Exam 1, 2, 2 1/2

How many neutrons are present in the element N157

8

________ are composed of fibrous filaments.

Intermediate filaments

What is the defining feature of carbohydrates?

They are made up mostly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

A/n ________ can represent the simplest living thing.

cell

Microtubules are composed of

hollow tubules formed from globular tubulin proteins

___________ to do not share valence electrons while covalent bonds do

ionic bonds

Diffusion is a result of the ______ motion of molecules.

random

When hydrogen is involved in a polar covalent bond, it has a ________.

slight positive charge

DNA is bound to proteins and this complex is called 'chromatin'. When chromatin is in the condensed state it means that the nucleosomes are closer together than in the uncondensed state.

true

The ________ is separated from the rest of the cell by a ________ nuclear membrane.

Nucleus: two layers of a phospholipid bilayer

________ is the process of a cell taking in large particles.

Phagocytosis

A semipermeable membrane is present between the following solutions in a U-shaped tube. Which solution will decrease in volume?

Solution A: 1.4% (m/v) glucose

Where in the cell is the endoplasmic reticulum located?

directly outside the nuclear membrane

The cytoplasm in eukaryotes includes ________.

everything between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope

________ are often used in conjunction with light microscopes to allow scientists to distinguish the different components of cells.

special stains

Overall cell size is restricted by the need to ________.

transport materials into or out of the cell

According to the second law of thermodynamics, energy is constantly required to keep the entropy in a living system low.

true

A ________M sucrose solution contains 100 mmoles of sucrose molecules per liter

0.1

Sucrose (table sugar) has a molecular weight of 342 g/mol. What is the mass of sucrose (expressed in grams) that is present in 1 liter of an 1mM aqueous sucrose solution.

0.342

Suppose you have 3 beakers with a chemical solutions that you are going to combine together. Beaker 1 has 120 mL, beaker 2 has 0.05L , and beaker 3 has 1L. How many Liters (L) will you have after you combine these solutions?

1.17

How many electrons make up covalent bonds in this molecule CH4O (tip: this is the same as CH3OH)

10

What is the concentration of a sucrose solution that contains 6.02×1023 sucrose molecules per milliliter.

1000 M

You are making 850 g cookie dough. The recipe calls for 25% table sugar. You eat half of all the cookies, how many grams of sugar have you eaten?

106.25

Assume a type of cancer cell that divides every 12 hours - This also means that the number of cells doubles every 12 hours.Using a microscope, you count the number of cells in a petri dish. You find that there are 4 cancer cells present. After exactly 1 day you count the number of cells again. How many cancer cells will you be able to find?

16

How many covalent bonds does the element Nitrogen (N) make with Hydrogen atoms to form a stable and neutral molecule?

3 single bonds

How many electrons make up covalent bonds in this molecule

4

________ store energy in the form of glycogen.

Animals

________ can make use of transporter proteins but it does not always require them.

Passive transport

Select the best description of a protein's secondary structure.

The local folding of a polypeptide

Select the best description of a protein's primary structure.

The unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Bacterium X contains more saturated phospholipids than bacterium Y. This means that that bacterium X will be more likely to thrive in hot environments.

True

hypothesis.

a explanation to a scientific question that can be tested

The mitochondrial intermembrane space has a pH that is around 0.9 pH units lower than the mitochondrial matrix. This means the mitochondrial intermembrane space is more ______ than the mitochondrial matrix.

acidic

Cells in your ________ contain the most mitochondria.

biceps

Life is not possible below the level of the

cell

An important insight in this course is that all the _______ that make up life are emergent properties of the many molecules that make up cells.

cellular processes

Ribosome

contains the genetic message to make polypeptide

Select the answer that best describes a plasma membrane

controls the passage of water, ions, oxygen, waste and organic molecules

Ionic bonds to do not share valence electrons while _________ do

covalent bonds

________ is a major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

cytosol

Active transport must function continuously because ________.

diffusion is constantly moving solutes to areas of low concentration

Passive transport ________.

does not require any energy input because molecules move down their concentration gradient

In other words, the_______ of both types of molecules are very different.

emergent properties

The ________ works together in the synthesis, modification, packaging, and transport of lipids and proteins.

endomembrane system

All DNA in eukaryotic cells is present in the nucleus of the cell

false

________ form specialized sites on the cell surface that allow cells to recognize each other.

glycolipids and glycoproteins

Which characteristic is unique to prokaryotic cells?

has a nucleoid, has no nucleus

Although living organism create order from chaos, all life contributes to a(n) ___________ in entropy in the universe because of the fact that cells generate _________ while performing their activities.

increase, heat

This will help us understand how they ______with other molecules that make up the cell. For example, a beaker of water molecules behaves completely different than a beaker of glucose molecules because both molecules have a different chemical structure.

interact

Choose the statement that best describes the formatting of binomial nomenclature.

it consists of a capitalized genus name and a lowercase species name.

Which of the below statements most accurately describes what a "Hydrogen bond" is?

it's the covalent bond between two atoms that have opposite partial charges, one of which one is hydrogen.

Many bacteria maintain their cytoplasm at a pH that is ... Many bacteria maintain their cytoplasm at a pH that is higher than that of their surroundings. This means that there are_______ hydrogen ions present inside the cell than outside the cell.

less

The ________ are composed of hollow tubules composed of two globular proteins.

microtubles

This means that when we want to know more about the "driving forces" behind the life of a cell, we need to start by looking into the structure and properties of the_____ that make up the cell

molecules

A ________ group is non-carbon based and is charged.

phosphate

Nucleotide subunits are linked by a ________ bond.

phosphodiester

When the temperature rises above 42 degrees Celsius, the level of structural complexity that remains in a protein is the _________

primary level

A convincing scientific study should rule out ________

random chance

Stomata are small openings present on plant leaves. On a hot dry day, the stomatal openings remain closed to reduce the loss of water. Which characteristics of living things is described here? Select the 3 answers that apply best to the described process.

response to a stimulus, regulation, homeostasis.

________ are composed of protein and RNA.

ribosomes

A research team is working on the design of a new drug for the treatment of pancreas cancer. To be most effective, this drug must specifically enter the cytoplasm of pancreatic cells while not entering the cells of other tissues. Which of the following characteristics would likely enhance the specificity of this drug?

similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules normally transported into pancreatic cells

We need to know how they look (their___) and understand how and why they ____ like they do (their properties)

structure/ behave

Which of the reactions below is an anabolic one?

synthesizing a protein

mRNA

the steps a newly produced polypeptide undergoes in order to secrete waste products from the cell

According to the First Law of Thermodynamics, ________.

the total amount of energy in the universe is constant.

Phospholipids naturally form a lipid bilayer because ________.

their tails are nonpolar

An mRNA molecule is made by transcription of a gene, which is part of a DNA molecule. However, in order for this to happen the cell's chromatin needs to be in a(n) _____________ state

uncondensed

Enzymes typically react with ________.

usually just one specific substrate