exam 1

Efforts to teach chimpanzees to talk probably failed because ____.

chimps lack the biological structures for speech

Frances puts a hungry rat into an experimental chamber. Whenever the rat presses a lever, food falls into a tray. In about 30 minutes, the rat is pressing the lever steadily. Frances returns the rat to the training cage for one hour a day every day until the rat produces young. Frances then trains one of this rat's offspring in the same manner as its mother and repeats this procedure for generation after generation. You predict that when the twelfth generation rat is put into the training cage, it will press the lever steadily in about ____.

30 minutes

Zing Yang Kuo found that 86% of kittens that saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves. He also found that _______ of kittens that never saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves.

45%

The psychologist who mistakenly believed that learned behavior could be inherited was ____.

McDougall

Keller and Marion Breland are known for their article, ____.

The Misbehavior of Organisms

Allen and Beatrice Gardner taught a chimpanzee to ____.

Use sign language

Learning is ______________.

a change in behavior

The tendency of some animals to hoard food is probably an example of _________.

a general behavior trait

Most mutations __________.

are not helpful to survival

Sign tracking is also called ____.

autoshaping

In a within-subjects experiment, each subject's performance is compared with its performance during a ________.

baseline period

Natural selection is often _______.

behind the times

The kind of experiment that is most likely to require statistical analysis is a __________.

between-subjects design

The kind of study that is most likely to involve a large number of subjects is one with a _______.

between-subjects design

Hart and Risley did a longitudinal study of the influence of the home verbal environments on children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. They found that ________.

children whose parents talked to them a lot later scored higher on IQ tests

Variation and natural selection are the foundations of _______.

evolution

Experimental research on behavior is often said to be artificial. To compensate for this problem, researchers do ____.

field experiments

Experiments done in natural settings are called _______.

field experiments

A teacher who looks for an increase in the number of correct performances per minute is using ________ as a measure of learning.

fluency

A decrease in responsiveness to a stimulus indicates ____________.

habituation

While walking in the woods, Larry happens to stumble across a nest of turkey eggs just as they are hatching. Larry watches the chicks as they emerge from their eggs and begin walking about. As he leaves the nest area, Larry finds the young birds are determined to go with him. Larry's new friends are victims of ____.

imprinting

When the slope of a cumulative record increases, the rate of behavior is ___________________.

increasing

Any variable an experimenter manipulates is a/an __________ variable.

independent

Natural selection is illustrated by changes in the coloration of the Peppered Moth resulting from _______.

industrial pollution

Marjorie drives a school bus. Sometimes the kids get rather noisy. She decides to play music the kids like through the speakers on the bus, but whenever the kids get too noisy she turns the music off. When they quiet down, she turns the music back on. In this way, she hopes to get the kids to make less noise. Marjorie is probably going to measure learning as a change in response _____________.

intensity

The chief advantage of learning over natural selection as a means of adapting to change is that learning __________.

is faster

Teenagerus Americanus, a two-legged ape indigenous to North America, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to elevator music. This reaction is most likely _______.

learned behavior

Using an ABA reversal design is rather like using a ________.

light switch

Skinner's efforts to teach pigeons to play ping pong demonstrate that the inability to learn a skill may sometimes be overcome by ____.

making allowances for physical limitations

In group-design experiments, researchers often use ______ to reduce differences among participants.

matched sampling

Behavior is anything an animal or person does that can be _________.

measured

The brown-headed cowbird deposits its eggs in the nests of other birds. This is most likely a ________.

modal action pattern

Learning is an evolved ____________.

modifiability

Substances that damage the nervous system are called ____.

neurotoxins

In a cumulative record, learning is indicated by a change in response __________.

rate

Modal action patterns are induced by events called _______.

releasers

The phenomenon that is nearly the opposite of habituation is _____.

sensitization

John has difficulty training a raccoon to pick up coins and put them in a bank. It is most likely that ____.

the raccoon was contraprepared to learn this task

Harry teaches an advanced painting class. His goal is to teach students to paint more creatively. Harry will probably measure learning as a change in response ___________.

topography

Harry and Martha Frank found that on barrier problems dogs did not perform as well as ____.

wolves