EXAM 1- CH. 1-4

What are some of the leading causes of death that are diet related

In the United States, poor eating habits contribute to several leading causes of death, heart disease, some types of cancer, stroke, and type 2 diabetes

What is the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients?

Macronutrients supply energy for cells, whereas micronutrients do not.

Major role of water in the body is...

Maintenance of fluid balance, regulation of body temperature, elimination of wastes, and transportation of substances, Participant in many chemical reactions

Capsaicinoids (capsaicin)

Pain-relieving properties found in chili peppers

Major role of proteins in the body is...

Production of structural components, such as cell membranes, and functional components, such as enzymes, Cellular development, growth, and maintenance, Regulation of body processes (certain chemical messengers, for example), Immune function and fluid balance, Energy

Antioxidants

Protects cells and their components from being damaged or destroyed by exposure to certain harmful environmental and internal factors.

Major role of vitamins in the body is...

Regulation of body processes, including cell metabolism, Maintenance of immune function, production and maintenance of tissues, and protection against agents that can damage cellular components

Major role of minerals in the body is...

Regulation of body processes, including fluid balance and metabolism; formation of certain chemical messengers; structural and functional components of various substances and tissues; physical growth, maintenance, and development

Phenolics (quercetin)

Antioxidant activity from fruits, vegetables, and red wine may inhibit cancer growth and reduce heart disease risk

Which of the following agricultural practices is recommended because it can improve the environment?

Applying irrigation water directly to the roots of crops

What is the cultural group that has the menu: Shrimp cooked in peanut oil, seasoned with ginger and soy sauce, and served on white rice

Asian

A diet is likely to be safe and nutritionally adequate if _______.

Average daily intakes for nutrients meet RDA or AI values

Examples of foods that supply a lot of empty calories

Bacon, candy, pastries, snack chips, and sugar-sweetened drinks,

Which nutrients are classified as macronutrients?

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins

Major role of carbohydrates in the body is...

Energy (most forms)

Which of the following substances is insoluble in water? -Fat -Sugar -Iron -Sodium

Fat

Which nutrients are classified as micronutrients?

Vitamins and minerals

The government agency that enforces consumer protection laws by investigating false or misleading health-related claims is the _______.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Likely causes for poor fat digestion

Gallstone formation

Which of the following substance has the lowest pH? -Plain coffee -Household ammonia -Plain water -Gastric juice

Gastric juice

GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Kimchi is a Korean food that is often made with ____________, cucumbers, or radishes.

Cabbages

People who follow healthy food patterns should limit their ______________ intake to 400 mg/day.

Caffeine

List the six classes of nutrients

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

Arteries carry blood ____ from the heart

Carries blood away from the heart

A serious consequence of uncontrolled diabetes is kidney damage. When a person's kidneys aren't functioning properly, what would you expect to happen to his or her body?

Certain wastes accumulate in the bloodstream.

Keep consumption of __________________ as low as possible.

Cholesterol

Major role of Fats in the body is...

Energy (fat), Cellular development, physical growth and development, Regulation of body processes (certain chemical messengers, for example), Absorption of certain vitamins

Phytochemical

Substances that are not nutrients, yet they may have healthful benefits. Plants make hundreds of non-nutrients

Deficiency disease can cause subjective health problems called ____________, which may include headaches, dizziness, and fatigue.

Symptoms

Home Delivered Meals (meals on wheels)

-Age 60 or older (no income guidelines) -Provides grants for sites to provide nutritious congregate and home-delivered meals

How many grams of carbohydrates is recommended per day?

-Carbohydrate should provide 45-65% of kilocalories . -2,500 × 0.45-0.65 = 1125-1625 kilocalories from carbohydrate -1125-1625 divided by 4 kilocalories per gram of carbohydrate is...... -*ANSWER*: 281-406 GRAMS/PER DAY

Whole grain

-Consists of entire grain seed -Contains the germ, endosperm, and bran -Is higher in fiber

How many grams of fat is recommended per day?

-Fat should provide 20-35% of kilocalories -2,500 × 0.20-0.35 = 500-875 kilocalories from fat -500-875 divided by 9 kilocalories per gram of fat is....... -*ANSWER*: 56-97 GRAMS/PER DAY

Refined grain

-Has been milled -Has reduced amounts of B vitamins

Enriched grain

-Has riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and folic acid added -Has iron added

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) (formerly called the Food Stamp Program)

-Low income individuals and families -Participants use an electronic benefit transfer (debit) card to purchase allowable food items

Nation School Lunch and Breakfast Programs (NSLP)

-Low-income children of school age, Low-income adults -Certain schools and child-care facilities receive subsidies from the government to provide free or reduced-price nutritionally balanced meals and snacks.

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

-Low-income pregnant or breastfeeding women, new mother who are not breastfeeding, infants, and children under 5 years of age who are at nutritional risk -Participants receive checks or vouchers to purchase a variety of nutritious foods, such as milk, cheese, fruits and vegetables, certain cereals, and infant formula, at grocery stores. Nutrition education and support for breastfeeding mothers are also provided

How many grams of protein is recommended per day?

-Protein should provide 10-35% of kilocalories -2,500 × 0.10-0.35 = 250-875 kilocalories from protein -250-875 divided by 4 kilocalories per gram of protein is.... -*ANSWER*: 63-219 GRAMS/PER DAY

A popular over-the-counter cold remedy suggests that megadoses of vitamin C will help prevent or minimize the effects of the common cold. The label on the vitamin C cold remedy package states that it contains 1,000 mg of vitamin C. How many grams of vitamin C is this amount?

1 gram of vitamin C

Using the recommended portion sizes: 1 tennis ball represents __________

1 medium apple

The ingredients for mango lassi are 1 ripe mango (approximately 1 cup); 1 cup plain, fat-free yogurt; 1 tablespoon sugar; and 6 ice cubes. This recipe makes four ½-cup servings. Based on this information, a ½ cup serving of mango lassi provides ______ serving from the fruit group and _____ serving from the dairy group.

1/4; 1/4

Reduce daily sodium intake to less than __________ per day.

2300 mg

A serving of food contains 35 g carbohydrate, 6 g protein, 10 g fat, 5 mg vitamin E, and 150 ml water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies ________ kcal.

254 kcal

Using the recommended portion sizes: A bar of soap represents ___________

3 oz chicken breast

Anecdote

A brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event.

Comparing individuals with type 2 diabetes to individuals who have very similar characteristics but are healthy would be an example of _______.

A case-control study

A testimonial is _______.

A personal endorsement of a product

Keira is overweight and has a condition called prediabetes. To help her lose weight, she would like reliable advice from a healthcare professional who has specific knowledge of foods, nutrition, and diet therapies. Which of the following persons should she contact for help?

A registered dietitian who counsels patients in a hospital clinic

A team of scientists conducts a survey of 1000 people who are between 60 and 75 years of age to determine whether their past consumption of seafood may have influenced their current state of health. This study is an example of _______

A retrospective study

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans is _______.

A set of general nutrition-related recommendations

Which of the following websites is most likely to provide biased and unreliable nutrition information?

A site that promotes or sells dietary supplements (*.com)

What is the cultural group that has the menu: Boiled mustard greens that are seasoned with bits of smoked pork

African Heritage

Adequate Intake (AI)

Amount of a nutrient that is considered to be adequate based on the population's typical intakes, but there is not enough scientific information available to determine an RDA for the nutrient at this time

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people who are in a particular life stage/gender group

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

Amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of nearly all healthy individuals (97.5%) in a particular life stage/ sex group

Fructooligosaccharides

Compound in foods such as onions, bananas, asparagus, and wheat that may stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestines

In the United States, __________ methods are the primary system of food production. Such methods use amounts of ____________ that can harm the environment, especially when they ___________ waterways.

Conventional agricultural, pesticides, pollute

Hannah is in her 5th month of pregnancy. Her diet is poor because she rarely pays attention to her food choices, and she eats a limited variety of foods that she likes. Hannah was described as "undernourished" by her physician. Based on this information, Hannah is likely to ________.

Deliver a baby who has breathing difficulties

The usual pattern of foods that you choose to eat is referred to as your....

Diet

Daily Values are _______

Dietary standards developed for food-labeling purposes

What do dietitians recommend when breastfeeding infants?

Dietitians recommend that infants be breastfed exclusively for the first six months of life. Ideally, babies should continue to receive breast milk in addition to solid foods well into their second year. Infant formula can be a nutritious substitute for breast milk, and should be prepared with clean water in the proper proportions.

Lynne wants to estimate the grams of fat in a serving of oil that supplies 400 kcal. The oil contains no fiber, protein, fat, and alcohol. To obtain this value, she should ________.

Divide the number of kcal by 9

A(n) _____________ ______________ is one that must be provided by the diet because it cannot be produced by the body in the amount that is needed.

Essential nutrient

The _______ is the federal agency that tries to ensure the safety and effectiveness of health-related products.

FDA

Certain farming methods release _______________________ that contribute to global warming. Converting forests to new farmland causes losses of ____________, which is harmful to wildlife.

Greenhouse gases, natural habitats

The Exchange System _______.

Has exchange lists based on macronutrient contents

Which of the following conditions or diseases is a leading diet-related cause of death in the United States?

Heart disease

Peristalsis _______.

Helps move food/chyme through the digestive tract

Tolerable Upper Intake Level or Upper Limit (UL)

Highest average amount of a nutrient that is unlikely to harm most people when the amount is consumed daily

What is the cultural group that has the menu: Red beans cooked in a mixture of tomato sauce and chili peppers and served in a corn tortilla

Hispanic

Chemical messengers in the body are _______.

Hormones

The Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) _______.

Is based on the average daily energy needs of a healthy person

What is the cultural group that has the menu: Sliced eggplant cooked in tomato sauce, drizzled with olive oil, and served with red wine

Italian

Likely causes for overgrowth of harmful bacteria in the stomach tract

Lack of hydrochloric acid production

Likely causes for inability to store many nutrients

Liver cancer

Likely causes of frequent choking on food

Loss of teeth

A lacteal is a _______.

Lymph vessel within each villus

The first step of the scientific method usually involves _______.

Making observations

Which of the following substances would be classified as a dietary supplement according to the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994?

Melatonin

Which of the following journals does not have peer-reviewed articles?

Men's Journal

What is the cultural group that has the menu: Pork roast, mashed white potatoes and gravy, white bread and butter

Northwestern European

Identify factors that influence personal food choices

Numerous factors influence food choices, including food advertising, peers, income, moods, ethnic background and personal beliefs.

The foods that you eat contain _______________, chemicals that are necessary for proper body functioning.

Nutrients

Carotenoids (beta-carotene)

Orange, red and yellow fruits and vegetables that may reduce risk of certain cancers and macular degeneration

A fake treatment is a(n) _______.

Placebo

Consumption is more now compared to 1970

Poultry, refined grains and cereals, added fat, added sugar, total calories, fish, cheese

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)

Range of carbohydrate, fat, an protein intake that provide adequate amounts of micronutrients and may reduce the risk of developing certain diet-related chronic diseases

The amount of a nutrient that should meet the needs of almost all healthy people in a particular group is the _______.

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

Consumption is less now compared to 1970

Red meat, milk, eggs

Consume less than 10% of calories from ___________________________________ by replacing them with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Saturated fatty acids

Failure to consume adequate amounts of nutrients can lead to noticeable and measurable physical changes that are ________ of deficiency disease.

Signs

Which of the following lifestyle choices is the primary cause of preventable cancer deaths in the United States?

Smoking cigarettes

Which of the following practices increases the risk of peptic ulcer? -Chewing gum -Smoking cigarettes -Drinking orange juice -Eating a low fiber diet

Smoking cigarettes

Alkaloids (caffeine)

Stimulant effect found in cocoa, coffee and tea

List the digestive organs and organ components in the order that they function for digestion and absorption

Stomach, Pyloric sphincter, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

When used properly, ___________________________________ do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment. However, farmers and ranchers are not likely to switch to this method of food production if it reduces their _________________.

Sustainable agricultural methods, profit margins

Nutritional standards, such as the RDAs, are not _______.

The basis for developing AIs

Which of the following organs is an accessory organ of the digestive system? -Heart -Spleen -Tongue -Bladder

Tongue

True or False: The MyPlate icon does not identify specific foods that should be chosen from each food group.

True

Tiny, fingerlike projections of the small intestine that absorb nutrients are called _______.

Villi

A serving of food supplies 20 g carbohydrate, 10 g fat, 25 g protein, and 100 g water. Which of the following statements is true about a serving of the food?

Water provides the most food energy.

In developing countries, exclusive breastfeeding is the optimal form of infant nutrition for the first six months of life. However, if prepared properly, infant formula can be a nutritious substitute for breast milk. What is a true statement about safe and nutritious formula feeding for young infants?

When preparing infant formula, caregivers should only use water that has been properly sanitized.

Kimchi is one of many foods made by fermentation, including ___________ and beer.

Yogurt

Identify the main nutrition-related goal of Healthy People 2020.

-Attain higher-quality, longer lives that are free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death; -Achieve health equity by eliminating disparities to improve the health of all groups; -Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all; -Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages

Using the recommended portion sizes: Four dice represents __________

1 oz of cheese

Using the recommended portion sizes: A small yo-yo represents ____________

1 standard bagel

The Nutrition Facts panel on a package of granola bars indicates that each bar has 5 grams of fat, 19 grams of carbohydrate, and 7 grams of protein. According to this information, one of the granola bars provides ______ kilocalories.

149

A serving of food supplies 153 kcal from fat. Based on this information, how many grams of fat are in the serving?

17

Jerry's height is 70 inches. What is his approximate height in centimeters?

178 cm

Psuedoscience

A collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method.

Examples of foods that are energy-dense and/or nutrient-dense.

Broccoli, leafy greens, fat-free milk, orange juice, lean meats, and whole-grain cereals

In fermentation, ______________ break down certain nutrients producing acids, gases, and alcohol.

Bacteria

Which of the following statements best describes the amount of energy in one kilocalorie?

A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water by 1° Celsius.

Dietary supplement

A product (excluding tobacco) that contains a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other plant product, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake.

Why is it important to learn about foods and nutrition?

The foods and beverages you usually select for meals and snacks contribute to your health now and in the future.

Linda has heard that during digestion, the stomach can have a very acidic environment. If the stomach is so acidic, why doesn't the acid damage the muscular walls of the stomach?

The stomach is lined with a layer of mucus that protects it.