EXA #2- ALL plant bio

Coniferous leaves

- typically called needles - these typically come in characteristic patterns of bundles -they come in bundles or 3, 5

Veins

-They are made up: 1. vascular tissue 2. Bundle Sheaths aka paranchyma jacket. Veins have both phloem and xylem -These phloem and xylem are wrapped w a bundle sheaths called the parenchyma jacket.

What makes guard cells turgid?(filled up)

-bc there is a lot of potassium coming into the cell so, this makes it fill with water.. so, makes the guard cells hard.

why would rolling up the leaves help with water retention?

-bc when leaves are completely open, there is more sunlight hitting them causing more transpiration

What are the types of reproduction in plants?

-can be asexual and sexual

what leaf can be used to treat elevation sickness?

-coca

why are vein patterns important?

-it can be helpful in distinguishing species ex: dogwood has vein like veination but they run parallel

are petioles stems?

-no. -the stem has a lot of auxilary buds where the petioles are attached to it. the petioles dont have auxilary buds on them so, not stem.

Gymnosperm Leaves

-they have a lot of types of leaves. -the leaves are very small -the pine needle is a very common gymnosperm leaf.

Bryophytes

-they're early representatives of land plants -don't have "true" leaves -they're similar to mosses bc they don't have an auxiliary bud where their leaves attach to the stem -they're nonvascular plants

what is the main function of a leaf?

-to produce sugars through photosynthesis.

We know that the main function of a leaf is to produce sugars through photosynthesis. What are its other functions?

1. Maintaining shape/rigidity: -the Pallisade mesophyll's orientation and structure helps ensure this. -in some extremes - plant's from drought stressed regions have specialized leaves called sclerophyllous leaves that maintain shape even during drought ---they have sclerids embedeed in the pallisade mesophyll layer. - very tough leaves are due to having sclerenchyma reinforcing the leaves. 2 They Supply water & minerals: -this is important and comes in vascular tissue. -needs to support the transpiration from leaves (which sucks the water) -veins of the leaves do this. - the transpiration from leaves also "sucks" water up through plants' xylem. 3. They need to Supply gases: -need these gases for photosynthesis -Plants need to absorb sufficient carbon dioxide quickly enough to support photosynthesis (while balancing water loss) - the spongy mesophyll cells accomplishes this in C3 plants - note their location in the leaf and how their structure allows/creates air spaces which enhances diffusion into the leaf.

How can you fix the issue with C3 plants?

1. they take rubisco and sets it away from where there oxygen concentration is at. -in C4

What is the anatomy of the epidermis of leaves like?

Cutin: -it has a waxy outer layer of cutin. Glands: -it has glands in the epidermis -ex: sage has "hairlike" structures that are glands that secrete a odor which animals that try to eat them don't like. Stromata (aka pores): -they are pores that allow gas exchange and release of water (transporation) Guard Cells - they open & close stomata -they're controlled by osmotic pressure of water and contain chloroplasts

What are the three main tissue parts?

Epidermis, dermis and ground tissue

what are moss leaves like?

Good: -Mosses also absorb water, minerals and CO2 through their leaves. Their cuticle must be thinner than higher plants. BAD: - This makes them more prone to water loss, so some are found in really moist areas, however, you'll often see mosses growing in areas prone to quick drying, such as on a rock - many species are adapted to be able to rehydrate as quickly as they can dry out - allowing them to survive in these marginal, challenging environments.

Majority of leaves have 2 parts

Leaf Blade (lamina) -the large part Petiole (leaf stalk) -the start of the main vein that runs in the center of most leaves (this vain is called the mid vein)

what are the difference between mosses's leaves (Phyllodes) and leaves of higher plants (other plants)?

Moss leaves: 1. one or two cells thick 2. they have a slightly swollen central rib called a costa (but no veins b/c they don't have vascular tissue) 3. no veins bc they dont have vascular tissue 4. Leaves of higher plants contain air spaces, but those of mosses do not. -This is because moss cells are so thin - diffusion is much easier. 5. Moss has thin cuticle compared to other higher plants. - This allows the absorption of water and minerals through their leaves in addition to CO2 -they are more prone to water loss. 6. Moss gets their minerals, water and CO2 through their leaves and other plants get them from their roots. -Moss cuticles are thinner to do this.

what helps maintain the plant's shape/rigidity?

Pallisade mesophyll's orientation and structure helps ensure this

chlorenchyma cells

Parenchyma cells w/chloroplasts -they pull in a lot of CO2 and fixing that CO2 through photo synthesis

which ion is critical in regulating the opening and closing of the stomata?

Potassium

Leaf margin

The characteristics of the leaf edge

What are the differences between the densities of the inner layers of leaves?

The lower surface: -higher density of stomata (bc this layer avoids water loss) -thinner cuticle - a lot of more gas being able to diffuse in bc of the air spaces created by the spongy mesophyll. upper surface: -thicker cuticle -fewer stomata bc they are getting more sunlight and this would result in water loss.

FLIP!!! --------- ------ -it runs parallel so, parallel vein

What type of vein is the dogwood?

Photorespiration

a respiratory process in many higher plants by which they take up oxygen in the light and give out some carbon dioxide, contrary to the general pattern of photosynthesis. Photorespiration is affected by : 1. hot temperature -happens when rubisco is added into hot environment. 2. Concentration of O2 ( this would make rubisco bind with oxygen way more) - particularly in hot environments when stomata have to close.

What is properly matched? a. spongy mesophyll: supply water and minerals to leaves b. pallisade mesophyll: maintain leaf shape c. sclerenchyma: enhance has exchange in sclerophyllous plants.

b

Cycads have leaves that look similar to palm fronds. (angiosperms) What type of evolution does this show?

convergent evolution bc a lot of members of the Cycads are native to tropical environments like palms so, they look similar.

which of the following is a FALSE statement about the leaves of vascular plants? a. they can be arranged in one of only a few different ways b. Their upper and lower surface differ c. they have veins that contain the vascular tissue d. they have indeterminate growth

d. they actually have determinate growth

Rubisco

enzyme that converts inorganic carbon dioxide molecules into organic molecules during the final step of the Calvin cycle

Pterophytes

ferns and their relatives -dont produce seeds (but had ancestors that did) -they do have internal, lignified vascular tissue

the opening and closing of the stoma is regulated by what?

guard cells.. if they are turgid (filled up w/ water bc of all of the potassium coming into the cell) = open stroma -if the guard cells are flacid/desinflada = closed. **sunlight is what triggers the potassium to enter.

why is photorespiration bad for C3 plants when water becomes scarce?

in hot environments when stomata have to close. 1. plant warms up (it is cooled by process of transpiration) 2. stromata being close means that as the calvin cycle goes on (CO2 is fixed) there is a reduction of CO2 and build up of O2. -the Rubisco instead of binding to CO2 binds to oxygen./.

The _______ is the main vein that runs un the center of most leaves

it's called the mid vein.

Phyllodes

leaves of mosses/bryophyte

a plant that has secondary growth or many years growth would most likely be a ______ branching pattern

opposite branching pattern

___________ are photosynthetic products created by Leptoids.

photosynthates

what are the main functions of parenchyma cells?

photosynthesis.

One of the most familiar gymnosperm leaves is the _____

pine needle

what is the reproduction/ dispersal stage of the ferns?

spores produced under -in the sporange, meiosis happens to release spores -this is in the bottom of the ferns -they are haploid and they

Why does C4 have the Rubisco in the bundle sheath cell?

they have adopted to keep Rubisco in a area where there is less oxygen. -they do this by putting it in the bundle sheath cells

Moss's cuticles are thin so they dry out very easily. What allows Moss to avoid this?

they have the ability to rehydrate themselves easily. ----this is called Poikilohydric-- -this allows them to survive though environments. -it absorbs them through leaves and phyllodes

What is the external anatomy of the leaves made up of?

Epidermis is the outside part of the leaf. -it has a waxy outer layer of cutin.

What is the purpose of Kranz anatomy?

Keep RuBisCO in a place with low O2 - CO2 is fixed into 4-carbon oxaloacetate which is transferred to the bundle sheath cells (where RuBisCO resides) - there the CO2 is liberated and RuBisCO grabs it

What are examples of the anatomical adaptations?

Kranz anatomy: -so the plants that have this (looks at the pic.. C4 plant has this!) anatomy has undifferentiated mesophyl cells. AND 2. very enlarged bundle shealth cell where the rubisco is found (compared to the ones that dont have this anatomy.. the bundle sheath cell of the C2 is way smaller )

Ground tissue in plants

The ground tissue of plants includes all tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular

What are the functions of leaves?

tool for identifying plants -where photosynthesis normally occurs -animals eat this parts of the plants mainly (this helps food chain) -The leaves's photosynthesis help create fruits and seeds that the animals/humans later consume

-the network of veins form patters.

(B pic) 1. Reticulate Veination -Veins that form a net-like pattern -they are shown in a maple leaf (A pic) 2. Parallel veins: -Veins are parallel/ -they are parallel to the mid vein -they are the veins that grasses have.

how do leafs supplying gases?

*Plants need to absorb sufficient carbon dioxide quickly enough to support photosynthesis (while balancing water loss) - the spongy mesophyll accomplishes this in C3 plants - note their location in the leaf and how their structure allows/creates air spaces which enhances diffusion into the leaf.

How do the coniferous leaves look like in the inside?

-Conifer needles look like a blend between a stem and leaf - They have vascular bundles clustered toward the center of the leaf. --this is an adaptation to water scarcity at least part of the year (soil is dry or water is frozen) hypodermins helps the leaves not dry out or freeze in very cold winters. - furthermore pine needles hypodermis and sunken stomata help reduce water loss and hypodermis also helps resist freezing.

The leaves of seed plants are different from the leaves of ferns. How?

-Fern seeds are called Fern Fronds -anatomy is different: 1.Fronds don't have an axillary bud at the leaf axil 2.On their undersides they may have sori - which produce the spores: reproductive & dispersal stage of ferns 3.In some species of ferns they can even produce plantlets on their fronds 4.Fronds uncurl rather than opening from a new bud. -osea they dont open from a new bug pero se uncurl and then expose the leaf.

what are the right conditions for Bulliform cells to work?

-If water is available and high moisture, potassium gets pumped into the Buliform cells. - This maintains the turgidity (stiffness) and makes the leaves stay flat. -if there is not much moisture and water available, the potassium would exit and the leaves would loosen up and curl up/ go inward.

what happens when Rubisco is present at higher temp. (higher than 26 degrees C/ 79 degrees F)

-RubisCO reacts more strongly with O2. -this makes it release CO2 ---this process is called photorespiration

how do they deal with water loss?

-Stomata help regulate water loss. - In a typical situation, stomata are open during the day and closed at night. They open when the guard cells are turgid (due to increased potassium entering the cells = causing them to fill with water) - when they are stimulated to close (either by the loss of sunlight or the presence of Abscisic acid, ABA) potassium would leave.

There is a lot of variety in external leaf shape & size.. what is the variety of the internal leaf like?

-The internal structure of leaves don't have that much variety... most of the internal structure of leaves of plants have the same things inside.

what is inside the costa?

-cells (hydroids or leptoids) that are specialized in conducting water or photosynthates.

What are the Bundle shealth covering?

-covers the xylem and phloem -they are made of parenchyma cells. -important when it comes to the differences of C3 and C4 plants. -they do have chloroplast Function: -they can fix Carbon involved in photosynthesis -important with the translocation of sugars in the other mesophil cells -critical in C4 photosynthetic pathways.

Ginkgo leaves

-fan shaped leaves

Cycads

-have leaves that look similar to palm fronds

what are the functions of Palisade mesophyll?

-help maintwian leaf shape and they are powerhosues full with chlorophill -there is higher density -they help resist leaf morphology changed due to drought -they make the leaves tougher.

petiole

-is the start of the main vail that runs up the center of most leaves (midvein)

how can having veins that go right to the edge of the leaves affect negatively the plant?

-it can make plants loose moisture -some have veins that keep that from happening (like in the magnolia leaf)

what is the function of hypodermis of pine needles?

-it helps prevent water loss and freezing of leaf tissues.

What is plant parenchyma?

-it is a cell type

why is transpiration in the plant necessary?

-it is necessary in order to move water and nutrient from the soil & roots up the plant *there is water loss

Mesophyll tissue in leaves

-it is the parenchyma cell that functions to do most of the work of photosynthesis There are two types: 1. Palisade Mesophyll 2. Spongy Mesophyll. *they're both chlorenchyma cells. --------- Monocot leaves are different -Usually with undifferentiated mesophyll and Bulliform cells (they are important in helping grasses. corn, monocots reduce water loss. )

why would it be better to water your plants early in the morning vs late at night ?

-sunlight is what triggers the potassium to enter more and this is what makes the guard cells of the stomata to become turgid (filled up) -this opens the stomata and allows nutrients in/out... more.. -so, sunlight allows the increased absorption of nutrients.

what affects the leaves final size?

-the environment -genetics

how does the leaf get water and nutrients?

-there are a lot of important veins that come from the stem via the petiole. -these veins bring water and minerals *very important for photosynthesis bc it not only brings things in but it later distributes all of the products from photosynthesis to other parts of the plants. -the network of veins form patters.

what are the cons of transpiration?

-there is water loss while transpiration happens. - however - when water is in short supply, conservation is critical to survival

what is neat about C4?

-these plants have a lo of combinations of anatomical and biochemical modifications done to pathways that allow these plants to thrive in warmer, drier climates and avoiding photorespiration.

Gnetum genus

-they are adapted to arid regions and have absent or severely minimized leaves bc of water conservation.

Alternate and opposite are both ________

-they are both a type of simple leaf bc each petiole has one node

What is the function of Bulliform cells?

-they are important in helping grasses. corn, monocots reduce water loss. -they make their leaves rolled up to conserve water loss.. -it depends on the availiable water and moisture in the air. They use potassium to increase their solute potential (by driving things in and becoming turgid )

Fern Fronds

-they are the leaves of ferns -they are different from the leaves of seed plants

what are cells of mosses like? how does this help them?

-they are thin -this makes diffusion is much easier.

Gnetophytes leaves

-they have a lot of leaf varieties. -the members of genus Gnetum are the ones that have these leaves -leaves resemble cherry or laurel (angiosuperms) -they are adapted to arid regions and have absent or severely minimized leaves bc of water conservation.

spongy mesophyll cells

-they have an irregular shape to keep them from being packed together which creates air spaces. They are found below the palisade cells. -there are more stromata found here because of the air spaces.

what are the two main functions of stromata?

-they regulare the opening and closing of -they allow CO2 to come in and oxygen to leave the leaf. 2. They need to regulate water loss. -they open when the guard cells are turgid (filled up.. bc they are and they close when the guard cells are flacid. *sunlight is what triggers the potassium to enter.

Welwitschia

-theyre from the Phylum Gnetophyta -they produce only 2 leaves which grow continuously over the lifetime of the plant -it is adapted to collect water and funnel it to the roots. -they grow in arid regions.

TRUE OR FALSE: The potassium can be pumped out of the guard cell even is there is sunlight?

-true! -normally this wouldnt happen but if the hormone Abscisic acid (ABA) is present, the potassium would be pumped out even in sunlight. *this is helping when the plant is running out of water.

leaf blade

-where most of the photosynthetic action happens.

What is the difference between the anatomy of a C2 plant and a C4 plant?

1. C4 has Kranz anatomy 2. C4 has undifferentiated mesophyll cells. 3. C2 has differentiated mesophyll cells. -they have palisade and spongemesophyll 4. C4 has an enlarged bundle shealth cell (compared to the ones that dont have this anatomy.. the bundle sheath cell of the C2 is way smaller ) 5. C4 has smaller

What are the primary functions of Leaves?

1. Does Photosynthesis -It occurs in the mesophyll 2. Does Gas exchange -Stomata openings in epidermis allow the air to come in. -spongy mesophyll creates additional air spaces to help with diffusion 3. Transpiration -this is the process of loss of water through stomata that drives the tension and cohesion that makes the water come up to the entire plant -guard cells close to prevent too much evapotranspiration

What are human uses for leaves?

1. Food Lettuce, Spinach, Celery, Cabbage, Parsley 2. Drink -Tea (Camelia sinensis) -Mate 3. Landscaping -they use in landscaping to produce shade 4. Fiber & strings -Hemp, Agave fibers 5. Dyes -Commercial dyes (ex: indigo) -henna 6. Essential Oils -Eucalyptus oil (has powerful microbial properties) -Camphor oil -Citronella oil (insect repellant) 7. Spices & Flavorings -Mints -Oregano, Thyme, Basil 8. Medicines & Drugs -Coca Leaf Alkaloids provide anesthetic & pain relief Effective treatment for elevation sickness -Marijuana Leaf active ingredient: THC -Tobacco Leaf Over 1.3 billion smokers agree! -used in celebratory rituals in cultures like native americans.

Two types of Mesophyll tissue are:

1. Palisade 2. Spongy Mesophyll Monocot leaves are different -Usually with undifferentiated mesophyll -Bulliform cells

What are some of the leaves found in Gymnosperms?

1. Pine needle 2. Ginkgo - fan-shaped leaves 4. Conifers 3. Ephedra -leaves appear absent. 4. Cycads -have leaves that look similar to palm fronds

compound leaves can have different forms.

1. Pinnate Compound: -compounded in straight fashion 2. Palmate Compound: -they are compound in a radiate shape 3. Doubly- Compound: -they have one petiole but two levels of division (can also be doubly-doubly compound)

What is the leaf anatomy?

1. Veins

internal leaf structure of a typical plant

1. cells inside are mesophyll cells -mesophyll cells contains a lot of chloroplast -they are responsible for photosynthesis. 2. Palisade & Spongy mesophyl -they have a lot of chloroplast that are responsible for photosynthesis.

what are the names of the cells inside the costa?

1. hydroids: -specialized in conducting water 2. leptoids -specialized in conducting photosynthetic products called photosynthates

What are the two main types of Leaves?

1. simple -the petiole (el omes out into one blade (even if it has crazy designs) and it doesnt get divided into many leaflets 2. compound leaf -a single petiole that has multiple leaflets in it (not one blade) *each one of the leaflets arent leaves!!! -the petiole and the leaflets in it (or only one in the example of the simple leaves) is considered one leaf. *also, petioles aren't stems bc they dont have auxilary buds.

The main function of a leaf is to produce sugars through photosynthesis. how does it do this?

1.Maintaining shape/rigidity: -Pallisade mesophyll's orientation and structure helps ensure this. extremes - plant's from drought stressed regions have sclerophyllous leaves that maintain shape even during drought - very tough leaves are due to having sclerenchyma reinforcing the leaves. 2.Supplying water & minerals: - veins of the leaves - also transpiration from leaves "sucks" water up through plants' xylem. 3.Supplying gases: -Plants need to absorb sufficient carbon dioxide quickly enough to support photosynthesis (while balancing water loss) - the spongy mesophyll accomplishes this in C3 plants - note their location in the leaf and how their structure allows/creates air spaces which enhances diffusion into the leaf.

the leaves of all vascular plants have

1.Veins containing vascular tissue 2. Leaves have a final size (aka it has determinate growth for the leaf) -osea the plant itself does grow more and more but the size of the leaves is only one size..(ex: look at the pothos.. the plant itself grows and grows but the leaves are the same final size) 3.Their upper and lower surfaces differ 4. Leaves can be arranged in one of only a few different ways Leaves are an example of convergent evolution, as they have evolved separately, but with similar structures, in a few different lineages. There seems to be one way to be a flat, photosynthetic organ.

what are the branch patterns?

Alternate: -the nodes alternate Opposite -secondary or many years growth -the leaflets are opposite to eachother and share one node (one node per pair) -no internode ***Alternate and opposite are both simple leaf bc each petiole (it is a petiole bc it has a node connected to it) has one blade Whorled -more than two leaves come out of a node.

where is Rubisco found in the C4 plant? where is it found in the C2 plant?

C4: -it is found in the bundle sheath cell ---- C2: -it is found in the mesophyll cell