Exam 1: Chapter 1

A ___ is a chemical messenger involved in local communication between cells.

paracrine substance

The study of disease states in the body is called

pathophysiology

Connective-Tissue Cells/ Connective Tissues

- Anchor, connect and support the structures of the body - types include bone cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue and blood - one important function is to form the extracellular matrix (ECM) around cells

Examples of Negative Feedback:

- elevated Na+ signals the kidneys to get rid of more Na+, which decreases Na+ in the blood - elevated blood glucose stimulates the secretion of the hormone insulin; insulin stimulates glucose movement into muscle cells, which decreases blood glucose

Examples of Positive Feedback:

- entry of Na+ into cells makes the inside of cells more positive, which causes more Na+ channels to open - during childbirth, oxytocin secretion causes uterine contractions, the cervix stretched as the mother pushes, stretch causes more oxytocin to be released

Neurons/ Nervous Tissue

- specialized to initiate, integrate and conduct electrical signals - main tissue is in the brain and spinal cord - provide control of the activities of other cells

Examples of Feedforward Regulation:

- thinking about exercise increases your heart rate - the smell of food causes increased acid production in the stomach in preparation for the meal that you have not yet eaten

What percent of total-body water is interstitial fluid?

26%

True of False? Both the plasma and interstitial fluid make up the extracellular fluid compartment.

True

Collections of organs that together perform overall functions that contribute organismal function are

organ systems

Two or more of the four kinds of tissues arranged in various proportions and patterns, such as sheets, tubes, layers, bundles, and strips, are considered

organs

Differentiated cells with similar properties aggregate and arrange themselves in various combinations to form

tissues

Feedforward regulatory processes

work in anticipation of changes in regulated variables

Epithelial Cells/ Epithelial Tissues

- specialized for the selective secretion of ions and organic molecules and for protection - four subtypes are cuboidal, squamous, columnar and ciliated - located at the body or organ surfaces and also comprise lining of tubular and hollow body structures

Muscle cells/ Muscle tissue

- three subtypes are cardiac, smooth and skeletal - specialized to generate mechanical forces - actions can be voluntary or involuntary

What percent of total-body water is intracellular fluid?

67%

What percent of total-body water is plasma?

7%

True of False? Homeostatic control of blood glucose ensures that there is no variation in the concentration throughout the day.

False

True of False? Several physiological variables undergo circadian rhythms, which cycle approximately once per week.

False

True of False? Steady state is defined as no net changing occurring in a system in which no energy input is required.

False

True of False? The intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid are identical in composition.

False

True of False? Acclimatizations are usually reversible.

True

True of False? Equilibrium is defines as non net changing occurring in a system in which no energy input is required.

True

True of False? Homeostasis is a state of dynamic constancy meaning that a given variable may vary in the short term, but is stable and predictable when averaged over the long term.

True

An ___ is a chemical messenger secreted by a cell into the extracellular fluid, which then acts on the cells that secreted it.

autocrine substance

The simplest structural units into which a complex multicellular organism can be divided and still retain the functions characteristic of life are called

cells

Neurons relay information from skin temperature-sensitive neurons to your brain.

component of reflex arc: afferent pathway

Neurons reach smooth muscles in your skin blood vessels and skeletal muscles.

component of reflex arc: effectors

Neurons relay command signals away from your brain.

component of reflex arc: efferent pathway

Specific neurons in your brain alter their rates of firing.

component of reflex arc: integrating center

Decreased heat loss and increased heat production oppose the initial change, which was a decrease in body temperature.

component of reflex arc: negative feedback

Temperature-sensitive neurons within your skin detect the temperature change and increase their signaling rate.

component of reflex arc: receptors

Blood vessel constriction decreases heat loss, and skeletal muscle contraction induces shivering which produces heat.

component of reflex arc: response

You entered a heavily air-conditioned room on a hot summer day, and your body temperature decreases.

component of reflex arc: stimulus

What is the term for the developmental process that leads to specialized cell types?

differentiation

Equation that is most accurate

extracellular fluid - interstitial fluid volume = plasma volume

Many organs are organized into small, similar subunits often referred to as _________, each performing the function of the organ.

functional units

A ___ is a type of chemical messenger secreted into the blood by cells of the endocrine system.

hormone

The type of cell that are specialized to communicate with other cells and control their activities are

neurons

A ___ is a type of chemical messenger that is released from the endings of neurons onto other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells.

neurotransmitter