Exam 1 Chapter 3

phenotype

what you can see brown hair, brown eyes

common genetic diseases

-sickle cell anemia -cystic fibrosis -tay-sachs disease -phenylketonuria (PKU) -huntingtons disease -hemophilia (x linked) -duchennes muscular dystrophy (x linked)

embryonic membranes

-sterile environment -contains embryo + amniotic fluid

assisted reproductive technology

-surgical removal of the oocytes + their combination w sperm in a lab -includes ivf, zygote intrafallopian transfer (zift), gamete intrafallopian transfer (gift), and embryo transfer (et)

ethical dilemmas of reproductive technology

-surplus of embryos -ownership of embryos

estrogen in pregnancy

50% increase in estradiol and estrone; 1000% increase in estriol (indicator of fetal well being)

umbilical cord

-connects fetus to the placenta -three vessels (AVA) -wharton's jelly to protect the blood vessels

conception (fertilization)

-this occurs during the fertile time of the menstrual cycle -fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube -cell division: zygote (fertilized ooctye containing 46 chromosomes-> morula-> blastocyst -blastocyst implants in endometrium of the uterus day 5/6. (at this point you have 23 chromosomes from mom 23 from dad that came together to make 46 when you are a zygote) OVULATION IS ALWAYS ON DAY 14 (day 5+6 it is now in the uterus but not implanted yet)

Spermatogenesis

Formation of sperm cells

foraman ovale

This (in the fetus) connects the two atria, allowing blood to flow from the left atrium into the right atrium.

umbilical vein

brings oxygenated blood to the fetus from placenta

what structure provides cushioning and warmth to the fetus? a. the placenta b. embryonic membranes c. amniotic fluid d. the umbilical cord

c. amniotic fluid

risk factors for infertility include which of the following? a. maternal obesity b. paternal smoking c. heavy alcohol use d. all of the above

d. all of the above

ovulation is always on

day 14

ductus aerteriosus

joins the pulmonary artery and descending aorta shunt goes to baby

"bloody show"

just the mucus plug falling off the cervix when the mom is in labor... closes off the uterus making it sterile for the pregnancy

cell division (pre-embryonic stage)

-zygote goes thry mitotic cell division (aka cleavage) -by day 3 after fertilization zygote becomes 16 cell solid sphere called "morula" -mitosis continues at day 5 it moves to uterus and becomes a "blastocyte" -the blastocyte consists of inner cell mass aka embroblast (develops into the embryo + amnion) + an outer cell mass aka trophoblast (assists w implantation + will b part of the placenta) -embryoblast forms into the baby that we see -(amnion + corion are the names of the 2 membranes surrounding the baby)

teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

MALE infertility

risk/causative factors: -endocrine -gonadotoxins (drugs, infections/viruses, systemic illness, heat exposure to testicles, pesticide exposure, radiation in pelvic region) -sperm antibodies (typically from vasectomy reversal) -sperm transport -disorders of intercourse (erectile dysfunction)

genetics

the study of heredity

ductus veinous

umbilical vein connected to placenta brings to inferior vena cava... then into the R atrium, then into R ventricle, then lungs, then arteries, then comes back to pulmonary vein, then L ventricle, to the aorta and out

dx + tx of infertility

-dx: sti testing, lab tests, semen/ovulatory analysis, endometrial + radiological exams tx male: hormones, lifestyle changes, corticosteroids, antibiotics, surgery -tx female: lifestyle changes, drug therapy, surgery, antibiotics

infertility

-inability to conceive after 12 months (6 months for women over 35) of un-protected sexual intercourse -affects physical, social, psychological, sexual, + economic dimensions in a couples lives

teratogen effects: drugs and infections

-drugs: alcohol, angiotensin -converting enzymes, (ACE) inhibitors, anticonvulsants, cocaine, warfarin -infections: cytomegalovirus (CMV), varicella, rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, zika

Progesterone in pregnancy

-Progesterone levels increase greatly during pregnancy -Prepares breasts for lactation + reduce contractions of uterus (reduces spontaneous abortion) -high levels affect brain (progesterone converted to allopregnanolone)- facilitates GABA receptors, increases inhibition, anxiolytic properties (reduces stress) -Behavioral prophylactic for reducing spontaneous abortion

nurses role in reproductive technology

-counseling, teaching, support, + assisting w reproductive technology procedures

amniotic fluid

-cushions -warms -protects -provides fetus w freedom of movement

placenta

-metabolic + gas exchange -hormone production (progesterone, estrogen, hcg, human placental lactogen (hPL) aka human chorionic somatomammotropin

embryonic stage + fetal development

-organogenesis (formation + development of body organs) -ectoderm: form CNS, special senses, skin + glands -mesoderm: forms skeletal, urinary, circulatory + reproductive organs -endoderm: forms resp. system, liver, pancreas + digestive system -body organs are formed by the end of the 8th week. -the human is now called a fetus from week 9-birth (aka the fetal stage)

hPL (human placental lactogen)

-released by umbilical cord -makes lactaid hormones -decreases insulin sensitivity in the mother (making more glucose available for the fetus)

Relaxin

a hormone secreted by the placenta that causes the cervix to dilate and prepares the uterus for the action of oxytocin during labor.

menstrual cycle: endometrial cycle

endometrial cycle -proliferative phase -secretory phase -menstrual phase

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone

menstrual cycle: ovarian

ovarian cycle -follicular phase (estrogen high) -ovulatory phase (luteinizing hormone + follicle-stimulating hormone up. estrogen down progesterone up) luteal phase (luteinizing hormone + follicle-stimulating hormone down. progesterone + estrogen up)

FEMALE infertility

risk/causative factors: -ovulatory dysfunction (hormone imbalance, hyper/hypothyroidism, high prolactin, premature ovarian failure, PCOS -tubal + pelvic pathology (damage to tubes, uterine fibroids) -cervical mucus factors (infection, cervical surgeries, tx for cervical dysplasia)

genotype

the makeup inside that we are not able to see

oogenesis

the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum

genomics

the study of genes and their function and related technology -preventing diseases + abnormalities -diagnosing diseases -predicting health risks -personalizing treatment plans