Exam 1

Behavioral Terminology

- (Gaze or face-directed gaze) = one person can be looking for it to be a gaze - (Gaze aversion) = when someone isn't looking back at you - (Mutual gaze) = when both people are looking at each other in the eyes; typically rare and doesn't last long

Social Anxiety & Gaze Aversion *study*

- *Bivolent Fear of Evaluation Model ->* those with SAD are afraid of being evaluated, either positive/negative, so they should avid gaze no matter what - 13 people got negative feedback; 13 people got positive feedback - then tracked their eye gaze during feedback - concluded that: supports the evaluation model AND that gaze avoidance may be a behavioral response for someone with SAD

Channels of Nonverbal Behavior: (2) Appearance & Adornment

- Clothes you wear (communicate status, religious org), physical appearance - Adornment -> smell (perfumes)

Four Types of Information Conveyed: (4) Interactive

- Creates consistent responses or modifies another's behavior consistently

Decoding Gestures: (2) Illustrators

- Definitely as simplistic as an emblem - The more iconic then it's easier to decode

Social Aspects of Gesture

- People seem to have a strong desire to use gesture - Gestures aid in communication - They contribute to the redundancy of the uttered message (can provide the opportunity to repeat what was said verbally) - They enable listener comprehension AND speech production of the sender (allows the listener to understand what the speaker is saying better)

Brain Processing of Speech and Gesture *study*

- People watched video clips showing an actor perform speech or gestures in more or less meaningful varieties - Evidence for the idea that language and gesture comes from the same area of the brain - Tells us that there are shared areas for speech and language

Channels of Nonverbal Behavior: (5) Time & Place Codes

- Refer to the larger context in which communication is occurring (aka Cronemixs) - Place codes include environment cues (how furniture is arranged/designed)

Four Types of Information Conveyed: (3) Communicative

- Same thing as given! So done on purpose - Different as informative, as it can be given without intent - This is done on purpose, as informative isn't always on purpose

Four Types of Information Conveyed: (2) Informative

- Shared encoding and decoding - When someone's intent is the same as someone's interpretation of the behavior - EX: someone giving you the peace sign and you interpreting it as peace

Coding of Nonverbal Behavior: (2) Iconic (metaphoric)

- Some aspects are preserved in what we're communicating/the behavior (the telephone gesture) - The behavior being done looks like what it means

The Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior: (6) Conflicting

- Sometimes our non-verbals don't match up (sarcasm!)

Gestures Aid Listeners' Comprehension *study*

- Studied how people understand speech with OR without the use of gesture - Found that gestures moderately affects your ability to understand what's being said - Found 3 conditions when the effect was strongest: 1. When gestures depicted motor activities (brushing teeth) vs. abstract concepts (taste of tea) 2. Not just repeat actions, but accent/compliment what's being said 3. When the listeners are children

Illustrators in Face-to-Face Communication *study*

- Subjects described drawing of a skirt face-to-face or over the phone - Counted words, gestures, and illustrators - Found WAY more illustrators in face-to-face - Words and gestures amount were THE SAME in both face-to-face and telephone - Argued that in face-to-face, gestures serve a communicative function in that they carry extra meaning - but this doesn't help with over the phone

Personality Traits Associated with Gaze: (5) Need for affiliation

- Tend to have a strong desire to be around others, don't like being alone - Also tend to enjoy making eye contact/connections with others; however need to be in an environment where they feel comfortable in order to have a high level of eye gaze

Coding of Nonverbal Behavior: (3) Intrinsic

- The behavior you're doing represents the message you're trying to communicate AND is the message you're communicating (act of violence, like punching someone -> you're communicating that you aren't nice AND the act itself isn't nice)

Gesture and Recall *study*

- Those children instructed to gesture provided MORE information - Those that couldn't gesture provided the LEAST amount of information - Concluded that gesturing helps recall - Gesturing reduces processing demands, allows for more allocation for retrieval - Much easier to retrieve information by freeing up cognitive processes that allow you to focus on retrieving information (you make it easier on your brain to try and remember information)

Personality Traits Associated with Gaze: (3) Social anxiety

- Those more anxious have more gaze aversion and don't want to look at someone in the face (may be avoiding gaze/stimulation to avoid more cognitive load)

Types of Gestures: (2) Illustrators

- Tied to the language/words spoken - EX: big fish gesture - illustrating size of the fish caught

The Range of Human Gaze

- Total gaze during conversation: (18-70%) - Looking while speaking: (20-65%) - Looking while listening: (30-80%) - Mutual gaze: (10-30%) *Much more likely to look at each other in the face when we're the ones doing the LISTENING

Tipping Bartenders *study*

- female bartender wore 4 different outfits (little, medium, full condition, or regular uniform) - tipping was highest in the little outfit, but ONLY for cash! with credit, it was the lowest

What do tattoos mean to the wearer? *study*

- four major themes found why women got tattoos: 1. a way of expression/connection to themselves 2. got tattoos for life events (olympics) 3. symbol for relationships (partners/friends) 4. or to represent spirituality - allowed people to view themselves differently AND led to an identity/behavior change/shift - felt they were more outgoing and confident with a tattoo

Gaze in Autistic Children

- gaze aversion in children with autism reflects an attempt to reduce external stimulation - children with autism spend more time gazing at pictures of more inanimate objects; in order to reduce simulation - kids without autism gazed more at the human like faces

Formal clothing enhances cognitive processing *study*

- when college kids wore more formal clothing, they performed better at abstract processing tasks - clothing many actually improve one's cognitive processing capacity - wearing certain clothing may help you with your academic achievement

Impressions of Women with Tattoos *study*

- women with tattoos were perceived as less attractive, more promiscuous, and as heavier drinkers

Origins/Sources of Behavior

1. *Innate:* you have a born ability to do this behavior (sad, happy face) 2. *Species constant experiences:* certain environments that call for a specific action (doing what makes the most sense in a particular environment; EX when food is in front of us and we use hands to put it in our mouth) 3. *Learning and socialization:* how certain non-verbals need to be taught to us (like learning a certain non-verbal of another culture)

Functions of Gaze

1. *Primary:* Gaze functions as a regulator of information input; you get a lot of info from what you're seeing (visual stimuli), you can choose what information is coming in through gaze 2. We can communicate attraction through our eye gaze (we gaze at those we find attractive) 3. We can try to communicate authority/power/control/threat through the use of our eyes (EX: staring someone down in a boxing round)

Gaze is...

1. *Salient:* we notice gaze, it stands out, grabs our attention, we can notice when someone is gazing at us 2. *Arousing:* it enacts a physiological response/arousal 3. *Involving:* gaze draws us into an interaction

Individual Differences

1. *Sex:* - females tend to gaze more than men (even in infancy) - women have been found to engage in more visual monitoring (more aware of surroundings/environment) -> may explain why we spend more time gazing 2. *Age:* - younger and older adults tend to gaze more than middle aged - younger gaze as an indicator of attraction - older gaze more to compensate for hearing loss

Development of Gesture

1. Children's capacity to gesture expands in conjunction with their capacity for language use 2. Parents produce gesture simulations with speech when interacting with their infants (parents encourage infants to decode both speech & gestures at the same time, so they begin to see the connection between the two; EX = itsy bitsy spider) 3. Between 12-18 months, children show intensive development of gesture decoding skills, particularly response to pointing

Aspects of Meaning in Nonverbal Behavior: (2) Perception/Interpretation (decoding)

How do receivers of this behavior interpret it?

Examples of 4 Types of Information Conveyed: Communicative & informative

Sarcasm

Personality Traits Associated with Gaze: (4) Dominance

Wants to exert influence/status/control, so engage in more eye gaze and gaze more freely; tend to gaze more while speaking (not while listening, which is the norm)

Aspects of Meaning in Nonverbal Behavior: (1) Intention (encoding)

What are people's intentions when they emit this behavior?

Examples of 4 Types of Information Conveyed: Informative

gesturing for emphasis

Speaker & Listener Roles *study*

- % of looking while listening >> % looking while speaking - Hearership: this is typically the norm of attention -> look at someone when they're speaking - use of eye gaze = a regulator during turn taking - looking away when beginning to speak = a turn holding cue (you can't see the person and hold the floor in order to speak yourself) - at the end of the speaking turn, we will look toward the partner in order to signal to them that you're finished

Nonverbal Communication

- "Involves all messages other than words of language, including aspects of the voice, body movement, facial expressions, space, time, smell, and the environment" - "Refers to communication effected by means other than words, assuming words are the verbal elements" - Your nonverbal messages must be functional - others must be able to interpret the messages you're putting out there (through clothes, tone of voice, etc.) - Messages = content - Channels = means through which you're trying to communicate this information

Channels of Nonverbal Behavior: (3) Vocalics

- "Paralanguage" - sounds our voices make, but doesn't refer to the words we're saying - Also includes use of pause; influences the words/meaning of what we're saying

Given vs. Given Off Behaviors: Given Behaviors

- Behaviors that we do on purpose/chosen to do intentionally - Done under our control (choose to shake someone's hand)

Using Gaze to Manage Cognitive Load *study*

- *Cognitive Interference Effect:* if you're overloaded cognitively, does gaze aversion help? - effect was true, but only for children - kids made more correct responses when looking away - adults performed equally well when looking at the floor or at the face of speaker - for children, looking at another's face increases cognitive load (less cognitive abilities) - adults have more cognitive abilities, thus able to handle a higher cognitive load * This "Hearership" may be hurting kids, as if we give kids the possibility to look away, they may be able to understand things better

Development of Decoding Skills in Infants *study*

- By the time the babies got to 18 months, they were able to reach 100% accuracy - 12-18 months is the large area for decoding growth - Babies tested four times to measure growth over time

Five Categories of Nonverbal Behavior: (2) Illustrators

- 100% tied to language/verbal communication - Doesn't make sense unless they accompany words (the big fish gesture -> gesturing how big the fish you caught was; meaning is clear when accompanied with the words "this big")

Two Groups of Gestures: (1) Object Focused Gestures

- About expressivity/outgoing - Referencing things through gestures that are not your body (illustrator -> referencing an object; EX: size of a fish)

Two Groups of Gestures: (2) Body Focused Gestures

- About managing discomfort/nervousness; a lot of body touching (adaptors -> touching hair/picking nose)

The Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior: (3) Accent

- Amplifying/highlighting your words (using tone of voice, hand gestures)

Cultural Differences

- Arabs tend to gaze more than Americans - in Contact cultures (those closer to the Equator/tropical) tend to gaze more - African Americans gaze more while talking, less while listening compared to Caucasians

The Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior: (5) Repeating

- Ask where the bathroom is, he tells you and then ALSO points down the hall (repeats what he says with a non-verbal gesture)

Gesture and Word Retrieval *study*

- Degraded images (microwave/airplane) - While viewing them, subjects make gestures that are congruent with the image (ex: flat hand with airplane) - Or incongruent with the image (ex: clenched fist with airplane) 1. *Gesture feedback hypothesis:* doing gestures consistent with the item you're trying to name activates lexical facilitation (helps you find the name of the word faster) 2. *Cognitive load hypothesis:* on the other hand, using in-congruent gestures increases your cognitive load and makes it harder to find/name the word you're trying to say - Concludes that in order for gestures to really help us, they need to be associated with the word you're trying to say - also that gestures and language are in fact connected - Congruent gestures named objects faster than those with incongruent gestures

Decoding Gestures: (1) Emblems

- Depends on culture/language! - In general, because they have a very clear definition, they are easier to decode - yet they can depend on culture (like giving the bird)

Body language: is it a code?

- Discrete behaviors -> function in a code way, but don't contain syntax; they are the most language like - Continuous behaviors are not symbols - Discrete behaviors function like a code, so we can say they're as close to language as possible YET AREN'T SINCE THEY DON'T HAVE SYNTAX

Discrete Behaviors

- Distinct, easier to decode, have beginning and an end - Discrete is most like a language, as they function in a code-like way - Emblems - eye contact - smile - nod - head shake - leg position - arms akimbo (on your hips)

Personality Traits Associated with Gaze: (1) Extroversion/introversion

- Extroverted are more outgoing and wanting to interact and connect more; as a result, they gaze more to draw others into interactions/connections with them

Lying and Credibility *study*

- Eye gaze isn't correlated with lying! - Liars displayed more deliberate eye contact than truth tellers - liars and truth tellers displayed equal amounts of gaze aversion - liars admitted to deliberate eye contact to convince the interviewer

Is there a myth that bad guys wear black? *study*

- Found that more black (football) = more penalties - Raiders penalized more on average - Acting more aggressive when wearing black - For hockey, two of the top teams actually changed colors -> when they did wear black, they had more penalties! - Suggests that wearing black makes you more aggressive - Might cause an identity shift that causes you to be more aggressive

Emotion and Gaze

- Gaze decreases with sadness, depression, sorrow - Decreases with anxiety (especially social) - Decreases with embarrassment

Continuous Behaviors

- Gesture that accompanies speech - Posture shifting - Forward/backward lean - Body orientation - Adaptors

Definitional Issues

- Gesture: a movement of the body, or any part of the body, that is considered to be expressive of thought or feeling (doesn't just have to be your hands) - Also, doesn't have to be intentional, but must be about expressing a thought/feeling - This makes it different than a "practical action" (it must be expressing something) - If it's symbolic of something, it's a gesture!

Decoding Gestures: (3) Adaptors

- Hardest to decode; as many are idiosyncratic! - Many are different than someone else's behavior to control/ease emotions

Types of Gestures: (1) Emblems

- Has a clear definition, functions just like words (EX: peace sign, middle finger) - Arbitrarily coded (often varies culture to culture)

Personality Traits Associated with Gaze: (2) Self-monitoring

- High self-monitors really look to the environment for cues on how to act, wanna make sure they're fitting in & being appropriate in the context (so, high self-monitors engage in gaze more in order to gain more info on their social environment)

Channels of Nonverbal Behavior: (4) Contact Codes

- Includes the study of space (aka Proxemics); (in the room, or around us/how we arrange space) - Study of touch (aka Haptics); (kiss/hug)

Relationship Qualities

- Intimacy tends to = more gaze - Couples who engage in more mutual gaze are PERCEIVED as liking each other more (not always the case though!)

Types of Gestures: (4) Adaptors

- Manage/regulate our emotional arousal - Self adaptors (playing with hair, picking nose) - Object adaptors (playing with keys, chewing on pencil)

Channels of Nonverbal Behavior: (1) Kinesics

- Movement with the body (eye gaze, posture)

Coding of Nonverbal Behavior: (1) Arbitrary

- No real reason for why a behavior means why it means (middle finger, peace sign); people just accept it; based entirely on convention

The Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior: (2) Complement

- Nonverbal behavior adds to your words (say you're sad PLUS have a sad facial expression)

Five Categories of Nonverbal Behavior: (1) Emblems

- Nonverbal behavior that functions like a word and are very clear - Often culturally specific (middle finger) - Often used in times when you can't communicate verbally

Functions of Clothing

- decoration - protection (physical & psychological) - sexual attraction & availability - self-assertion (makes you stand out) - self-denial (makes you seem apart of a group you actually aren't apart of) - concealment - group identification - status/role

Grounding Thoughts in Action *study*

- Tower of Hanoi task - Embodied cognition framework argues that gestures should influence subsequent thought in that it helps you perform a specific task - Doing a gesture creates a blueprint on how to best solve the specific problem (EX: how to undo a lightbulb) - If someone described solving the problem using one hand, when they had to solve it again with two hands, they found it difficult - When their gesture & mental framework was different than the task, they did worse - *Gestures can create frameworks for solving problems, BUT your framework must match reality or you're going to struggle - Also, tells us that gestures can have a strong impact on our actual behavior

The Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior: (4) Regulate

- Traffic signals (same as regulators; e.g. raising your hand)

Given vs. Given Off Behaviors: Given Off Behaviors

- Unintentional behaviors

Four Types of Information Conveyed: (1) Idiosyncratic

- Usage and meaning is peculiar to the individual - When someone does a behavior (gesture/expression) where the use/meaning of it is unique to them (other person doesn't do this behavior for the same type of purpose)

The Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior: (1) Substitute

- Use the behavior instead of the words (thumbs up = good job)

Five Categories of Nonverbal Behavior: (5) Emotion displays

- We can communicate emotions (through facial expressions)

Five Categories of Nonverbal Behavior: (3) Adaptors

- We do to manage our emotional arousal; object (chewing on a pencil) and self adaptors (playing with hair, chewing on nails)

Five Categories of Nonverbal Behavior: (4) Regulators

- We do to manage the flow of conversation (going up/down in pitch; raising your hand in order to speak)

Speech and Gesture *study*

- We tend to do more gestures at the beginning of a speaking term (nerves, don't know what we're saying yet -> gestures aid in speech production) - When we speak without making mistakes (fluent phonetic clauses), you most likely won't need any help during speech, so you won't really need to use gesture - When you are experiencing disfluencies, like "um," you may need assistance and use gestures

Types of Gestures: (3) Regulators

- Work as traffic signals for the conversation - EX: Raise hand to say you want the chance to speak - Beats/batons = add rhythm to what you're saying

Clothing & Social Motivations *study*

- as humans, our main goal is to reproduce kids to live on after us - showed that if one wears certain clothes, they'll be more motivated to either "flirt" or "hang around" with friends - women with higher levels of estrogen rated their clothes as more sexy/bold and showed more skin - women wore these clothes to attract a mate in times of high estrogen - women looked more attractive during those times of high fertility - they want to look more attractive to attract a mate to increase odds of reproducing - women sketched outfits of what they'd wear that were sexier/revealing when they were near the onset of ovulation - feel greater sexual desire because they're trying to find a mate (subconsciously AND at the biological level**)

Mirror Neurons *video notes*

- brain cells that respond equally when performing vs. observing same action - lab watched the motor (mirror) neurons fire when monkeys picked up a peanut when the monkey watched a human pick up a peanut, the same neuron went off - watching someone do something = like you're doing it yourself - mirror neurons connect us to each other's actions and FEELINGS - when seeing a happy face, the neurons fire as if you're feeling happy - this is all tied to empathy and being able to feel how other's are feeling - in children with autism, they recored brain waves of them opening hands and then watching someone open their hands; the same mirror neurons weren't able to fire, thus showing that those with autism may have ineffective mirror neurons - there was a moment in evolution where humans developed effective mirror neurons, which set us apart from other animals

Gesture and Computational Task Performance

- children viewed taped math lessons - speech only - speech + gesture (sweeping motion from one side of the problem to the other) - students did a pre-test, training, then another test (they waited 24 hours) - in all 3 types of test (immediate, 24 hour, and transfer post tests) gestures aided in number of correct answers & performance on exams - WHY? gestures enhance learnings; sweeping motions add extra clarification

Artifacts

- communicate something that everyone agrees with (emblematic) - depending on what culture you're in, they might have a different/certain meaning 1. Jewelry -> super bowl ring / wedding ring 2. Tattoos -> tear drop tattoo; can mean gang membership, done time in prison, killed someone, or that you have lost someone close to you (within certain cultures, it has a certain meaning) 3. Badge -> you know exactly what the person's role is by looking at it

Clothing & Interactive Phenomena *study*

- confederate either in the high status or low status clothes - more people followed the confederate wearing high status clothes when going against the traffic signal - shows that people find those in high status clothes to be correct/right

Teacher Attributes & Clothing *study*

- had a teacher wear 4 different outfits/conditions - with jeans: least respect, fun in the classroom, doesn't know anything - with sweater: neutral, little response - with shirt/tie: knows subject, approachable, grades fairly - with sport coat: knows subject, no humor, too much homework, doesn't listen to opinions - just goes to share that students with judge teachers purely off their clothing - on one hand, formal clothes lets them know you know what you're talking about, but students like you less - more evidence that the clothes you wear impacts how others see you - no clear answers for what educators should wear

Motivations for Tattoos and Body Piercings *study*

- historically, tattoos have been: a. symbol of an important event/love/friendship b. group membership c. marker of individuality - more recently: a. "human canvas" -> argues that we think of our bodies as a canvas b. "upping the ante" -> argues that one wants to find unique ways to push the envelope in tattooing/piercing the body

Interactive Aspects of Gaze

- if someone gives you more gaze in a POSITIVE/neutral context, you'll also increase your use of eye gaze (reciprocate) - in a NEGATIVE situation, if someone increases their eye gaze, you'll decrease your eye gaze and avert your gaze (compensatory) - being observed increased arousal in the decoder (physiological responses occur in the person being gazed at)

Being a Language - Body Language

- key requirement for language = syntax - because "body language" doesn't have syntax, it shouldn't be called a true type of language - Asl and PISL both have loose syntax, so they are considered languages

Infant Gaze *study*

- looked at 12, 14, and 18 month old infants - when the adults eyes were open, the infants were much more likely to reciprocate eye gaze, saying that they could feel like they were being gazed at - concluding that infants could feel that they were being gazed at and can detect eye gaze

Sex Differences in Gaze Decoding *study*

- men and women were gazed at objectifying and then had a math test, then asked if they wanted to interact in the future with their confederate - women performed worst on the math test, yet they reported a greater likelihood of interaction with the confederate after the eye gaze - objectifying eye gaze didn't affect men's math performance, and made them not want to interact with the confederate in the future - eye gaze may have increased women's validation in their appearance and make them feel more attractive

Initiating & Avoiding Interaction

- mutual eye gaze begins a conversation - breaking eye gaze signals the end of a conversation - why....

People are similar to those they dress like *study*

- people dressing the same are similar in interests/perspectives/ideologies

Effects of Business Attire on the Wearer *study*

- people felt most competent and authoritative when wearing formal business - people felt more trustworthy and productive when wearing business casual - people felt least friendly and creative when wearing formal business attire

Impression Formation *study*

- people given photos of grammar school girls and judged them - called snobbish, fun-loving, shy, happy, intelligent, and anxious - showed that perceptions were consistent across judges - our clothing does create impressions from others - those judgements are consistent across people (many of the people had the same judgments)

Eye Contact Primes the Brain to Process Language *study*

- people laid in MRI scanner and had a conversation with partner through screen a. look, look (mutual gaze) b. look, not look c. not look, look d. look picture (saw photo of partner) e. look yourself (saw self in mirror) - when engaging in "look, look", there was activation in the inferior frontal gyrus and anterior rostral medial prefrontal cortex region of the brain - these 2 parts are associated with speech production/language comprehension - the part of our brain that helps us understand language fires due to mutual eye gaze - when there's mutual eye gaze (before you even start the conversation) your brain is already beginning to fire and get ready for a conversation/communication * Our brain helps detect communicative intentions, language, and social interactions

Clothing Style and Self Description *study*

- police line up study - suspect described as well-dressed or causally dressed - inventory asks them to rate themselves on certain adjectives - well-dressed: neat, cultivated, accurate, restrained, strategic (formal traits) - causally-dressed: easy-going, clumsy, tolerant, emotional, nonchalant (less formal ratings) *what people were wearing predicted how they would describe themselves - "you are what you wear!"

Wearing red to attract *study*

- red is a color associated with attracting a mate - women told they were either going to interact with an attractive or unattractive man, so pick a shirt for these interactions - when they were told they were going to meet an attractive person, they WORE RED - women much more likely to wear red during their fertile window - women may be trying to attract a mate

Clothing & Status

- some clothes that you wear could indicate a certain level of status - buy high priced clothes = people perceive you as having social status (conspicuous consumption) - clothes indicate affluence, BUT not for everyone - doesn't work for college students (stereotype = they're broke) - even people with money won't buy high priced clothing in order to not be as snobby

Gaze and Perceptions of Attractiveness

- subjects viewed pictures of models either looking at them or looking away from them and monitored their brains - ventral striatum activity (associated with reward prediction) varied on if the face was or wasn't gazing at you - a looking face we viewed as attractive was more rewarding - BUT, when it was a face not gazing AND attractive, it was not as rewarding - even though we thought she was attractive, we found someone GAZING to be MORE ATTRACTIVE

Introduction to Clothing

- uniquely human - def: any artifactual addition to the body that changes its appearance - usually the first nonverbal cue to be noticed - a nonverbal behavior regulated by law

Traits of People Who Get Tattooed *study*

- weaker social bonds - victimized in the past - negative self-appraisal - more involved in alcohol/drugs - less conscientious - more extraverted - more accepting of sex without commitment

Decoding Gaze

1. Anxiety -> being anxious can make one avert eye gaze 2. We see someone as credible, competent, and intelligent when they use eye gaze 3. A face looking/gazing at us will be considered more attractive

Usage of Nonverbal Communication Behaviors

1. External conditions (context) 2 Relationship to the verbal 3. Awareness 4. Intent (we may do some nonverbal behaviors on purpose, and some may be done unintentionally; like voice cracking because nervous) 5. Feedback (when we indicate to someone that we understand/are aware what they're saying; like nodding) 6. Type of information conveyed *Verbal/nonverbal occur at the same time! all of these usages can co-occur (be happening at one time)

Components of Clothing

1. Garments = dress, costume, headwear, footwear, underwear 2. Ornaments (artifacts) = badges, tattoos, masks, beads, gems, chains, straps, buttons, buckles, ribbons) 3. Cosmetics = paints, powers, oils, perfumes 4. Devices = wigs, corsets, braces, padding, dentures 5. Treatments = hair dying, tattoos, curling 6. Equipment = eyeglasses, watches, ice skates, pocket watches, pipes, backpacks, gloves, crutches) 7. Tools = knives, combs, mirrors, scissors, pens, toothpicks

Revival of interest in gesture stems from...

1. Hewes speculates that we process language and gesture in the same area of the brain - As you become more sophisticated with language use, so would you with gesture use 2. Apes could also use gestures to communicate 3. Increase in the study of sign language

Illustrators and Conditions

1. Illustrators *increase face to face* (ex: gestures decrease on phone calls) 2. Illustrators *increase when you're discussing something complicated* 3. Illustrators *decrease when you're talking about something familiar*

Interactive Aspects of Gesture and Body Movement

1. Postural congruence: take the similar posture of the person we're interacting with 2. We are very sensitive to this mimicry; it's easy for us to do it without even realizing 3. We are more likely to mimic when the person you're interacting with shares similar in-group membership with you; more likely to mimic others that are well-liked

Why Do We Use Gestures?

1. When communication is difficult or impossible 2. To substitute for speech when speech might be regarded as too explicit or delicate 3. When the spoken utterance, taken by itself, is incomplete 4. To add an additional component to the utterance that is not represented by words

Aspects of Meaning in Nonverbal Behavior: (3) Interactive

Are there behaviors that have a reliable behavioral effect on others?

Aspects of Meaning in Nonverbal Behavior: (4) Shared Encoding-Decoding

Are there behaviors whose meaning senders and receivers consistently agree on?

Examples of 4 Types of Information Conveyed: Idiosyncratic & communicative

behavior done with people with Schizophrenia

Examples of 4 Types of Information Conveyed: Idiosyncratic & interactive

biting the lower lip -> unique to his girlfriend, yet created a response

Examples of 4 Types of Information Conveyed: Interactive, informative, and communicative

shaking someones hand

Examples of 4 Types of Information Conveyed: Informative & interactive

someone scrunching their face at a restaurant, makes someone also try to smell; yawning means someone is tired and then makes someone else yawn)