Exam 1

In which country are employers required by law to contribute toward health insurance for their employees? (a) Germany (b) United States (c) Great Britain (d) Canada

(a) Germany

Utilitarianism emphasizes: a. Happiness and welfare for the poor b. Happiness and welfare for the deserving c. Happiness and welfare for the most people possible d. None of the above

c. Happiness and welfare for the most people possible

Who was the first American president to make an appeal for national health insurance? a. Theodore Roosevelt b. Franklin Roosevelt c. Harry Truman d. Bill Clinton

c. Harry Truman

In the U.S. health care system, which of the following creates a separation between financing and delivery? a. Payment b. Moral hazard c. Insurance d. Phantom providers

c. Insurance

Which of the following factors is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States? a. High fat diet b. Heredity c. Smoking d. Unsafe sex

c. Smoking

The elements of the Epidemiology Triangle of disease occurrence include all of the following except: a. Environment b. Agent c. Society d. Host

c. Society

According to the CDC, approximately what percentage of premature deaths in the U.S. population can be attributed to inadequate access to medical care? a. 10% b. 20% c. 50% d. 75%

a. 10%

Organized medicine a. Concerted activities of physicians through the American Medical Association b. Affiliation of physicians with medical schools c. Standardized practice of medicine d. Unionization of physicians

a. Concerted activities of physicians through the American Medical Association

Crude birth rate is calculated by: a. Dividing the number of live births in a period of time by the total population b. Dividing the total population by the number of live births in a period of time c. Dividing the number of live births in a period of time by the number of women aged 15-44 in the population d. Dividing the number of women aged 15-44 in the population by the number of live births in a period of time

a. Dividing the number of live births in a period of time by the total population

Medicare is primarily for people who meet the following eligibility requirement: a. Elderly b. Low-income c. Children d. Disabled

a. Elderly

For most privately insured Americans, health insurance is: a. Employer-based b. Financed by the government c. Privately purchased d. None of the above

a. Employer-based

Which of the following is a characteristic of a socialized health insurance system? a. Health care is financed through government-mandated contributions by employers and employees b. Health care is delivered by government-employed providers c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b

a. Health care is financed through government-mandated contributions by employers and employees

On what grounds have middle-class Americans generally opposed proposals for a national health insurance program? a. Higher taxes b. Government intervention c. Erosion of personal freedoms d. Cost of health care

a. Higher taxes

The primary functions of managed care include all of the following except: a. Improving quality b. Achieving efficiencies c. Setting prices at which providers are paid d. Controlling patients' utilization of services

a. Improving quality

According to the CDC, which factor contributes most to premature death in the U.S. population? a. Lifestyle and behaviors b. Lack of medical care c. Social and environmental factors d. Genetic makeup

a. Lifestyle and behaviors

How has Medicaid created a two-tier system of medical care delivery in the US? a. Many physicians do not serve Medicaid patients. b. Only the poor are insured under the Medicaid program. c. Funding for the program is shared by both federal and state governments. d. The program is heavily regulated.

a. Many physicians do not serve Medicaid patients.

What was the main consequence of early proprietary medical schools, as opposed to state-sponsored schools, in the preindustrial era? a. Standards were low. b. The cost of medical education became too high. c. Medical education became regulated. d. Science and research became part of medical education.

a. Standards were low.

Why did the first Blue Cross plans cover only hospital care? a. The AMA objected to the inclusion of physician services. b. There was little demand for including other types of health care services. c. Initial hospitalization was required in order to compensate a beneficiary for loss of income. d. The Blue Cross commission determined that including other types of health care services would be unprofitable.

a. The AMA objected to the inclusion of physician services.

What was the function of a pesthouse in the preindustrial period? a. To house people who had a contageous disease. b. To provide refuge to those who were threatened by pests. c. To eradicate pests. d. To treat contageous diseases.

a. To house people who had a contageous disease.

John Snow is famous for: a. Tracing the risk of cholera outbreaks in London to the Broad Street pump b. Inventing antibiotics c. Identifying asbestos as a toxic substance d. Being the first leader of the Environmental Protection Agency

a. Tracing the risk of cholera outbreaks in London to the Broad Street pump

Which country spends the most in administrative health care costs? a. United States b. Germany c. UK d. Australia

a. United States

Which of the following factors was particularly important in promoting the growth of office-based medical practice in the postindustrial period? a. Urbanization b. Educational reform c. Science and technology d. Dependency

a. Urbanization

Hospitals in the United States evolved from a. almshouses b. sickhomes c. pesthouses d. inns

a. almshouses

When providers deliver unnecessary services with the objective of protecting themselves against lawsuits, this practice is called a. defensive medicine b. supplier-induced demand c. primary protection d. legal risk

a. defensive medicine

The US Supreme Court decision in Olmstead v. L.C. directed US states to a. deinstitutionalize people with mental illness b. achieve parity in the delivery of physical and mental health services c. increase funding for mental asylums d. improve living conditions in mental asylums

a. deinstitutionalize people with mental illness

The delivery of medical care in preindustrial America was governed mainly by a. free market conditions b. collusion among providers c. supply of medical services d. high barriers to entry

a. free market conditions

E-health has resulted in a. patient empowerment and a dilution of their dependent role. b. loss of control by physicians over health care delivery. c .increased government regulation. d. increased corporatization of health care delivery.

a. patient empowerment and a dilution of their dependent role.

The inception of _____ was used as a trial balloon for the idea of government-sponsored universal health insurance. a. workers' compensation b. trade unions c. public health d. health care for the veterans

a. workers' compensation

What is meant by the term 'continuum of health care services?' a. Drugs, treatments, and surgeries b. A range of health care services that go beyond what hospitals and physicians provide c. Continuity of health care for an individual from birth to death d. Technological innovation to provide a variety of services

b. A range of health care services that go beyond what hospitals and physicians provide

Which of the following countries has a National Health System (NHS)? a. Japan b. Great Britain c. Australia d. Germany

b. Great Britain

Medicaid is primarily for people who meet the following eligibility requirement: a. Elderly b. Low-income c. Children d. Disabled

b. Low-income

Which of the following is not true about the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010? a. Not a single Republican voted for the legislation b. Most Americans supported the legislation once they found out what was in it c. The legislation was opposed by the AMA d. Most US states have adopted the law's mandates

b. Most Americans supported the legislation once they found out what was in it

In a free market who would pay for the delivery of health care services? a. Numerous health insurance companies b. Patients c. Government d. Multiple payers

b. Patients

Demand-side rationing is the same thing as: a. Nonprice rationing b. Price rationing c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b

b. Price rationing

Supplier-induced demand is created by: a. Patients b. Providers c. Health insurance companies d. The government

b. Providers

What is tertiary prevention? a. Early detection and treatment of disease b. Rehabilitative therapies and monitoring of health to prevent complications or further illness, injury, or disability c. Reduction of the probability that a disease will develop in the future d. None of the above

b. Rehabilitative therapies and monitoring of health to prevent complications or further illness, injury, or disability

In its historical context, which of the following has played a major role in revolutionizing health care delivery? a. Beliefs and values b. Science and technology c. Medical education d. Economic growth

b. Science and technology

Healthcare is considered a social good in: a. Market justice b. Social justice c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b

b. Social justice

Why in the preindustrial period most people could not afford the services of a qualified physician? a. Professional fees were too high. b. The economic cost of travel was too high. c. Private health insurance was too expensive. d. Most people relied on home remedies.

b. The economic cost of travel was too high.

Prevalence is: a. The number of new cases occurring during a specified period divided by the total population b. The total number of cases at a specific point in time divided by the specified population c. The number of new cases occurring during a specified period divided by the population at risk d. The total number of cases at a specific point in time divided by the population at risk

b. The total number of cases at a specific point in time divided by the specified population

What was the main reason for initiating national health care in countries such as Germany and England? a. Improve the health of industrial workers b. Ward off political instability c. Provide access to emerging technology d. Relieve poverty

b. Ward off political instability

Cultural authority was conveyed to the medical profession mainly through a. the development of the AMA b. advances in medical science c. patients' dependency d. licensing

b. advances in medical science

In the US, public health and private practice of medicine developed separately because a. Americans favored private delivery of medical care over public health. b. physicians were skeptical of the government taking control of medical practice. c. a public health infrastructure was lacking. d. the practice of public health was not based on scientific methods.

b. physicians were skeptical of the government taking control of medical practice.

The Flexner Report, published in 1910, reported on a. standards for medical licensure in the US and Canada b. standards of training in medical schools c. rates of death in US hospitals d. the state of medical specialization

b. standards of training in medical schools

The beliefs and values that form American ideology represent the sentiments of a. the US government. b. the American middle class. c. the American upper class. d. American politicians.

b. the American middle class.

Medicare and Medicaid programs were created for population groups regarded as a. elderly b. vulnerable c. underinsured d. politically active

b. vulnerable

During the World War II period, health insurance became employer-based because of a. endorsement from Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans b. wage freezes c. disputes between labor and management about the cost of health care d. union demands

b. wage freezes

Approximately how many millions of people are employed in the U.S. healthcare system? a. 1 b. 5 c. 15 d. 25

c. 15

Which of the following forces remains relatively stable, and major shifts in this area would be necessary to bring about any fundamental change in the US health care delivery system? a. Economic forces b. Political change c. Beliefs and values d. Social forces

c. Beliefs and values

Which of the following is a characteristic of a national health insurance system? a. The government finances health care through general taxes b. Health care is delivered by private providers c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b

c. Both a and b

The ownership of Canada's health care system is best described as: a. Private b. Public c. Combination of private and public d. None of the above

c. Combination of private and public

The primary objectives of a healthcare system include all of the following except: a. Enabling all citizens to receive healthcare services b. Delivering healthcare services that are cost-effective c. Delivering healthcare services using the most current technology, regardless of cost d. Delivering healthcare services that meet established standards of quality

c. Delivering healthcare services using the most current technology, regardless of cost

In the preindustrial period, what was the main role of dispensaries? a. Dispensaries were affiliated with hospitals to provide charity care. b. Dispensaries functioned as laboratories to conduct diagnostic tests. c. Dispensaries provided basic medical care to ambulatory patients. d. Dispensaries provided advanced medical treatments by private physicians.

c. Dispensaries provided basic medical care to ambulatory patients.

In 1984, Australia switched: a. From the Medicare program to a universal national health care program b. From a universal national health care program to a privately financed system c. From a privately financed system to the Medicare program d. None of the above

c. From a privately financed system to the Medicare program

National health care programs in other countries often use the following mechanism to control total health care expenditures? a. Third parties b. Capitation c. Global budgets d. A single-payer system

c. Global budgets

A multiple payer system is more cumbersome than a single payer system for all of the following reasons except: a. There are numerous health plans, which is difficult for providers to handle b. Payments are not standardized across health plans c. Some healthcare services are covered for people in the north, but not in the south d. Government programs require extensive documentation proving services were provided before paying providers

c. Some healthcare services are covered for people in the north, but not in the south

Holistic health adds which element to the World Health Organization definition of health? a. Physical b. Mental c. Spiritual d. Social

c. Spiritual

Historically, which interest group was the most powerful in opposing national health insurance? a. Trade unions b. Employers c. The American Medical Association d. The Republican party

c. The American Medical Association

Incidence is: a. The number of new cases occurring during a specified period divided by the total population b. The total number of cases at a specific point in time divided by the specified population c. The number of new cases occurring during a specified period divided by the population at risk d. The total number of cases at a specific point in time divided by the population at risk

c. The number of new cases occurring during a specified period divided by the population at risk

Crude rates refer to: a. A specific age group b. A specific gender c. The total population d. None of the above

c. The total population

In the United States, who does not generally have access to basic and routine medical services? a. People who need catastrophic care. b. Those eligible only for public programs. c. The uninsured d. Those without private health insurance

c. The uninsured

Which of the following is not a behavioral risk factor? a. Irresponsible motor vehicle use b. Inadequate physical exercise c. Unsafe neighborhoods d. Alcohol abuse

c. Unsafe neighborhoods

Even though hospitals incurred frequent deaths in the early 1900s, their use was on the rise mainly because a. most people had poor living conditions in their homes b. people had no other choice but use the hospitals c. a large number of immigrants were settling in American cities d. technology was advancing at a rapid pace

c. a large number of immigrants were settling in American cities

During the World War II period, the US Supreme Court ruled that a. health insurance must be employer-based b. all large employers must provide health insurance to their employees c. health insurance could be part of the collective bargaining process d. health insurance must cover major medical expenses

c. health insurance could be part of the collective bargaining process

Development of the hospital and ______ happened almost hand in hand in a symbiotic relationship between the two. a. dependency of patients b. growth of scientific knowledge c. professionalization of medical practice d. cohesiveness of the medical profession

c. professionalization of medical practice

When the first public health infrastructure was being established in the US, it was recommended that ____ be established. a. sanitary standards b. a federal agency to oversee public health functions c. state and local health departments d. a presidential commission

c. state and local health departments

Physicians and hospitals in the US began consolidating and integrating mainly in response to a. increased government regulation b. pressures to contain costs c. the growth of managed care d. the demand for higher quality

c. the growth of managed care

Developing countries account for how much of the world-wide burden of disease? a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. >90%

d. >90%

What is the meaning of the term 'Access?' a. All citizens have health insurance coverage b. Availability of services c. Employer-based health insurance d. Ability to get health care when needed

d. Ability to get health care when needed

A free market in healthcare requires: a. Adequate information for patients b. Independent actions between buyers (patients) and sellers (providers) c. Unencumbered interaction of the forces of supply and demand d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The U.S. healthcare system can best be described as: a. Expensive b. Fragmented c. Market-oriented d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The limitations of market justice include: a. Social problems are not adequately addressed b. Society is not always protected from the consequences of ill health c. It leads to inequitable access to health care d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The role of the government in the U.S. healthcare system is: a. Regulator b. Major financer c. Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement rate-setter d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The wellness model is built on which of the following: a. Intervention b. Adequate public health and social services c. Understanding risk factors d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following can be considered an environmental factor contributing to health status? a. Air quality b. Access to health care c. Safety of neighborhoods d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following entities in the U.S. employs lobbyists? a. Physicians b. Insurance companies c. Large employers d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Supply-side rationing is also referred to as: a. Nonprice rationing b. Price rationing c. Planned rationing d. Both a and c

d. Both a and c

Initially, what was the main purpose of private health insurance in the US? a. Prevent national health insurance from taking hold b. Provide coverage for major illnesses c. Provide comprehensive coverage d. Compensate for loss of income during sickness and temporary disability

d. Compensate for loss of income during sickness and temporary disability

Under free market conditions, the relationship between the quantity of medical services demanded and the price of medical services is: a. Unknown b. Equal c. Direct d. Inverse

d. Inverse

What main purpose was served by an almshouse in the preindustrial period? a. It was used to quarantine people who had contracted a contagious disease. b. It provided free medical care and drugs to ambulatory patients. c. It specialized in performing basic surgeries. d. It performed general welfare and custodial functions.

d. It performed general welfare and custodial functions.

Which central agency manages the health care delivery system in the United States? a. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention b. Department of Health and Human Services c. Department of Commerce d. None

d. None

Reimbursement is associated with which of the quad functions? a. Financing b. Insurance c. Delivery d. Payment

d. Payment

Why did physicians remain independent of corporate settings even after the medical profession became well recognized? a. Hospitals were unable to pay high enough salaries to physicians. b. Physicians disliked salary arrangements. c. Licensure laws had not yet been passed. d. Physicians who took up practice in a corporate setting were castigated by the medical profession.

d. Physicians who took up practice in a corporate setting were castigated by the medical profession.

In the preindustrial era, _____ often functioned as surgeons. a. butchers b. tailors c. clergymen d. barbers

d. barbers

When a profession's services are generally accepted and are legitimized, they impart _____ to the profession a. specialization b. organized strength c. cohesiveness d. cultural authority

d. cultural authority

Medical care in preindustrial America had a strong _____ character. a. scientific b. professional c. applied d. domestic

d. domestic

Healthy People 2020 is the first national initiative to advocate: a. improvement of health status b. reduction of disparities c. leading the world in general well-being d. focusing on a broad array of health determinants

d. focusing on a broad array of health determinants

The Baylor Hospital plan, started in 1929, laid the foundation for modern health insurance in the US. This was a _____ plan. a. managed care b. contributory c. comprehensive d. prepaid

d. prepaid

The private medical sector in the US has been heavily regulated by the government mainly because a. most health care services are in private hands. b. most people served by the medical establishment are in a position of dependency. c. the government has an interest in monitoring quality for all Americans. d. the government finances Medicare and Medicaid.

d. the government finances Medicare and Medicaid.

In the preindustrial era, asylums were built by ____ to accommodate patients with severe and chronic mental illness. a. the federal government b. private entrepreneurs c. psychiatrists d. the state governments

d. the state governments