strength and endurance 3. lower heart rate and blood pressure at rest 4. improved mood, sleep, stress reactivity, and body image,

Explain 3 dimensions of self-efficacy measuremet (ch3)

1. it is more positively associated with PA w/ the initiation of a program of PA 2. More efficacious individuals report more positive than negative effects after bouts of exercise 3. positively related to the personal qualities of optimism & self-esteem

What are the sedentary guidelines for children aged 0 to 4 years? (ch2)

1. minimize time spent being sedentary 2. children under 2 screen time is not recommended 3. children 2-4 yrs of age should be limited to 1 hour of screen time/day

In the protection motivation theory the threat appraisal consists of what two things.

1. perceived severity 2. perceived vulnerability

The Health Belief model was originally composed of four constructs. What are they?

1. perceived susceptibility 2. perceived severity 3. perceived benefits 4. perceived barriers

What are some of the health implications of sedentary behavior? (ch2)

1. sedentary behavior negatively impacts body weight, diet, and physical activity. 2. a strong and consistent association between sedentary time and diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. 3. prolonged sitting time is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, independent of leisure-time physical activity.

The coping appraisal aspect of the protection theory consists of two things. List them.

1. self-efficacy 2. response efficacy

Identify three clinical anxiety disorders and describe their symptoms. ch8.

1. specific phobias- fear and anxiety is triggered by a specific stimulus or situation 2. Panic attack- Suddenly there is a period of immense fear that range from minutes to hours 3. Separation Anxiety disorder- excessive anxiety when separated from home or loved ones that someone has a strong emotional attachment to

List the 3 effects of the "Tomato Effect" and explain each one

1st effect: "Does participation in physical activity show evidence of a tomato effect?"— yes 2nd effect: Do people tend to ignore or reject exercise? yes Despite the negative impact of physical inactivity, studies suggest that getting active is simply not happening 3rd effect: Pertains to whether the portion of the population who are not physically active (i.e., the non-tomato-eaters) have a full understanding of the benefits of a physically active lifestyle.

These U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS, 1996) physical activity guidelines emphasize moderate-intensity levels for a duration of _______ minutes.

30

Current estimates reveal that people today spend about how much of their working day sitting? (ch2) a. 40% b. 50% c. 60% d. 80%

80%

PAAC promotes _________ minutes a week of moderate to vigorous physically active academic lessons that last about ______ minutes each.

90, 10

What is a Meta Analysis? explain

A meta-analysis is a statistical method of reviewing a body of research evidence that is both systematic and quantitative. Basically, A study of studies

Which is an irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually even the ability to carry out the simplest tasks? Schizophrenia Seasonal affective disorder Alzheimer disease Major Depression

Alzheimer disease

An individual's beliefs about possessing the capability to overcome obstacles to physical activity is referred to as _______________________.

Barrier Efficacy

A cluster randomized controlled trial is a type of randomized controlled trial in which groups of subjects are randomized.

Cluster randomized controlled trial

Which of the following is a type of trial in which groups of subjects (as opposed to individuals subjects) are randomized? Determinant Meta-analysis Cluster correlation Cluster randomized controlled trial

Cluster randomized controlled trial

When a variable has been assessed in a longitudinal observational study or an experimental design it is called a ______________, which is a variable that has a strong causal association with physical activity.

Determinant (ch 1)

Select the one that refers to a category of methods that involves the collection of real-time data about current states (for example, mood or activity) in the natural environment repeatedly over time. 1. Satisfaction 2. Healthy related quality of life 3. Ecological momentary assessment 4. Social psychology

Ecological momentary assessment

What is the best test of whether the transtheoretical model is an effective way to understand physical activity change? a. Explaining whether stage-matched vs stage-mismatched interventions are different in promoting physical activity. b. Evaluating whether the constructs in the in the model differ by stage membership in a survey. c. Building a new measure for the process of change. d. Developing an intervention based on the model and comparing physical activity changes to a control group who receives no intervention

Explaining whether stage-matched vs stage-mismatched interventions are different in promoting physical activity.

Social phobia is a long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on any one object or situation. That is nonspecific persistent fear and worry and becoming overly concerned with everyday matters. ch8 true or false

False

This is a state of mind or a feeling characterized by contentment, love, satisfaction, pleasure, or joy; and it is a fundamental human goal. 1. Happiness 2. Stress 3. Fatigue 4. Contentment

Happiness

This is the study of the psychological and behavioral processes in health, illness, and health-care and is concerned with understanding how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors are involved in physical health and illness.

Health Psycholoy

What is a moderator variable? Provide an example. (ch 1) p743

Moderator variables directly influence the relationship of an independent variable to a dependent variable. example: it would be possible to assess statistically through a meta-analysis whether age is a moderator variable in the fitness-anxiety relationship.

Self-efficacy concerns beliefs about which of the following? A. An overall evaluation of a given behavior B. One's capability to execute a given behavior C. The outcomes associated with a given behavior D. Others' views associated with a given behavior

One's capability to execute a given behavior

This program is guided by the association among physical activity, fitness, fatness, and academic achievement; it provides a unique opportunity to improve both the health (e.g., fitness levels) and cognitive achievement of children during school.

PAAC Physical Activity Across the Curriculum

The most powerful source of efficacy information is thought to be which of the following? a. Vicarious experiences b. Verbal persuasion c. Emotional arousal d. Past performance accomplishments

Past performance accomplishments

This is the efficacy of the advised action to reduce risk or seriousness of impact. The direction of action that a person chooses will be influenced by his or her beliefs regarding the action. A. Perceived susceptibility b. Perceived severity c. Perceived benefits d. Perceived barriers

Perceived Benefits

To engage in a behavior and thereby avoid an illness, an individual must first believe that he or she is personally susceptible to that illness. A. Perceived susceptibility b. Perceived severity c. Perceived benefits d. Perceived barriers

Perceived Susceptibility

__________________________ represents the perceived ease or difficulty of performing a behavior. a. intention b. attitude c. Subjective norm d. Perceived Behavioral control

Perceived behavioral control

This refers to an individual's feelings concerning the seriousness of a health condition if it is contracted or treatment is not obtained, or both. A. Perceived susceptibility b. Perceived severity c. Perceived benefits d. Perceived barriers

Perceived severity

_________________ _________________ refers to any body movement that burns calories, whether it is for work or play, daily chores, engaging in a competitive sport, or a daily commute.

Physical Activity

Physical inactivity has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality, causing an estimated 3.2 million deaths globally each year. a. Obesity b. smoking c. Physical inactivity d. all the above e. none of the above

Physical Inactivity

Which of the following statements is true? ch8 A. Physical activity is not effective in treating symptoms of nonclinical depression. B. Physical activity is effective in treating symptoms of clinical depression. C. Physical activity decreases feelings of positive engagement. D. Physical activity has no effect on any form of depression.

Physical activity is effective in treating symptoms of clinical depression.

Instructing participants how to accurately and positively interpret heart rate, perspiration, muscle soreness, weight changes, and general fatigue is an example of a strategy of? (ch3) a. Vicarious learning b. Verbal persuasion c. Physiological states d. Mastery States

Physiological states

Which of the following focuses on how to help people prosper and lead healthy, happy lives? 1. Health-related quality of life 2. Quality of life 3. Standard of living 4. Positive psychology 5. Social psychology

Positive psychology

Which is a measure of cognitive efficiency that involves the ability to automatically and fluently perform relatively easy or over-learned cognitive tasks? Attention Processing speed Reaction time Executive function

Processing speed

Which of the following is a limitation of self-efficacy (SE)? a. SE may have less to do with motivation than capability. b. SE was developed for simple behaviors with few practical constraints. c. SE is complete by itself. d. SE is part of social- cognitive theory, which is not a very practical theory.

SE was developed for simple behaviors with few practical constraints.

What is the difference between sedentary behavior and inactive behavior? (ch 2)

Sedentary behavior refers to any waking activity characterized by little physical movement and an energy expenditure of less than or equal to 1.5 METs in either a sitting or reclining position The term inactive behavior describes those who are performing insufficient amounts of moderate to vigorous physical activity, basically those people who are not meeting specified physical activity guidelines.

This is a model that includes goals, sociostructural factors, and outcome expectations, but the central mediator of the model is the construct of self-efficacy. (ch3) A. Social-cognitive Theory B. Self-efficacy Theory C. Determination Theory D. Protection Motivation Theory

Social Cognitive Theory

What is the difference between state and trait anxiety? ch8 p4485

State anxiety is characterized by a state of heightened emotions that develop in response to either a fear or danger of a particular situation. - State anxiety is what we experience, - state anxiety is a reaction that produces a number of anxiety symptoms associated with the respiratory system, digestive system, circulation system to an immediate threat. trait anxiety refers to a general level of anxiety that is characteristic of an individual. - trait anxiety is often referred to as a personality characteristic. - Trait anxiety varies according to how people have conditioned themselves to respond to and manage their stress. - People with high levels of trait anxiety are often quite easily stressed and anxious in many different types of situations.

Which of the following is true about social cognitive theory's reciprocal determinism principle? a. The principle is subtly embedded in most individual level theories. b. The environment plays a minimal role in human behavior according to the principle. c. The principle is tested without using self-efficacy expectations. d. The principle is tested without using outcome expectations.

The principle is subtly embedded in most individual level theories.

Which of the following is a potential limitation of the transtheoretical model? a. The model does not account for benefits and barriers of a behavior. b. The stages of change may be less descriptive than explanatory. c. Constructs of the model show unique predictive capabilities from one stage to another. d. The time frames in the model that denote different stages seem arbitrary.

The time frames in the model that denote different stages seem arbitrary.

As a science, exercise physiology does not concern itself with general issues associated with understanding and modifying behavior, influencing public opinion, motivating people, and changing people's attitudes. true or false

True

Perceived benefits are conceptually identical to the concept of outcome expectation construct of Bandura's social cognitive theory True or False.

True

The World Health Organization (WHO) has cited physical inactivity as one of the five leading global risk factors for mortality. True or false

True

The most common control beliefs for physical activity include lack of time, lack of energy, and lack of motivation True or False

True

Herring and colleagues (2012) meta-analytically found that exercise reduces depressive symptoms among patients with which of the following? ch8 A. Chronic illness B. Dementia C.Influenza D. Anorexia Nervosa

chronic illness

If you examined the relationship of height and weight, you would find a strong, positive correlation (that is, when height increases, weight increases). That is an example of which research design? Cross-sectional Correlational Randomized clinical trial Longitudinal

correlational

The cognitive process of experiencing negative emotions that go with unhealthy behavioral risks is known as? a. Social-liberation b. social-reevaluation c. Dramatic relief d. self-liberation

dramatic belief

Changing your behavior to be a role model for others is known as _____________ reevaluation according to the transtheorectical model.

environmental

According to Bandura's social cognitive theory, the foundation of human behavior is based on outcome expectations. true or false

false

Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by brief attacks of intense terror and apprehension often marked by trembling, shaking, confusion, dizziness, nausea, and difficulty breathing. ch8 true or false

false

Once a behavior has been maintained for 5 years, the individual is considered to have exited from the cycle of change, and a fear of relapse is significantly increased. true or false

false

The cerebellum is responsible for basic vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure true or false

false

The number of people with diabetes is expected to decrease to 250 million by 2035. true or false

false

Rewards that convey information to the individual that he or she is highly competent reduce intrinsic motivation. true or false

false they enhance intrinsic motivation

Research illustrates that exercise reduces people's ________________.

fatigue

Define the theory of planned behavior variables that explain exercise behavior. (ch5)

four psychological variables may influence our behavior: intention attitude subjective norm perceived behavioral control.

The degree to which efficacy beliefs transfer to related tasks is known as ___________________________.

generality

As defined by the WHO this is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. a. psycology b. health c. commitment d. exercise

health

This model has become a major framework for explaining and predicting the reasons people engage in a variety of preventive health behaviors.

health belief model

A person's _____________ to perform a behavior is the central determinant of whether he or she engages in that behavior. a. intention b. attitude c. behavioral beliefs d. normative beliefs

intention

The theory of planned behavior specifies that the following four psychological variables may influence our behavior: (ch5)

intention attitude subjective norm perceived behavioral control.

Self-efficacy can be influenced by a variety of factors, including: (ch3)

mastery experiences, vicarious experiences (i.e., observational learning), imagery experiences, verbal persuasion, physiological states, and mood.

A person's opinion of the physical and psychological costs of the advised action perceived as a _________________________. A. Perceived susceptibility b. Perceived severity c. Perceived benefits d. Perceived barriers

perceived barrier

According to social cognitive theory, the most important, potent source of self-efficacy is ___________ ___________ ____________. (ch 3)

personal mastery experiences

The transtheoretical model includes five constructs:

stages of change decisional balance processes of change self-efficacy temptation

___________________ reflects the perceived social pressure that individuals feel to perform or not perform a particular behavior a. intention b. attitude c. Subjective norm d. Perceived Behavioral control

subjective norm

List the three classes of the Social Cognitive Theory. (ch3)

three classes of determinants— 1. behavior 2. internal personal factors 3. external environment

Children with ADHD have either a smaller cerebella or reduced activity in the cerebella true or false

true

Computer use, which represents a sedentary behavior, may actually be associated with improved cognitive ability, at least in older adults. true or false

true

Dysthymia is a depressed mood that occurs for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years (at least one year for children and adolescents). ch8 true or false

true

In the transtheoretical model. temptation and self-efficacy are thought to work as an antagonist as one moves through the stages of change. true or false

true

Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are the main behaviors of ADHD. true or false.

true

Once an individual has been regularly activity for 6 consecutive months, he or she is deemed to have progressed into the maintenance stage. true or false

true

Self-efficacy strength refers to the degree of conviction that a particular task or component of a task can be carried out successfully. tue or false

true

The theory of planned behavior is one of the most validated theories for explaining and predicting physical activity behavior true or false

true

The transtheoretical model was created from a comparative analysis of 300 theories. true or false

true